Mohammad Mahdi Taghadosi; Mahdi Hasanlou; Kamran Eftekhari
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Soil salinity is considered to be a major cause of desertification and destruction of environmental resources in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the importance of conserving natural resources and also the increasing trend of soil salinity during the last few years, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction: Soil salinity is considered to be a major cause of desertification and destruction of environmental resources in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the importance of conserving natural resources and also the increasing trend of soil salinity during the last few years, determining the extent of salinity spread and its severity in affected areas is especially important. Using the potential of high resolution satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques is one of the most effective ways for detecting salinity in salt affected regions. Among different satellite sensors, satellites which provide large scale multispectral satellite imageries with high spatial and spectral resolution have a high potential for assessing salinization and mapping soil salinity in study regions.
Materials and Methods: Accordingly, this paper aims to map different salinity levels in an area in Kuh-Sefid district (Qom Province), which is highly affected by salinity, using Sentinel-2 recent imageries. For this purpose, field study was conducted and salinity level was measured for several soil samples randomly collected from the site. Different salinity indicators, like salinity and vegetation indices, LST, and Digital Elevation Model of the site produced based on SRTM elevation data were also extracted from corresponding satellite images. These indicators were then used for mapping salinity levels in Kuh-Sefid district. Principal Component Analysis was used to gain the largest amount of available information and reduce the dimensionality of data cube. Based on the performed analysis, different supervised classification algorithms were used to map salinity levels and divide the site into five distinct salinity classes - normal, slightly saline, moderately saline, highly saline, and extremely saline.
Results and Discussion: Data was analyzed based on five supervised classification algorithms, including Minimum Distance, Mahalanobis, Parallelepiped, Maximum Likelihood, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Results indicated that the best accuracy in mapping salinity classes was obtained from SVM classifier, with overall accuracy of 92.218 and Kappa coefficient of 0.894. The results also revealed that Maximum Likelihood Classifier with overall accuracy of 90.718 has a high potential for discriminating saline surfaces and producing salinity map. In addition, more than 62% of soil types in this region are categorized in moderate, high and extreme salinity classes, which indicates that the area is highly at risk.
Conclusions: Evaluating the results of salinity classes shows that the eastern areas of Kuh-Sefid are relatively more severely affected by salinity. This is due to vicinity of Qom Salt Lake and drawing of saline soil into surrounding areas. If this process continues, it will lead to loss of soil fertility and crop productivity in this region over the next few years. Due to their potential in detecting soil salinity and providing large-scale maps of salinity levels, multispectral Sentinel-2 imageries are considered to be a powerful tool in soil reclamation programs and land management studies.
Rahmatollah Bahrami
Abstract
One of the important aspects of community development is the development of health, and in other words, the amount and quality of the community access to health services. Since the necessity of any planning to provide services to the needy areas is to assess the status quo, the purpose of this article ...
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One of the important aspects of community development is the development of health, and in other words, the amount and quality of the community access to health services. Since the necessity of any planning to provide services to the needy areas is to assess the status quo, the purpose of this article is to examine more deeply the differences between the cities of Kurdistan province in order to access the health centers and determine the extent of development in this field, so that the authorities use the results of this research in their regional and local decision and policy-making practically.The method of study is descriptive-analytical and case-study, and the method of collecting is a library method by which 36 indicators were collected in three sectors including institutional, human forces and specialized sectors through the Statistical Yearbook of 1393 and the information from the Statistical Center of Iran. Data were calculated based on linear TOPSIS technique and through Excel software, and GIS software was used to draw the map. The results show that the cities of Sanandajand Saqez are prosperous and developed, Qurveh, Bijar, Marivan and Banehare semi-prosperous and developing, and Divandarreh,Kamyaran,Dehgolan and Sarvabad are undeveloped and deprived.The results of the research based on the population size indicate that, 36% of the population of Kurdistan province are deprived of health services, 0.2% have moderate access and 44% of the population have relative access to health care. The results clearly indicate that among the cities of the province, health services have not been distributed in accordance with the population’s abilities and needs. It is therefore suggested that the evaluation of the health development to be done in the scale of hierarchy of village, county, city and province simultaneously, so that, in addition to explaining the regional differences, the intra-regional differences are also clarified and obviated.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Mohammad Mahdi Hosseinzadeh; Reza Esmaili; mohsen Nabizadeh Bahnamiri
Abstract
Extended Abstract IntroductionChanges in river pattern is one of the most important issues of river engineering that affects the activities and construction structures along rivers.Changes in the parameters of the meandering can be due to changes by humans, changes in the hydrological regime ...
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Extended Abstract IntroductionChanges in river pattern is one of the most important issues of river engineering that affects the activities and construction structures along rivers.Changes in the parameters of the meandering can be due to changes by humans, changes in the hydrological regime of the river, ecological changes or due to geomorphology of the region.Knowledge and understanding of the morphological changes of meandering patterns and the natural dynamics of river systems are very important for the purposes of planning, urban planning, dam construction, erosion and sedimentation, road construction and protection and reconstruction of river channels.By studying the amount of changes in river parameters, especially the length and width of the channel in a region, the future of the meandering patterns and rivers can be predicted.Channel form is a good initial guide to determine the morphology and channel form changes in alluvial rivers.In fact, the most obvious feature of a river is its planform or geometric form.A river plan is called a planform, which shows the characteristics of a channel and a floodplain in an alluvial river.The term river pattern describes the planimetric (two-dimensional) shape of rivers.In the new classifications, channel patterns are classified into straight, meandering, braided, and anastomosing.The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of morphological changes in the Nekaroud River from the city of Neka to where the river joins the Caspian Sea for a period of 35 years between 1364 to 1399.MethodologyNeka river originates from Alborz mountains in the southern part of Gorgan city and passes through the southern part of Behshahr and flows into the Caspian Sea.The area of Neka Basin is 1902 km.The Neka River is 130 km long in the mountains and 39 km long in the coastal plains.In this study, the Neka River with a length of 39 km in the coastal plain from Neka to the Caspian Sea has been studied.At first, Nekaroud was divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower part and the changes were studied separately and together.With this method, the amount of displacement, change of dimensions and pattern of bends were determined.Using the method of historical changes, the river route map related to different periods based on aerial photographs of 1985 (National Geographical Organization of Iran) and satellite images (from Google Earth) of 2006 and 1399 has been digitized in GIS software.In order to study the changes of the river in three time periods, from three indicators including morphometry which includes (channel length, arc radius, central angle, wave amplitude, wavelength), morphology which includes (different models of lateral migration including retraction, new meander,migration, confined migration, cutoff, growth, meandering change, double heading) and morphodynamics (transect method) have been used.Finally, the changes of the left and right sides of the channel in the studied statistical period were statistically tested in SPSS software.Results and discussionThe results of the study of satellite images and aerial photographs show that the values of the curvature coefficient, the central angle, the angles of the arcs along the river have decreased from the upstream to the downstream.Based on these morphometric characteristics, the river is classified into three parts including the developed meandering pattern, the undeveloped meandering pattern and the almost meandering pattern in the third reach.Although the morphometric values of the channel show that the Neka River has changed,however, the statistical test in the section with a developed meandering pattern showed that no significant changes were observed in the right bank during two different periods.There were no significant changes in the left bank of the river during 2006 and 2016.The study of Yemani and Hosseinzadeh (2013) on the Talar River and Yemani et al. (2014) on the Babol River had similar results. In these studies, similar to the Nekarud River, at the beginning of the river's entry into the coastal plain, i.e., the alluvial fan section (the first part of the Nekarud), there is more instability and changes are still taking place during large floods; However, in the second and third periods, due to human intervention and protection, the channel deepened and finally, the main river was divided into several branches in order to transfer water to the rice agricultural lands, which caused the degree of instability and changes in the channel pattern in the four The last decade is at a minimum.ConclusionAccording to the studies, it was found that the Nekarood River has had limited changes in terms of morphology, morphometry and morphodynamics during 35 years.Changes in the bed of the Nekaroud River during 2006 to 1399 have been decreasing. The reasons for these conditions are the existence of large-scale cultivation around the river and the protection of the river bank, the creation of storage dams and water diversion in the middle part of the coastal plain and the construction of dams on this river (Golord Dam and other dams).With the construction of these dams, many changes were made in hydrological parameters such as flow velocity and discharge. Also, the amount of erosion and the amount and method of sedimentation have changed.
Ali Shamai; Javad Malekan; Parisa Sadeghi
Abstract
Social, cultural, and economic poverty is the most important factorbehind the emergence of suburbanization in cities.Although the suburbanites live in the realm of socioeconomic life of cities, they are not accepted as official citizens in the community. The main objective of this research is to provide ...
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Social, cultural, and economic poverty is the most important factorbehind the emergence of suburbanization in cities.Although the suburbanites live in the realm of socioeconomic life of cities, they are not accepted as official citizens in the community. The main objective of this research is to provide strategies for empowerment of suburbanites inSonghor's town of shohada(of Kermanshah border province). Identifying the capabilities and limitations of suburbanite is very effective in achieving their empowerment strategies. The method of the research is a descriptive – analytical and survey method using Delphi method. The Method of data collecting is library method and interviewing experts and officials of Songor's municipality.QSPM and SWOT techniques have been used to analyze data. The results indicate that Suburban area in terms of the current situation is in a moderate position on the basis of the internal and external evaluation matrix,and in other words, the suburban region has not been able to exploit the strengths and has not taken advantage of the opportunities available and has been unable to escape the factors which cause its weakness and threat. Finally, after analyses done and providing a quantitative strategic planning and prioritization of the strategies,WO5's review strategyi.e holding of a justification workshop for urban managers to implement the empowerment and organization with a final score of 2.55,has become a top priority as the most important strategy. SO5's aggressive strategy i.e the establishment of a special committee for empowerment and organization holding special committee for empowerment and organizing is also in the second priority.
Zahra Bahari Sejehroudi; Mohammad Taleei
Abstract
Today, tourism is considered as one of the economic resources, especially in countries with a cultural history and numerous tourist attractions.In this regard, tourist advisory systems have been designed to help tourists. Planning tourism prior to traveling, allows a person to have a better visit and ...
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Today, tourism is considered as one of the economic resources, especially in countries with a cultural history and numerous tourist attractions.In this regard, tourist advisory systems have been designed to help tourists. Planning tourism prior to traveling, allows a person to have a better visit and see more places. Therefore, it is necessary and inevitable to do so. Various and numerous factors are involved in tourism planning. Time management and the selection of tourist attractions in accordance with one's interests are among the most important of these factors. In the present article, a web-based tourism planning system was designed and implemented to help tourists to visit favorite attractions in the shortest time possible. In the development of this system, the integration of methods based on spatial decision-making support system and spatial analysis functions have been used. The criteria taken into account in it, include criteria related to geotourism and effective geological factors and other types of tourism. The designed system carries out the tourism planning through information such as interests, number of days and the starting location of the tourist for each day separately and together with the presentation of the daily tourist plan, it determines the best route between the selected locations, and performs both the spatial and temporal management simultaneously. This system was implemented for Tehran's tourist sites and its capabilities were evaluated.
Abolfazl Ranjbar-Fordoei; Sayed Hojjat Mousavi; Vahid Vaisi
Abstract
Extended abstract Introduction Energy is one of the most important factors in the development of human societies and is one of the essential factors in economic, social development and quality of life.Population explosion and growing energy demand, increasing living standards, the risk of global warming ...
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Extended abstract Introduction Energy is one of the most important factors in the development of human societies and is one of the essential factors in economic, social development and quality of life.Population explosion and growing energy demand, increasing living standards, the risk of global warming due to the greenhouse phenomenon, falling of acid rains, environmental problems and threats to human health, and finally lack of fossil energy sources are among the issues that attract the attention of the world's nations to the use of renewable energies,so that, in their planning, they take the provision of a percentage of the energy needed by their country through wind turbines, solar energy, geothermal energy and other renewable energyinto considerations. Due to the limited resources of fossil fuels and savings for future generations, there should be a need to replace and use renewable energies such as solar energy. More than 85% of Iran's territory is covered by arid and semi-arid regions, where the energy share of solar radiation is high.Solar energy, as one of the sources of clean energy and free from environmental degradation, has long been used in many ways. Due to the limitation of fossil sources and their pollution, as well as the increasing demand for energy, it is necessary to take measures to optimize the use of the solar energy source in Iran. Given that most of the work done in the field of estimating radiation energy has been made using weather or climatic data such as temperature, cloudiness, radiation, etc., and remote sensing data and satellite imagery have not been used generally, therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the radiation potential in a part of the central regions of Iran using remote sensing data and albedo, brightness, vegetation, moisture and land surface temperature indices. Material and Methods The study area is situated in central region of Iran in the geographical range 33º, 41ʹ,50ʺ-35º, 28ʹ, 30ʺ northern latitudes and 50º, 41ʹ, 40ʺ-52º, 30ʹ, 27ʺ eastern longitudes. The present research is an applied one, and its methodology is a combination of remote sensing and Geostatistical analysis. The data used in this research was obtained from the May 17, 2015 images of Landsat 8 satellite, with the course 164 and the row 36. In order to study the radiation potential, indices such as albedo, brightness, NDVI, greenness, moisture, and ground surface temperature were used. To calculate each of the aforementioned indices, the equations and functions related to each index on the Landsat 8 image were used in ENVI 5.3 and GIS 10.3 software. In order to calculate the Earth's surface temperature index (LST), the thermal bands 10 and 11 of Landsat 8 must first be converted into the radiance, and then to the brightness temperature, and finally to the temperature of the satellite's brightness. Then, the map relating to each standardization index, and the potentiometric map were prepared by takingthe mean of all indicators. Finally, the potentiometric map was also classified into five classesaccording to the estimated amount of solar radiation, including very inappropriate, inappropriate, moderate, appropriate, and very appropriate. Results and Discussion The results obtained from Albedo, brightness, NDVI, greenness, moisture and land surface temperature indicators are shown from low to high. For Albedo index, the least amount (6668.87) was observed in the northwest of Qom, south ofGarmsar, southwest of Abu Zaidabad, Niasar, Golestan, northwest of Kashan, and the highest amount (61352.7) was observed in the northern parts of Garmsar, south and southeast of Qom, and West of Aran-o-Bidgol. For the brightness index, the lowest value (15441.9) was observed in the northwest of Qom, south ofGarmsar, southwest of Abu Zaidabad, Niasar, Galak, northwest of Kashan, West of Pishva, Gharchak, and the highest amount (129881)was observed in northern parts of Garmsar, Center and South and South West of Qom and West of Aran-o-Bidgol. For NDVI index, the lowest vegetation cover (-0.393175) was seen in the central and northwestern parts of Qom, south of Garmsar, Abu-zaidabad, north ofAran-Bidgol, northeast of Kashan, and the highest value (0.639655) was observed in the northeast of Garmsar, Qarchak, Pishva, Northwest of Javad-abad, south of the Kahak, west of Niasar, southeast of Kashan. For the greenness index, the lowest value (-43887.6) was observed in the northern parts of Garmsar, in the north of Hassanabad, south and southwest of Qom, south of Javad Abad, southwest andcenterofKashan, west and southwest of Aran-o-Bidgol, and the highest value (-3385.181) was observed in the southern parts of Garmsar, Niasar, Kahak, Northwest of Kashan, Center and Southeast of Abu-zaidabad. For the humidity index, the lowest and highest values (-52599.1 and 11.56 respectively) were seen in the northwest of Qom, south of Garmsar, southwest of Abu-zaidabad, Niasar, and northwest of Kashan. For the LST index, the lowest value (19.585) was observed in Qarchak, Javadabad, southern Garmsar, southwest of Abu Zaidabad, Niasar, Kahak, north and northwest of Kashan and the highest value (577.557) was observed in Garmsar, central Qom, West of Aran-o-Bidgol, eastern and northeastern parts of Abu-zaidabad. The results of the land suitability analysis showed that the solar radiation potential ranged from 0.13882 to 0.71867. These values show the regions with less radiation as it gets closer to 0.13882, and more radiation as it gets closer 0.741867. The regions were classified into 5 categories includingvery appropriate, appropriate, moderate, inappropriate, very inappropriate, on the proportionality analysis map according to the solar radiation potential. Conclusion Surface temperature and radiation are two important factors for the study of solar radiation. Based on these two factors, the best regions with the highest radiation potential and the highest albedo and the highest surface temperature were observed in Aran-Bidgol and Abouzid-Abad regions. The highest value (61352.72) of albedo was observed in the eastern part of Aran-o-Bidgol. However, the highest brightness value (129881) was found in this region. Based on Spatial Approach Analysis Map of solar radiation, the west of Aran-o-Bidgol region has the highest amount of radiation. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the places whereverthe Albedo and the brightness indices are higher, NDVI and greenness will decrease. As a result, the albedo index has a direct correlation with the brightness index and an inverse correlation with NDVI index. Therefore, in the central regions of Iran, it is possible to determine the appropriate regions in terms of radiation potential through quantitative and qualitative calculation of suitable indicators such as albedo, temperature and brightness through remote sensing data and the relationships between each of these indices. Finally, it determines the best areas for acquiring solar energy and the construction of solar power plants. It is suggested that the remote sensing indices be combined with radiation models in order to obtain more accurate information in a shorter time and at a lower cost.
Elahe Khesali; Mohammadreza Mobasheri
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Frost causes a lot of damage to the agricultural sector every year.From the meteorological point of view, when the temperature drops below a certain value, frost occurs. This threshold may vary from one crop to the other. Not much research has been done to predict frost ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Frost causes a lot of damage to the agricultural sector every year.From the meteorological point of view, when the temperature drops below a certain value, frost occurs. This threshold may vary from one crop to the other. Not much research has been done to predict frost using remote sensing technology. Most of the models used to predict frost have been provided by climatologists, geographers and meteorologists based on data collected at meteorological stations.The measurements at meteorological stations are at a point and the number of these stations are limited. Therefore, depending on the surface coverage and texture around the station, the air temperature would only be valid in certain and limited distance from the stations. On the other hand, satellite images have relatively acceptable spatial resolution specially for using in the environmental studies.This indicates the necessity of using remote sensing data in many occasions including frost prediction.This work tried to predict areas at risk of frost using the NEAT method in the state of Georgia, USA. For this purpose, the MODIS satellite data and the data collected in meteorological stations of AEMN network are used. Materials and Methods The State of Georgia, in the southern part of the United States between latitude of 30o31’ to 35o north, and longitude of 81o to 85o53’ west with an area of 154077 square kilometers, was chosen for this case study.The reason for choosing this region was merely because of accessibility and availability of surface collected data mostly in cultivating and agricultural zones. In this study, data collected in 10 AEMN stations from 2005 to 2015 were used for modeling and evaluation. Also, data collected in 68 stations of AEMN were used for evaluation of model for two different periods. The satellite images used in this study is collected by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board of Terra and Aqua platforms. The MODIS products used in this study consist of LST (MOD11 and MYD11), lifted index (MOD07 and MYD07), total precipitable water (MOD05 and MYD05), and normalized differential vegetation index (MOD13). Also, in this study, to estimate air temperature in each 1 by 1 km grid box, the method developed by Mobashari et al. (2018) was used. The method offered an accuracy of 2.33 °C and a correlation coefficient of 0.94. Khesali and Mobasheri, 2019 presented Near-surface Estimated Air Temperature (NEAT) model in which extrapolation coefficients for air temperature to the next hours are calculated. To increase the accuracy of the NEAT model, it was recalculated using AEMN data at Aqua and Tera passing times. The methodology in this study consists of the following steps. • Selection of study area and collecting temperature data from AEMN meteorological stations, • Reproducing NEAT model coefficients usinga set of AEMN data, • Evaluating NEAT equation using another set of AEMN data, • Receiving and preparation of MODIS products and calculation of air temperature at the passing time of Terra and Aqua, • Applying NEAT to the MODIS images, • Producing Frost map using temperatures estimated by NEAT • Evaluation of frost prediction accuracy Results and Discussion In order to implement the model, Two periods were selected: 3–9 December 2006 and 3–11 April 2007 in which severe crop damage across the southeastern United States has happened (Prabha and Hoogenboom, 2008). First, the NEAT model coefficients are calculated using the AEMN network data, and evaluated for air temperature extrapolation to the next hours. Then, the air temperature was extracted using MODIS products for Aqua and Terra night time sensors. Finally, the NEAT model was applied to the air temperature extracted from satellite images, and the nighttime temperature was predicted from approximately 22:30 pm to 7:30 am of next day at 15 minute intervals. Then in the extracted images the air temperature was classified into two degreeintervals. Areas with temperatures below zero degrees Celsius are considered frost zones. Data from 68 AEMN network stations were used for evaluation. Statistical parameters like RMSE and variations of User Accuracy and Overall Accuracy were analyzed over the night. The RMSE value for all data, which is 13,840, is estimated to be 2.5 degrees. This parameter has an increasing trend from the satellite passing time to 6 hours and varies from 0.1 to 2.5 degrees Celsius. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed model in frost prediction. Conclusion In this study, AEMN meteorological data and MODIS satellite images were used for frost prediction. The study area is located in the Georgia state in the southeast of the US. Using the Neat model, air temperature is extrapolated during night in 15 minute intervals. Air temperature maps for two periods of time are produced. The results and accuracy assessment parameters show the ability of the proposed model in air temperature prediction and its effectivenessin frost prediction
Zakyyeh Heydari; Hossein Saraami
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 42-44
Abstract
Juvenile water is one type of underground waters that is formed by cooling of magmatic water vapor in the solid crust of the Earth. This water was first mentioned by Austrian geologist Suss, and so far no significant reservoir of this water has been reported. Every year, due to internal and external ...
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Juvenile water is one type of underground waters that is formed by cooling of magmatic water vapor in the solid crust of the Earth. This water was first mentioned by Austrian geologist Suss, and so far no significant reservoir of this water has been reported. Every year, due to internal and external volcanic activity, some water enters the water cycle. This water is referred to as "juvenile water" because of its first entrance into water cycle. Currently, the amount of juvenile water added to the total water available on the planet due to volcanic activity is estimated to be one tenth of one kilometer cubed. Although the amount of this water is low, but given the very important role that water plays in human life and the lack of water at the present time, more attention should be paid to it. Deep water (or synthesized and pure) is one of those kinds of waters that originate from very great depths of the earth and can be the result of the steam of the last stage of molten magma in the earth associated with volcanic manifestations, and from those waters that have long remained between the earth's levels, and are found in some places, especially during oil drilling. Therefore, juvenile waters have deep origin, and are formed through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen and with the hardening of Inner and outer melting materials. These waters are often the primary producers of deep warm mineral water.
Fatemeh Dargahian; Gholam Hossein Rezaei
Abstract
Since the temperature declared by meteorological stations is the only reading of the temperature inside the screen box regardless of other atmospheric parameters including humidity, it cannot therefore indicate our real sense of the air temperature, because warm air is sensed warmer in case of high humidity, ...
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Since the temperature declared by meteorological stations is the only reading of the temperature inside the screen box regardless of other atmospheric parameters including humidity, it cannot therefore indicate our real sense of the air temperature, because warm air is sensed warmer in case of high humidity, so that when the temperature is 35 ° C, it is felt about 43 ° C if the relative humidity is 55 percent. In this paper, the method of calculating the heat index was used to calculate the real sensed temperature in warm months of June, July, and August for a period of 10 years in 40 synoptic stations in the southern part of the country, and the results were zoned in the ArcGIS software environment as the real sensed isothermal maps and were compared with common isothermal maps. The results show that during the warm season, despite the fact that the southern coastal regions of the country show lower temperature, but have a higherreal sensed temperature, which reducesby getting away from the coast and the reduction of the humidity. In the southern coastal regions of the country, the high real sensed temperature, especially when the heat waves are created, causes problems for the people. Given the real sensed temperature thresholds, the frequency of problems was classified in four categories, each class creating special conditions. The synoptic conditions of a heat wave, which have led to the increase in the real sensed temperature, and the location of coastal stations in extremely dangerous conditions, were investigated. The results show that the prediction and timely warning issuance of heat waves, by the meteorological organization based on this indicator for the warm and humid regions of the country, can lead to the reduction in the casualties caused by this event.
ali shamai; Ali Azizi Kaveh
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 43-58
Abstract
Worn-out structures confront structural, social and economic challenges. The three indices of transience, impermeability and granulites are major features of such structures. "Martyre Dastgheib" area as one of the worn-out structures of district 9 in Tehran is facing various structural, social and economic ...
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Worn-out structures confront structural, social and economic challenges. The three indices of transience, impermeability and granulites are major features of such structures. "Martyre Dastgheib" area as one of the worn-out structures of district 9 in Tehran is facing various structural, social and economic challenges. The aim of this study is explaining distribution of failures and their interrelationships, and the comparative study of mentioned indices in order to achieve sustainable urban neighborhood. It seems that the best solution for controlling and reducing worn-out urban structures is spatial analysis from structural, economic and sociocultural aspects. Current study was done aiming at organizing "Martyre Dastgheib" area with a systematic perspective whose main bases are described through the improvement of physical appearance and urban revival. To this end, the major question is whether structural, social and economic indices influence on vulnerability analysis of worn-out structure of "Martyre Dastgheib" area identically.
The research type is descriptive- analytical and survey. Data were collected through library-based procedures and field study. In analysis step, firstly, values and data for all indices were extracted, and then respective indices were weighted according to Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Findings show that by integration of structural, economic and social layers for measuring vulnerability of worn-out structures, they are classified into low-vulnerability to high-vulnerability areas. 24.3 percent of the area was with high-vulnerability, 47.3 percent faced to considerable vulnerability, 14.7 and 13.7 percent faced to average and low vulnerability, respectively. Considering this finding, organization of worn-out structure in this area through an integrated approach including improvement, modernization and reconstruction is possible.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Ali Hasankhani; Mahdi Modiri; Ahmad Naghavi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionUnfortunately, seismic data recorded globally during the last fifty years does not include every type of wave propagation conditions in the environment, types of construction, the rupture process on the fault, and the geometrical relationship between the construction and ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionUnfortunately, seismic data recorded globally during the last fifty years does not include every type of wave propagation conditions in the environment, types of construction, the rupture process on the fault, and the geometrical relationship between the construction and the fault. This is especially seen in near-field regions. Before the 1999 Chi-chi earthquake in Taiwan and the 1999 Izmit earthquake in Turkey, there were only about 20 records of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 7 at a distance of less than 20 kilometers from the fault.The Turkish earthquake added 5 records and the Thai earthquake added 65 records to this collection, but only two fault rupture scenarios were added to our knowledge, while thousands of other possible scenarios may occur. Thus, seismologists and earthquake engineers have tried to estimate parameters related to strong near-field motions of the earth with an acceptable confidence using various experimental and theoretical simulation methods. MethodsIn earthquake engineering and seismology, earthquake phenomenon and the resulting movements are generally investigated and analyzed using dynamic and kinematic methods. Seismological models and problems are thus divided into two categories: Kinematic models which are based on slip distribution and do not take the state of stress on the fault into account. Dynamic models deal with the physics of fault rupture and its causes. Simulation methods are also divided into three main categories: deterministic (low frequencies), stochastic (high frequencies) and hybrid (broad band) methods.Generally speaking, simulating strong ground motion plays an important role in the estimation of related parameters especially in regions lacking such data. Accelerographs are used to simulate strong ground motions. The present study has introduced, investigated and validated two methods: decisive simulation models (Discrete-Wave Number and Finite Fault) and Finite Fault models. It also explains how the simulated recording are produced for near-field (less than 20 km to a seismogenic fault) and far-field events, presents attenuation relationships for the Zagros seismotectonics region, and predicts parameters of strong ground motions.Results & DiscussionDue to the special geological conditions and the existence of many active faults in Iran, our country is considered to be located in an earthquake-prone region. Zagros region is considered to be the most earthquake-prone region of Iran. Finite fault modeling combines various aspects of plate source with the ground motion model based on point source. Since previously mentioned limitations are not naturally present in finite fault modelling, the method takes geometry of the fault and the directivity effect into account. Time delay method and the sum of accelerations recorded in maps of a two-dimensional network are used for simulation in finite fault model. The fault plate is divided into various elements and a minor event is simulated for each one. The overall seismic acceleration equals the sum of the effects of these minor events. The strong ground motions in each micro-fault are calculated using the random point source method and then summed up at the desired point with an appropriate time delay to obtain the ground motion of the entire fault.Previous geological and seismic studies of each seismic region are used to determine the key parameters of the simulation input. To produce a comprehensive database, a significant number of stations are taken into account around the fault based on different hypotheses and artificial accelerograms are produced in accordance with the seismological parameters of the region. A suitable function is then selected and an attenuation relationship is fitted. The simulation results and the resulting attenuation relationship are then compared with valid global attenuation relationships and their consistency (compliance percentage) is investigated. ConclusionThe present study has produced a wide range of simulated records (about 20 thousand records) for Zagros seismotectonics region. Thus, the resulting relationships will hopefully have sufficient accuracy and efficiency to be used in structure designing and urban development. It worth noting that the regression correlation coefficient (R-Square) was above 0.95 in all fits.These attenuation relationships can provide a new perspective on site selection, and help us in understanding the dynamic behavior of structures, and the development of various infrastructure. They also help urban managers to predict and reduce earthquake damages.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Hossein Etemadfard; Hamed Kharaghani; Mahdi Najjarian; Rouzbeh Shad
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction:The increasing demand for sustainable food consumption as well as the change in the consumption pattern has led to efforts to improve the food distribution process. This is to speed up service delivery and prevent the spoilage of perishable materials. Among the most significant ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction:The increasing demand for sustainable food consumption as well as the change in the consumption pattern has led to efforts to improve the food distribution process. This is to speed up service delivery and prevent the spoilage of perishable materials. Among the most significant topics in the food supply chain is perishability, a phenomenon that occurs in certain categories of products such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Perishability refers to the property in which a product loses its commercial value and usability after a certain period. However, meeting the general needs of citizens, especially the supply of food, is one of the most significant axes of urban service activities on the city's economic platform. In addition, the provision of comfort and well-being for residents depends on the proper establishment, optimal distribution, and sufficient variety of products offered in shopping centers. Day markets as well as fruit and vegetable fields provide fast and appropriate daily needs for residents. In addition, choosing fast and reliable routes for food distribution in the city is one of the other significant and influential factors in providing quality services. It should also be noted that in vehicle routing problems (VRP) related to food products, routes for vehicles must be created that match the schedules of some stores to deliver products.Materials and Methods:To optimize the fruit and vegetable distribution routes between the fruit and vegetable fields and Shahre-ma stores in Mashhad, this research will use genetic algorithms and particle swarm algorithms. This research will have the aim of optimizing distribution time, which was not addressed in previous research. This research presents its innovation by considering a three-hour time limit in the problem-solving algorithm. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a learning method based on biological evolution and influenced by the hypothesized mechanism of natural selection in which the fittest individuals in a generation survive longer and produce a new generation. And in this article, it is implemented in such a way that the algorithm itself determines the most appropriate number of vehicles. The number of vehicles should be such that distribution among all stores is done in less than three hours and five minutes in each store. There should be a stop. And if distribution among all stores is not done in less than 3 hours, a new vehicle will be added to the number of vehicles. Also, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a technique inspired by the behavior of birds when searching for food. In this research, the data collected include the location of Shahre-ma stores and the fruit and vegetable square in Mashhad city. These data were prepared from the information of Mashhad municipality. Also, to implement these algorithms, MATLAB software has been used. Network analysis has been done to determine the distance between Bar Square and Shahre-ma stores in ArcGIS software using network analysis.Results and discussion:This research proposes several hypotheses, including that the maximum optimal time is 3 hours and products should be distributed by 7 am in all places. Also, city traffic is uniform from 4 to 7 in the morning and the same product package is distributed in all stores. Comparing the results of two genetic algorithms and particle swarm shows that the genetic algorithm has a higher efficiency in optimizing the distribution path of fruits and vegetables. Because the time of the four routes derived from the genetic algorithm is approximately 92 minutes, 84 minutes, 80 minutes, and 82 minutes respectively. The total length of all routes is 127 km and 779 meters and the total time of all routes is 338 minutes. And the time of the four routes obtained from the particle swarm algorithm is approximately 102 minutes, 103 minutes, 89 minutes, and 91 minutes respectively. The total length of all routes is 175 km and 390 meters and the total time of all routes is 385 minutes. And in total, the times obtained for four vehicles in the genetic algorithm were 47 minutes less than the particle swarm algorithm. In addition, the total length of the paths in the genetic algorithm was 47 km and 611 meters less than the particle swarm algorithm.ConclusionThe genetic algorithm was able to achieve the optimal solution by evaluating the objective function 12,000 times. This is 2,900,000 in the particle swarm algorithm. Accordingly, the time required to reach the optimal solution differs significantly between the two algorithms.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Ali Mohammadpour; Mohammadreza Eghbal; Afshar Hatami
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionIn today's world, advances in science and technology have led to the emergence of the information revolution and advanced cognitive tools. Space satellites are capable of capturing the entire surface of the earth in great detail. At the same time, the development of electronic ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionIn today's world, advances in science and technology have led to the emergence of the information revolution and advanced cognitive tools. Space satellites are capable of capturing the entire surface of the earth in great detail. At the same time, the development of electronic warfare, including long-range and guided missiles of mass destruction, remote-controlled weapons and war robots, has posed serious threats to the security and survival of societies. For this purpose, defense-security planning has been designed as an effective solution against the existing threats. The purpose of this study is to organize the defense and security of Khuzestan provinces in order to identify threats and use potential defense and security capabilities. In explaining the relationship between land management and defense-security indicators, the important issue is that in the planning projects that have been discussed so far in the country, only demographic, economic, political, cultural, physical issues are considered and the issue of defense and national security and less considered areas. Is located; Therefore, the relationship between land use planning and defense-security indicators can be examined from different perspectives.MaterialsThe research materials included basic maps obtained from the surveying organization as well as the geographical organization, including maps of critical, critical and important points. In addition, geological maps and other thematic maps have been used.MethodsThis research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The study area was Khuzestan provinces and the research period was 2016 to 2021. The statistical population of the study was the population of Khuzestan provinces according to the population and housing census data of the Statistics Center in 2016. There was no sample size in this study. The method of data collection was using documentation and survey. Research data for economic and social sectors were obtained from the Statistics Center. Data analysis techniques included frequency tables, descriptive graphs, spatial analysis methods, and spatial statistics techniques.Results & DiscussionIn this study, indicators were studied that can be considered as a representative for a large number of micro and macro indicators. According to these indicators, a picture of the security, defense and defense situation in Khuzestan provinces was shown. It is noteworthy that security cannot be achieved only with the tools of war and the use of military forces, and the threat is not only the existence of a foreign enemy. Rather, any tension that affects the comfort and well-being of the people is considered an insecure element and action must be taken to resolve it. Also, defense is not only the use of weapons and military forces, but also defense mechanisms must be prepared to deal with any insecure elements. Many sabotages in the country can happen without the attack of the enemy forces. In the field of defense planning, there is a need that any action and action for development and planning, must be accompanied by the principles of defense and the correct location of vital, sensitive and important elements. Also, the defense-security planning model showed that defense, security and defense planning pursue three main goals, namely deterrence, capability and self-sufficiency or self-reliance. According to the objectives of the powerful, safe and stable land as the three main arms in defense-security planning. A safe land is a security arrangement and a framework for understanding all the factors that disrupt order and security in the region. Powerful land indicates defense planning, which seeks to provide mechanisms to understand the maximum possible defense of the land and the region. Sustainable land targets defense planning. In this type of arrangement, the main purpose of camouflage is to hide and reduce the effects of possible attacks.ConclusionIn the provinces of Khuzestan and Bushehr, it was found that in addition to military threats, there are other factors that have a civilian aspect; Therefore, in order to establish security and maintain stability in the provinces in question, it is necessary to consider various instances of security, defense and passive defense with a systemic view. Some of these factors have a natural aspect and others have a human aspect including social, cultural, economic, military, technological and political. Therefore, defense-security planning analyzes can consider the most important and effective scientific solutions to deal with military and civilian threats and to establish order and security.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Mahdiyeh Fathi; Reza Shah-Hosseini
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionRice is an important crop and the main food of more than half of the world’s population, which needs water and heat to grow. Thus, mapping and monitoring rice fields with efficient means such as remote sensing technology is necessary for food security and the lack of ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionRice is an important crop and the main food of more than half of the world’s population, which needs water and heat to grow. Thus, mapping and monitoring rice fields with efficient means such as remote sensing technology is necessary for food security and the lack of water sources. The phenology extracted from the time series of vegetation indices is used for monitoring and mapping the area under rice cultivation. In addition to the phenological curve, the LST time series map, which is calculated from Landsat 8 images and is related to the phenomenon of evaporation and transpiration of irrigated crops, can cause the separation of rice cultivation from rainfed crops, summer crops, water, etc. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the LST time series map is investigated map for improving the accuracy of rice field identification.Materials & MethodsSince the planting to harvest period of rice is from May to October, in this study, the time-series maps of LST and NDVI for the 3rd of April, 21st of May, 6th of John, 22nd of John, 8th of July, 24th of July, 9th of August, 12th of October, and 28th of October have been calculated after download the Landsat-8 time-series in 2020 The ground truth map of the study area has been obtained from the US Department of Agriculture. To identify rice fields and calculate the LST and NDVI using the Landsat-8 images, initial pre-processing including radiometric and geometric corrections has been applied to these images first. After initial corrections and the calculation of NDVI and LST maps, to identify rice fields in the study area, machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighborhood, Multilayer Perspective, Logistic Regression, and Decision Tree, have been proposed. Results & DiscussionThe results of the proposed method at the state of California showed that using the time series map of Land surface temperature (LST) with the time-series map of Normalized Difference vegetation Index, improved the results of identifying rice fields (the average Overall Accuracy= + 3/572% and the average kappa coefficient= +7/112%). Visual results showed that some cultivation such as tomato, corn, cucumber, fallow, and water were removed from the rice final map when using the LST time-series map with the NDVI time-series map. According to the numerical results, the Support Vector Machine algorithm (Overall Accuracy 94/28 and Kappa Coefficient 88/29), the Multilayer Perceptron algorithm (Overall Accuracy 94/26 and Kappa Coefficient 88/21), and the K-Nearest Neighborhood algorithm (Overall Accuracy 93/71 and Kappa Coefficient 87/08) showed the highest Overall Accuracy and Kappa Coefficient compared to the Logistic Regression algorithm (overall accuracy 91/96 and kappa coefficient 83/54) and the Decision Tree algorithm (Overall Accuracy 91/34 and Kappa Coefficient 81/97), respectively.ConclusionAlthough, many methods have been proposed to identify rice fields from satellite images. But, the similarity of rice class with other classes is one of the main challenges related to rice identification. In this research, the effect of LST time series maps to improve the identification accuracy of rice fields in Landsat-8 time-series images was investigated. In this study, the effect of the time series map of land surface temperature index extracted from Landsat-8 images on improving the accuracy of identifying rice fields from other rice fields due to the evapotranspiration process using machine learning algorithms was investigated. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed index in improving the identification accuracy of rice fields. One of the reasons for improving the accuracy of identifying rice fields is to extract the characteristics of the thermal growing season from the Earth's surface temperature time series (LST) maps along with the rice phenology curve. The results showed that due to the flooding of rice fields when using the NDVI time series map, water class and fields summer crops were identified as rice class. But, water and summer crops classes were removed from the rice final map using a land surface temperature time-series map with the extraction of thermal growth season characteristics. Therefore, the results showed that there was a direct relationship between LST time-series maps and rice cultivation.
Madjid Montazeri
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 58-61
Abstract
Miqan wetland is a natural hole formed between Zagros and Central (Markazi) Iran mountain ranges. This wetland is expanded in the center of this basin and in the heart of Markazi province. In Iran comprehensive water plan, this basin is classified under 7-1-5 study code. The basin covers an area of 5514 ...
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Miqan wetland is a natural hole formed between Zagros and Central (Markazi) Iran mountain ranges. This wetland is expanded in the center of this basin and in the heart of Markazi province. In Iran comprehensive water plan, this basin is classified under 7-1-5 study code. The basin covers an area of 5514 km2 and its average annual precipitation is about 280 mm. This basin has experienced lots of fluctuations in precipitation, so that it spent a low rainfall period during the 60s. In order to investigate the system of precipitation changes in this basin, monthly precipitation data was exploited from weather stations and was transformed into zone data using Kringing interpolation method and a cell size of 5*5. Finally, 220 cells covered the basin boundaries and a data matrix of 220*12 was obtained. In order to identify precipitation changes, standard scores of the monthly precipitations’ time series were calculated and Mann-Kendall non parametric trend test was applied. Results indicate the presence of a trend in the basin’s precipitation in March, July, September and October.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Heshmat Karami; Zahra Sayadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Environmental changes are one of the most critical challenges to achieving sustainable development. Wetlands are part of the earth's structure and as one of the important ecosystems consisting of water, vegetation, soil and microorganisms. Monitoring, management and assistance ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Environmental changes are one of the most critical challenges to achieving sustainable development. Wetlands are part of the earth's structure and as one of the important ecosystems consisting of water, vegetation, soil and microorganisms. Monitoring, management and assistance in decision-making and policy-making of surface water changes can be done according to the availability of satellite data. The availability of Landsat data helps a lot in preparing a high-quality map to show the land surface changes. Although remote sensing is superior to traditional methods in terms of time, speed, and cost, these methods require the use of powerful and practical systems that include complex analysis. The use of data and images on the web is a solution that can be used to solve the mentioned problem, which studies can be done with high accuracy and speed without the need for a strong hardware and software system. The Google Earth Engine system creates suitable conditions for processing satellite images for environmental monitoring and analysis. The purpose of this research is to monitor the dynamic changes in the Miangaran wetland sub-basin in the period (2013-2022).
Materials & Methods
Miangaran wetland with an average area of 2500 hectares is located at a distance of one and a half kilometers from Izeh city, in the northeast of Khuzestan province. Time series analysis is one of the most common operations in remote sensing that helps to understand and model seasonal patterns as well as monitor changes. In this research, 421 images from the ee.ImageCollection ("LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_L2") data set were used for the period from 2013 to 2022. The construction of a harmonic model was used in this research due to its flexibility in cyclic calculation with simple and repeatable forms. The normalized differential water index is an index for drawing and monitoring content changes in surface waters. Also, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is one of the most common remote sensing indices. Harmonic time series of water body and vegetation cover were extracted using NDWI and NDVI indices in Google Earth Engine platform, and Mann-Kendall's non-parametric test was performed using time series data output with XLSTAT extension in Excel software. Finally, global water data was used to confirm and complete the results of time series analysis.
Results, discussion and conclusion
The results of the harmonic time series of the water body showed a decreasing and negative trend and more changes in the sub-basin. Kendall's statistical test confirmed the decreasing and negative trend of the water body. Accordingly, since the calculated p-value (<0.0001) is lower than the alpha significance level (0.05), the null hypothesis should be rejected and its alternative hypothesis, the existence of a trend in the time series, should be accepted. The value of Kendall's tau also confirmed a negative value (-0.245) and a decrease. Due to the negative sen's slope statistic for the water area (-0.002), changes are more in the Miangaran Wetland sub-basin. The results of the Mann-Kendall test for the observed vegetation data showed the absence of a trend in the harmonic time series. Since the calculated p-value (0.064) is higher than the significance level of alpha (0.05), the null hypothesis (absence of trend) cannot be rejected. The risk of rejecting the null hypothesis (while true) is 43.6%. Kendall's tau statistic showed a negative value (-0.060) and a non-significant decrease. Therefore, accepting the null hypothesis (absence of trend) indicates that vegetation changes in the harmonic time series were not significantly different from each other. Also, the negative sen's slope statistic for vegetation (-0.026) indicates more changes in the sub-basin of Miangaran Wetland. By comparing with the results and analysis of other researches, it seems that human intervention and change of land use can be the cause of the lack of trend in the Miangaran Wetland sub-basin. Also, according to the negative value of Man-Kendall's vegetation cover which showed a non-significant decreasing trend, it seems that climate change and drought have also played a major role in the changes under the Miangaran wetland basin. The study of the global water data also showed that the water occurrence in terms of space-time is decreasing and the intensity of the change of water occurrence is critical under the basin of Miangaran wetland. The marginal parts of Miangaran Wetland show seasonal water loss, most of these changes occur during the period. This research confirmed the use of harmonic time series in monitoring wetland dynamic changes. Finally, the allocation of water rights, the establishment of laws and the determination of the limit of the ecological bed, and the use of Google Earth Engine capabilities to monitor environmental changes (use, temperature, precipitation, evaporation, etc.) of the Miangaran Wetland sub-basin were suggested.
Aliakbar Rasouli
Volume 1, Issue 4 , May 1992, , Pages 9-11
Abstract
In 1988, Ahnert presented a special type of land form classification, with which a connection has been established between the approximate age of forms of land with their morphological size. During operations with large geomorphologic maps of scale 1: 25000, the following studies are necessary:
1- ...
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In 1988, Ahnert presented a special type of land form classification, with which a connection has been established between the approximate age of forms of land with their morphological size. During operations with large geomorphologic maps of scale 1: 25000, the following studies are necessary:
1- Statistical analysis of simulated models and preparation of a geomorphometric basis (frequency analysis, hypsometric distribution and characterization of correlation values) 2- Extraction of units of basis of land lays 3- Study of statistical aspects and adjacent morphology units 4. Analysis of existing profiles (electronic maps and examination of slope, curvature and shape elements) 5. Step-by-step tests of land 6. Modification of methods and classification of process
Ma'soumeh Rajabi (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 11-19
Abstract
Geographic Information System (GIS) is the tool of computer data processing with the aim of collection, storage, management and analysis of geographic (spatial) information. Geographic Information System is basically a database system that has been specially designed for location-based vector data (using ...
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Geographic Information System (GIS) is the tool of computer data processing with the aim of collection, storage, management and analysis of geographic (spatial) information. Geographic Information System is basically a database system that has been specially designed for location-based vector data (using geographic coordinates). The collected information can be represented in different ways, such as tables, graphs and maps. Geographic information systems are considered as maps of higher level, and a number of them are regarded as new and interesting maps.
Bahman Ramezani
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 11-16
Abstract
Shortage of water resources and climatic limitations of the period of plants’ growth, excessive precipitation and lack of enough precipitation lead to drought or, in other words, decrease of agricultural products. This topic is considered from different points of view by experts of different fields, ...
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Shortage of water resources and climatic limitations of the period of plants’ growth, excessive precipitation and lack of enough precipitation lead to drought or, in other words, decrease of agricultural products. This topic is considered from different points of view by experts of different fields, but in general it is considered as a natural phenomenon with many effects on the environment.According to a study of the temperature-precipitation trend over a certain statistical period at twelve stations, impact of drought is gradually appearing, and alleviating measures cannot be a real cure for this climatic factor. Evidences show that the length of the active thermal period of crops’ growth, extra precipitation and temperature variations in the region are gradually undergoing significant changes, and, considering population increase and limitations of soil, they might bring about numerous environmental problems in future.The present study is a part of a research plan, still in the process of edition, which analyses the trend of change of above factors using mini-tab software and predictive maps of probabilities with different periods. The aim of this study is to identify the trends and to provide with a vision of future, so that due measurements for dealing with this issue (drought and its environmental effects) in a humid climate or area can be duly considered by local planners.
Mas'oud Taghva'ei; Behnam Moghani
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 13-16
Abstract
The increasing population growth of the country over the last two decades and the exponential increase of young population make it necessary to pay attention to new strategies for creating employment. The existence of potential for tourism around the country which has made Iran a capable country in this ...
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The increasing population growth of the country over the last two decades and the exponential increase of young population make it necessary to pay attention to new strategies for creating employment. The existence of potential for tourism around the country which has made Iran a capable country in this field, and using this potential for income and employment generation can be one of these solutions. The city of Firoozabad has a relatively high population growth. Considering the tourist attractions of Firoozabad, and considering special sensitivity of young people’s employment, tourism can be used as a way for creating employment and dealing with the challenge of unemployment. Accordingly, in this paper, considering the population structure and the number of arrival of tourists to Firoozabad, a study has been made of major occupational groups and the level of employment that tourism can provide, and finally a solution has been suggested in this regard. The main method of research is analysis of the statistics and information available in relation to the purpose of the study.
Maryam Ahmadpour
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 13-14
Abstract
Controlling and utilizing atmospheric phenomena and changes such as creating artificial rain in dry years and droughts, preventing harmful hail and haze and reducing the severity of storms has been among human desires since immemorial past.In the last half century, the technology of cloud insemination ...
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Controlling and utilizing atmospheric phenomena and changes such as creating artificial rain in dry years and droughts, preventing harmful hail and haze and reducing the severity of storms has been among human desires since immemorial past.In the last half century, the technology of cloud insemination has created hopes for realization of these dreams.
Early research for stimulating clouds and creating artificial rain has been carried out by Wegner in Germany, Vilkevitch in the former Soviet Union and Veraart in the Netherlands. The production of artificial rain was gradually considered by other countries, and in 1933 T. Bergeron identified ice crystals and very cold droplets as among the main causes of rain, and many subsequent studies were carried out. Cloud fertilizing and artificial rain production has been tested in many countries of the world, and this technology has been considered as a way of water preparation in many countries, especially those facing water crisis, and each year fertility operations are carried out in these countries in appropriate seasons and according to a regular program, and at the end of the project the operation is evaluated and the efficiency of precipitation increase is calculated using statistical and mathematical methods. In addition, further research on atmospheric systems, cloud physics, cloud behavior, economic and social significance of massive insemination of clouds and formation of rain, various chemicals used for injections in the clouds, methods of carrying out the work, recognition of appropriate climatic conditions, implementation of cloud fertilizing operation and increase of efficiency of operations are also in line with the objectives of the studies.
M.H. Ramesht; Mohammad Reza Nowjavan
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 13-16
Abstract
In arid and semi-arid regions, besides the general lack of water, the issue of water quality is also one of the most important issues. While the use of surface water storages such as reservoirs, etc. has been common as a general strategy in the past, the lack of permanent water flows in these areas makes ...
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In arid and semi-arid regions, besides the general lack of water, the issue of water quality is also one of the most important issues. While the use of surface water storages such as reservoirs, etc. has been common as a general strategy in the past, the lack of permanent water flows in these areas makes it unavoidable that the supply of this vital substance be dependent on aquifers.The importance of aquifers is not limited to their size, extent, capacity, or depth, but their history of the evolution and genesis and the effect that this matter can have on the quality of water stored in them is also of special importance.
Aquifers in arid areas often have limitations caused by salinity and salts due to climatic conditions and sequestration and formation environments. Nevertheless, there are deposits and sediment accumulations in high piedmonts of arid areas which were created by glacial processes during the fourth Ana Glacial period, and so aquifers or other water storages can be witnessed that provides us with favorable conditions in both terms of breadth and quality.
The presence of glacial reservoirs in these areas is an opportunity for us to increase our ability to utilize our water resources therein and to increase and optimize these resources through recognition and management with the aim of optimization and restoration of reservoirs and directing unpredicted floods and their storage in aquifers. This article, based on a field design and with emphasis on glacial geomorphic processes in Shirkouh of Yazd, while mentioning the importance of glacial sediments in the quality and storage of water in arid areas, introduces two exceptional aquifers of Mehriz and Sanich in ShirKouh.
Ghodratallah Abedi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 14-18
Abstract
Flood is one of the most important natural disasters that brings about vast losses and damages every year.
The number of occurrence of flood increases year by year. Many factors play a role in this increase, including: constant heavy rainfall, cloudburst, serious destruction of rangelands and forests, ...
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Flood is one of the most important natural disasters that brings about vast losses and damages every year.
The number of occurrence of flood increases year by year. Many factors play a role in this increase, including: constant heavy rainfall, cloudburst, serious destruction of rangelands and forests, increase of population and the following rise in number of building units and roads (impenetrable covering surface), unbridled development of urban centers, and improper land use.
Kerman Province is considered as one of the flood-prone areas of the country. In this paper, floods taken place in this province from 1951 until 1996 have been analyzed and the vulnerable points have been determined, and finally suggestions have been made in this regard.
Alireza Owsati
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 14-19
Abstract
Photometric remote sensing systems are capable of detecting visible and electromagnetic near-infrared regions (0.4<l<0.9). Other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum with longer wavelengths can potentially be useful for remote sensing purposes. Unfortunately, conventional glass lenses and sensitive ...
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Photometric remote sensing systems are capable of detecting visible and electromagnetic near-infrared regions (0.4<l<0.9). Other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum with longer wavelengths can potentially be useful for remote sensing purposes. Unfortunately, conventional glass lenses and sensitive photo layers are not able to detect and record this region of electromagnetic spectrum.
Air scanners are significantly different from aerial cameras because air scanners can collect energy from the ground below as scanning lines, each of these lines making a right angle with flying path. Figure 1 indicates sweeping by means of a rotating mirror while the entering radiation conductor faces toward the detector.
The scanner detector is comparable to the sensitive layer of conventional cameras. Their goals are focused on the discovery, measurement and recording of electromagnetic energy.
They are, compared to film’s sensitive layers, sensitive to wavelengths longer than 1m, such as the infrared and microwave parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Air scanning systems can be categorized as active or inactive scanning systems.
Hosein Shokri Komsari (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
This paper describes the experiments conducted concerning production and revision of maps and the use of satellite images in Germany.
Since 1976, using satellite imagery, photogrammetric products on a scale of 1: 500,000 to 1: 50,000 have been produced. In the past few years, we obtained a high resolution ...
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This paper describes the experiments conducted concerning production and revision of maps and the use of satellite images in Germany.
Since 1976, using satellite imagery, photogrammetric products on a scale of 1: 500,000 to 1: 50,000 have been produced. In the past few years, we obtained a high resolution (5 to 10 meters) from Russian satellite images taken using the KFA-1000 camera. Experiments have shown that these photos are suitable for revising maps on scales from 1: 25,000 to 1: 50,000.
Hasan Shamsi
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 14-18
Abstract
Space-Based Positioning was begun and followed up since 1960 by the U.S. government and NASA. One of these early and highly successful systems of positioning was the Transit satellte. This satellite, since its launch in 1967 for commercial aims, has also gained applications in surveying and geodesy, ...
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Space-Based Positioning was begun and followed up since 1960 by the U.S. government and NASA. One of these early and highly successful systems of positioning was the Transit satellte. This satellite, since its launch in 1967 for commercial aims, has also gained applications in surveying and geodesy, especially where the goal was to establish a vast network of stations in large areas and even whole the earth. The Transit Satellite system has been of great use in establishment of new geocentric assumptions and also for connecting various data (assumptions) of place to a geocentric reference framework (center of earth).
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 15-21
Abstract
One of the main tasks of spatial information systems such as GIS is the aggregation of various data sets and their preparation for communication and analysis in various applications. The aggregation of data in spatial information systems requires collection of different types of data drawn from ...
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One of the main tasks of spatial information systems such as GIS is the aggregation of various data sets and their preparation for communication and analysis in various applications. The aggregation of data in spatial information systems requires collection of different types of data drawn from multiple sources, which would in turn necessitate complete alignment among these data sets and the similarity of features and phenomena in them. For example, it is possible that spatial information be extracted in several forms and from several sources, that is, the GIS data sources can be maps from land surveying, photogrammetry and remote sensing on different scales or with different resolution or at different times. In addition, there is a risk of data being obtained in ways that are incompatible and different in terms of validity. Some details may also be omitted or not defined. The incompatibility among various data is likely to come from an incompatibility among spatial information of the data recorded, including differences in dimensions (size), shape, composition, position accuracy or orientation.
Mehrdad Hoseini
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 15-17
Abstract
Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various ...
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Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various world reports and the latest statements by the International Community, but scientific doubts also exist on reasoning behind climate change reported by “CHANGEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATE”. As BRYSON (1977) states, surge from one pattern to another might change the climate of some of the mid-range-latitude areas drastically, and it is very likely to create a “drought-or-flood” pattern. The increase in temperature in some of Iran's meteorological stations indicates a tendency towards arid climate, and probably the period of climate change has begun in the country of Iran. The country, according to the research, has a pattern of a number of years of droughts alternated by a number of rainy years. Environmental problems such as global warming, frequent occurrence of droughts, expansion of deserts and the increasing trend of desertification, increasing number of forbidden areas for the extraction of water and occurrence of destructive floods have caused ecological instability in the country and have increased the vulnerability of the country's natural resources.
Ali Akbar Rasuli
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 15-18
Abstract
In recent decades geographic information systems, as a dynamic and unique industry with the aim of optimal management of spatial data, have been accessible to geoscience researchers. This multi-purpose technology has been defined as a set of computer hardware and software used by experts for reception, ...
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In recent decades geographic information systems, as a dynamic and unique industry with the aim of optimal management of spatial data, have been accessible to geoscience researchers. This multi-purpose technology has been defined as a set of computer hardware and software used by experts for reception, storage, process, analysis and display of various types of land information. Based on this definition, it can be inferred that the role of skilled human force in running, control and utilization of an efficient, specialized and somehow complex set of computers is of great importance. Therefore, the main role of this paper is to analyze the duties of experts who play a role in the dynamism of this industry through organized collaborations and team-work.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 15-20
Abstract
This paper describes the activities undertaken by HANSA LUFTBILD Corporation over the past two years to employ a GPS system for surveying activities in the fields of air navigation and triangulation. Along with familiarity with the various components of this system, our basic emphasis is on making the ...
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This paper describes the activities undertaken by HANSA LUFTBILD Corporation over the past two years to employ a GPS system for surveying activities in the fields of air navigation and triangulation. Along with familiarity with the various components of this system, our basic emphasis is on making the readers acquainted with the practical results of GPS-based air navigation. The other part of this paper reviews the use of kinematic GPS approach, considering advantages and disadvantages of employing this technique in aerial surveying.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Mohammad Ali Torki Harchegani; Ma'soumeh Torki Harchegani
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 16-21
Abstract
The general purpose of this paper was to analyze some of the socio-economic barriers on the way of motivating the cooperation of farmers with the supervisors of the scheme of wheat self-sufficiency. The research is of applied type and through survey method, carried out by selecting a simple random sample ...
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The general purpose of this paper was to analyze some of the socio-economic barriers on the way of motivating the cooperation of farmers with the supervisors of the scheme of wheat self-sufficiency. The research is of applied type and through survey method, carried out by selecting a simple random sample of 100 farmers in the Ardal plain. The research tool was a questionnaire and the validity of the questionnaire was verified according to the collective view of the related professors and experts and its reliability was calculated using the Cronbach's alpha formula (a = 0.93). To investigate the hypotheses and to answer to the research questions, Spearman and Pearson correlation tests have been used. The insignificance of the relationship between the motivation of cooperation of the farmers with their age and their average monthly income, a positive and direct relation between motivation of cooperation with the level of education of farmers and their level of knowledge about the results of the implementation of the project, and, finally, direct but weak correlation between The motivation of cooperation with the average size of the land owned by each farmer.
Gholam Hossein Ghobadi Darabkhani
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 16-20
Abstract
The rotation of the Earth along with its transitional movement around the sun, leads to the appearance of night and day and creation of different seasons throughout the year. On the other hand, the inclination of the axis of the Earth and its unsteady speed in the transitional movement around the sun ...
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The rotation of the Earth along with its transitional movement around the sun, leads to the appearance of night and day and creation of different seasons throughout the year. On the other hand, the inclination of the axis of the Earth and its unsteady speed in the transitional movement around the sun create certain changes in the religiously important times throughout the year which have been examined along with the temporal and spatial factors that cause them in the two cities of Tehran and Shiraz. In view of the importance of the issue for Muslims who are bound to perform prayers at the first true legal time, the results of these changes can be used to clarify the public's mind and to motivate the related fields’ enthusiasts to pay more attention to the astronomy and geographic issues.
Majid Mokhtarani
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 16-20
Abstract
More than 25 years have passed from the date of development and implementation of the spatial method called “the base-lengths measurement using the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)”. This method allows measurement of the motion of the Earth's Crust in an unusual way. The VLBI provides ...
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More than 25 years have passed from the date of development and implementation of the spatial method called “the base-lengths measurement using the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)”. This method allows measurement of the motion of the Earth's Crust in an unusual way. The VLBI provides a unique ability to determine the format of inertial basis and to measure ground justification. Changes in ground justification in the inertial space are due to the following two issues:A. The gravity force of the Moon and the SunB- The reaction of the sum of angular movements between the Earth's Crust, the oceans, and the atmosphere. The VLBI provides a direct measurement of ground justification in space, by which the Earth scientists examine cases including phenomena such as atmospheric angular torques, tidal currents of the oceans and reflections of solid (rigid) ground.
Rasul Ghorbani
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 16-18
Abstract
The discussion about the desirable size of a city has long been considered by scholars and authorities of urban issues and has been analyzed in various aspects. In the 1960s and 1970s, this discussion found a special place in the literature on urban development and the attitudes toward this matter experienced ...
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The discussion about the desirable size of a city has long been considered by scholars and authorities of urban issues and has been analyzed in various aspects. In the 1960s and 1970s, this discussion found a special place in the literature on urban development and the attitudes toward this matter experienced significant changes. This issue has been of great importance as one of the major aspects of urban planning through several decades of urban planning in Iran. However, in recent years, due to the impact of the size of cities on certain governmental policies, people and city administrators have paid greater attention to this issue, which requires particular critique and analysis. In this brief article, it is tried to provide grounds for the development of thoughts and deepening of attitudes in this area by mentioning the views of relevant scholars.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 16-20
Abstract
Each numerical or geometric quantity, or sets of numerical quantities, which are used as reference or basis for other quantities, are called base levels or datums. In geomorphology, two different baseline levels are considered, one of which is flat, which forms the basis of the accurate calculation in ...
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Each numerical or geometric quantity, or sets of numerical quantities, which are used as reference or basis for other quantities, are called base levels or datums. In geomorphology, two different baseline levels are considered, one of which is flat, which forms the basis of the accurate calculation in horizontal surveying in which the curvature of the earth's surface is considered. The other is the elevation base level according to which the height of points are measured and calculated. In other words, in geodetic surveying the coordinates of different points are obtained from a series of initial points with known coordinates by base line parameters. Due to the development of different methods in surveying, several datums or baselines have been defined and produced.
Today, several datum have been defined and produced for development of geodetic surveying and satellite geodetic methods, and there is no need to have more than one datum in this method. But this does not mean a complete replacement of all datums by a single one, since in practice there are initial surveying parameters and quantities that each depend on the different datums. On the other hand, the overall change of datums will require a century to transform all the information in the maps of a country into a new base level. For example, the issue of determining the sovereignty over the border lines of the US state has been on since centuries ago, and even by drawing up a map of disputed borders, military and civilian users still prefer the old systems of surveying measurement over new ones due to special reasons. Consequently, making general changes in determining the base level not only does not eliminate the problem, but may add another variable to initial problems.
Hasan Beik Mohammadi
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 16-19
Abstract
Foreign commerce, increase of exports and consequently earning foreign exchange is one of the important tools of economic development in different countries of the world, and sustainable economic development – in the form of diversification of export products – is one of the major courses ...
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Foreign commerce, increase of exports and consequently earning foreign exchange is one of the important tools of economic development in different countries of the world, and sustainable economic development – in the form of diversification of export products – is one of the major courses of action in political, social and economic development of any country.
It is clear that one of the methods of expansion of exports is the establishment of free trade-industrial zones. Creation of such zones is not a new phenomenon in the world, and dates back to early eighteenth century. This option has been tried in many European, American and Asian countries and has played a major role in their development. In other words, free trade-industrial zones have provided the possibility of economic growth of such countries by connecting them to global economy, absorbing foreign investment and utilizing regional potentials. One of the highly successful examples of these zones are those of Southeastern Asian countries and their role in expansion of exports and earning foreign exchange. The growth rate of exports in countries such as Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, China’s Shanghai and Taiwan are more like legends, and it is claimed that Singapore’s exports of electronic equipment has been more than $20 billion monthly.
One of the economic characteristics of Iran is its single-product nature. Therefore, this economy is highly vulnerable to political and economic challenges and crises, and the country’s current conditions and problems are clear evidences of this claim. In this regard, this country, with the aim of diversifying economic activities and removing some of their problems such as lack of sufficient foreign exchange, modern technologies, management skills, creation of jobs, etc., introduced the Kish, Qeshm and some parts of Chabahar City as free trade-industrial zones in its first five-year economic, social and cultural developmental plan (1987-1993).
What we seek in this paper using historical, descriptive and analytical methods is to know:What is a free trade-industrial zone and what are its aims?Which are Iran’s Free trade-industrial zones and what characteristics they have?What aims does Islamic Republic of Iran follow by creation of such zones?What are the reasons for determining Chabahar as a free trade-industrial zone?How has been the performance of the Chabahar free zone in development of Iran and the region?
Mohammad Amin Arefzadeh
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 16-23
Abstract
Application of specialized systems is usually based on surveying needs of the day. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have been making efforts to materialize control and direction of map designing as well as utilization of specialized systems. The first step in expansion of specialized systems in map designing ...
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Application of specialized systems is usually based on surveying needs of the day. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have been making efforts to materialize control and direction of map designing as well as utilization of specialized systems. The first step in expansion of specialized systems in map designing is to give a formal status to the method of map designing. The base of such regularization is the expressive methods of science. The aims of this paper include introduction and expression of new methods of designing maps, namely its simplification (GF). This method has been applied in design and preparation of a thematic atlas under the title “specialized system of designing thematic maps”. This new method improves the expressive abilities concerning science renowned as “framework in artificial knowledge”. It also includes the advantages of all other methods namely framework, rule of connection and manner of action in a specialized system of designing maps.
Manuchehr Kousha
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 16-22
Abstract
In this article we will find that in the age of satellite and electronics, the old surveying is replaced in all fields by the young surveying equipped with new foundations and new means. How weak has become the grandeur of classic geodesy with those heavy tools with the advent of new satellite equipment.
The ...
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In this article we will find that in the age of satellite and electronics, the old surveying is replaced in all fields by the young surveying equipped with new foundations and new means. How weak has become the grandeur of classic geodesy with those heavy tools with the advent of new satellite equipment.
The use of images and satellite data in cartography has gone beyond the small scales domain at a short time and has approached the threshold of average scales, and it is hoping that in the future, the aerial imagery by the use of aircraft will become uncompetitive in special fields. The basic map is the important and fundamental tool of each country, and it is valid and as long as it represents the last metamorphoses of the land and is consistent with the technical criteria of time, which is why it is necessary to review and update it.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 16-19
Abstract
The people who deal with maps, whether those who aim at surveying or others who use maps as a means of transferring information, are well aware that one of the important issues involved in surveying is preparing map image. The term map image refers to the network of circuits and meridians which provide ...
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The people who deal with maps, whether those who aim at surveying or others who use maps as a means of transferring information, are well aware that one of the important issues involved in surveying is preparing map image. The term map image refers to the network of circuits and meridians which provide the first framework for each map, without which no map can be drawn or utilized. The basis of the geographic work is the issue of conveying circuits’ networks and the hypothetical meridians from the round planet onto a flat plane that creates the map. Geographers, from very distant past, were aware of the major fault lying in transforming sphere into flat surface, and have made numerous efforts to make this conveyance take place without any blatant change in earth’s surface features. Since making artificial sphere in a desirable scale is difficult and carrying such globe around would be impractical, geographers and surveyors have tried to make images that show some of the properties and characteristics of the land as they are found in the nature.
Haydeh Ara
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 17-22
Abstract
Scholars and experts in different fields need a common terminology and a common interpretation of terms and concepts which give paradigmatic value to the science. Despite repeated references to “landforms” in different definitions of geomorphology, as the science of studying and interpreting ...
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Scholars and experts in different fields need a common terminology and a common interpretation of terms and concepts which give paradigmatic value to the science. Despite repeated references to “landforms” in different definitions of geomorphology, as the science of studying and interpreting landforms, and the importance of this concept in metaphysical and epistemological view of geomorphology, the term has been quite neglected by geomorphologists. Therefore, as most classifications and geomorphologic researches are based on the concept of “land form”. The present article seeks to investigate the nature and concept of landforms and provide a classification of landforms in the area. Qualitative and quantitative research methods, aerial and satellite imageries were applied, large scale field study was performed and library documents were explored. The research ultimately provides a table of available landforms in the area and produce a geomorphologic map of landforms in Jaj Rud basin according to land forming processes.
Nasim Heydarinejad
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 17-21
Abstract
Throughout history, urban life and development have always owed specific ideas in human political and ideological beliefs and specific methods and opinions for building societies and a comfortable human life. Suggestions and opinions proposed by scholars in different eras have resulted in different plans ...
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Throughout history, urban life and development have always owed specific ideas in human political and ideological beliefs and specific methods and opinions for building societies and a comfortable human life. Suggestions and opinions proposed by scholars in different eras have resulted in different plans and patterns for organizing urban environment. Isfahan, with such a rich background, is not an exception.
The present article supposes that Isfahan is created based on idealism, naturalism ideologies and utopianism school. It refers to key issues of this school applicable to Isfahan urban construction.
This approach is explained using a descriptive, documentary method and statistical data acquired from valid resources.
Finally, it is emphasized that Isfahan reaches a flourishing peak in urban construction in the form of ideological utopia during Safavid era by Shah Abbas the great and Sheikh Baha’I. Safavid capital uses all available principles to reach the utopia which is the ultimate goal of every school.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 17-20
Abstract
Commanders, chiefs of units and, in general, forces from upper positions to the lowest armed units need to know how the geological and soil status of an area affect combat and support operations. Here we briefly provide commanders and military experts with discussions relating to the characteristics ...
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Commanders, chiefs of units and, in general, forces from upper positions to the lowest armed units need to know how the geological and soil status of an area affect combat and support operations. Here we briefly provide commanders and military experts with discussions relating to the characteristics of the earth's crust, and then specify the major military implications more clearly.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 17-22
Abstract
Russia's satellite navigation system, known as Glonass, will be completed in late 1995. This system consists of 24 satellites, which move in three elliptical orbits, at a distance of 19,100 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. These satellites introduce the Glonass system, which is subject to comparisons ...
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Russia's satellite navigation system, known as Glonass, will be completed in late 1995. This system consists of 24 satellites, which move in three elliptical orbits, at a distance of 19,100 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. These satellites introduce the Glonass system, which is subject to comparisons with its American counterpart. The question here is that what advantages there are in using either of these systems with a receiver. Currently, both of the navigation systems that are in operation are being investigated. The American system called GPS and Glonass each include 24 satellites. Although there are many similarities between the two systems, their characteristics are completely different, so that they are not effective in running the system.
Mansureh Malekian; Reza Ja'fari
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 18-22
Abstract
Application of remote sensing data in identification of important areas in terms of biodiversity, prediction of the mechanism of the distribution of species and modeling the responses of biosphere communities to natural and human changes is one of the important issues in research. Environmental parameters ...
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Application of remote sensing data in identification of important areas in terms of biodiversity, prediction of the mechanism of the distribution of species and modeling the responses of biosphere communities to natural and human changes is one of the important issues in research. Environmental parameters with certain bio-physical characteristics can indicate the mechanism of distribution and frequency of species at the surface of the land and explain how the habitat is occupied by species. New data from remote sensing technology have made it possible to combine them with ecological models to answer many questions about biodiversity. Recent advances in spatial and spectral resolution of sensors have made studying various aspects of biodiversity, such as identifying communities of species, estimating species richness, identifying climatic variables, and studying the habitat structure possible. In cases where direct recognition of a living creature is not possible, by using the indirect remote sensing approach, we can derive meaningful information from the bio-physical properties. This paper reviews the application of remote sensing in biodiversity and conservation studies, which involves the use of direct and indirect remote sensing in identifying species and communities, estimating species richness, identifying climatic variables and studying the habitat structure. Today, it is necessary to form increasing collaboration between remote sensing researchers and researchers in the field of biodiversity and conservation, so that steps can be taken towards better conservation goals.
Mohammad Eskandari Nowdeh; Ahmad Pour Ahmad
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 18-21
Abstract
One of the most common and important methods for the regulation, presentation and analysis of scientific findings is the use of statistics science. In the science of geography, the use of quantitative statistics and data is considered necessary. It is also evident in various geography disciplines, including ...
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One of the most common and important methods for the regulation, presentation and analysis of scientific findings is the use of statistics science. In the science of geography, the use of quantitative statistics and data is considered necessary. It is also evident in various geography disciplines, including urban geography. The purpose of this study was to visualize facts within the data and analyze them on the basis of statistical information. In order to carry out this task, it was attempted to establish a relationship among population, urban utilities and their waste production in SPSS software using statistical analyses. In this regard, two methods of Inter Regression Analysis and Stepwise Regression Analysis were used. The results of the analyzed data showed that the population and urban utilizations in Tehran justify the garbage produced in different regions in terms of volume, size and shape.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 18-23
Abstract
Geodesy of gravity is a branch of geodesy that is mostly related to geophysics and geology. Identification of geodesy of gravity from geometric geodesy is based on relevant measurements and theoretical discussions on gravity field properties. These qualities were the same as those which led to discovery ...
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Geodesy of gravity is a branch of geodesy that is mostly related to geophysics and geology. Identification of geodesy of gravity from geometric geodesy is based on relevant measurements and theoretical discussions on gravity field properties. These qualities were the same as those which led to discovery of the shape of the Earth, when this information made it possible to understand the dimensions and shape of the Earth by measuring the length of the arc of the Meridian. By collecting enough data from the Earth's gravity field, it is possible to determine the geoid separation from the comparison elliptic (Earth's mathematical form) and to determine the density of the Earth. It is also possible to identify changes in the field of gravity in different parts of the Earth. In the year 1738, Pierre Bouguer attempted to measure the relative perpendicular deviation angle by the Earth's radius mapping operation during explorations in Peru in South America.
Taghi Tavousi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 18-25
Abstract
Coastal regions have been paid significant attention by humans due to their natural conditions for life such as fertile soil caused by alluvial composition, rivers, abundant water, air’s mildness and access to marine resources and commercial paths, and have increased in political, military and ...
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Coastal regions have been paid significant attention by humans due to their natural conditions for life such as fertile soil caused by alluvial composition, rivers, abundant water, air’s mildness and access to marine resources and commercial paths, and have increased in political, military and economic importance after the Industrial Revolution and the consequent expansion of global commercial activities and development of economic, political and cultural relationships as well as tourism industry. Existence of such favorable conditions has helped the growth of human concentration and increasing establishment of industries, offices and hotels in coastal cities.The results of some of assumptions show increase in number and severity of meteorological catastrophes and natural disasters such as river and sea flooding on vast scales at highly populated coastal regions ( like Bangladesh, Caribbean coasts, etc.) and intensification of tropical storms and expansion of their areas of influence toward western Europe and higher geographic latitudes. This upward trend has been caused by climate change and has been intensified by population density in large cities, especially coastal areas, such as concentration of hotels in coastal areas vulnerable to the hurricanes like Florida Coasts or establishment of industries at storm-prone Northern Sea. Incidents will be more catastrophic when such establishments and construction of transportation networks in above-mentioned areas are not accompanied by technology.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Ashraf Azimzadeh (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 18-19
Abstract
Our excessive attention to geographic data sometimes prevents us from utilizing the extraordinary power of analysis systems, preventing due progress in this regard.
In the recent Conference of Geographic Information, Prof. Stan Openshaw, during a free discussion over GIS, criticized all the people active ...
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Our excessive attention to geographic data sometimes prevents us from utilizing the extraordinary power of analysis systems, preventing due progress in this regard.
In the recent Conference of Geographic Information, Prof. Stan Openshaw, during a free discussion over GIS, criticized all the people active in GIS works for lack of progress in this field. He stated: “We don’t really have geographic information system. What we have is actually geographic data system… it will be harmful if we get busy with data all the time…”. According to him, we must achieve the due vision of GIS and create systems of geographic knowledge. Are these claims true? Unfortunately, I share his views. The myriad of useful or useless geographic data utilized today have challenged the most gigantic technology of our age, and have become increasingly easier to access today, so that the cost of their collection has become much less than what we imagine. Moreover, we still spend a great deal of time on geographic data.
Mohammad Ghasem Torkashvand
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 18-27
Abstract
Water catchment areas: Western parts of Iran including mountainous regions of Lorestan are among water catchment areas. Their network of flowing waters are join the Persian Gulf watersheds, Hoor marshes located in the southwest of Iran or the interior regions of Iran (the central basin of Iran) due to ...
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Water catchment areas: Western parts of Iran including mountainous regions of Lorestan are among water catchment areas. Their network of flowing waters are join the Persian Gulf watersheds, Hoor marshes located in the southwest of Iran or the interior regions of Iran (the central basin of Iran) due to the slopes and structure of the land. These focal points are divided into two permanent and seasonal groups, depending on geographical elevation and directions of terrain.
In permanent catchment areas where atmospheric precipitation is more in the form of snow, the snow storage remains almost until the later parts of the warm period because of high altitudes and great latitudes. These centers, the most important of which are Cazinistan, Oshtorankouh, Gerin and Mishparvar, are scattered mostly in the mountainous areas of the north and the east. Atmospheric rainfall in the form of rain as well as low altitude, lack of adequate snow reserves and openness of the valleys in some areas of Lorestan have caused the formation of temporary rivers; this openness in particular makes the waters caused by melting of snows to fall into adjacent plains and eventually into permanent rivers of the region; the southern heights, Sefidkouh and Shahtad Pahlou are examples of these water catchment areas. In addition to these cases, the water catchment areas adjacent to Lorestan, Kermanshah and Hamadan provinces have important roles in the reinforcement and feeding of the network of flowing waters of this province.
