Zhilin Li; C.T. Hill; Alireza Azizi; M.J Clark
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 44-49
Abstract
In this paper methods of exploiting the potential advantages of digital photogrammetry are discussed with both their functional and practical aspects. In the first case, a simple but effective way to improve the contrast of image based on grading the whole picture to desired brightness levels instead ...
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In this paper methods of exploiting the potential advantages of digital photogrammetry are discussed with both their functional and practical aspects. In the first case, a simple but effective way to improve the contrast of image based on grading the whole picture to desired brightness levels instead of preparing histogram for brightness levels has been explained, and also coding, reception and representation of data are described. In the second case, examples of environmental science are presented.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 44-45
Abstract
The definition presented here was passed by the 56th FIG Convention in 2010.
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The definition presented here was passed by the 56th FIG Convention in 2010.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 44-47
Abstract
Technicians and researchers involved in the study of the ocean floor use different methods in areas far away from the coast. One of these methods is “Sounding” conducted by using a device called Sonar. Despite the high precision, this method can be very costly due to high wear and tear of ...
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Technicians and researchers involved in the study of the ocean floor use different methods in areas far away from the coast. One of these methods is “Sounding” conducted by using a device called Sonar. Despite the high precision, this method can be very costly due to high wear and tear of the equipment as well as required manpower. By combining Landset TM data with data of known depths obtained through direct measurement, depth measurement can be carried out with a decrease of the cost. The TM sensor has different bands and is capable of collecting reflected energy at various wavelengths. However, for depth studies bands 1 and 2 (with frequency ranges of 0.45, 0.5 and 0.53-0.61 μm, respectively) are most appropriate. Most of the marine reflection is within the range of blue and light green lights, which is just the sensitivity range of bands 1 and 2. The relative depth of marine areas can be achieved by comparing the data related to these two bands.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 44-45
Abstract
in recent months, two very important books on geography have been published in our country which the author believes are necessary for every geographer, and more important, it is necessary for them of the awareness of their existence. the author of both books is one of the highly renowned geography professors ...
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in recent months, two very important books on geography have been published in our country which the author believes are necessary for every geographer, and more important, it is necessary for them of the awareness of their existence. the author of both books is one of the highly renowned geography professors in France, and both of them have been translated into Persian by two prominent geography professors in Iran.
Hosein Hataminejad
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 45-46
Abstract
Population geographic analyses dealing with relationships and interactions between human groups and geographic spheres are mainly based on statistical data. The existence of such analyses will be the prerequisite of any land allocation planning and organization of living space. There is no doubt that ...
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Population geographic analyses dealing with relationships and interactions between human groups and geographic spheres are mainly based on statistical data. The existence of such analyses will be the prerequisite of any land allocation planning and organization of living space. There is no doubt that due to socioeconomic changes and especially changes in world political systems, it is not possible to accurately predict demographic indicators for the countries of the world.For example, Afghanistan's political transformations over the past quarter of century and possible future developments in Iraq have, and will have, significant effects on the structure and composition of population and its spatial movements across the country. In any case, the tables of the Index show the status of the indicators of Iranian population and their prediction up to 2015.
Table (1) shows the demographic changes of Iran from 1881 to 1996. As the figures in this table show, from 1881 to 1921, the population growth rate of Iran was very low and equal to 0.6%.Low levels of nutrition and health and higher mortality rates were major factors in this low population growth rate. From the years 1921 to 1941 (World War II), a steady growth in population is observable.In these two decades, the growth rate was about 1.5 percent. The current figure (2002) also applies to Iranian population.
Hamid Reza Ershadmanesh
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 45-48
Abstract
Considering the importance of workshop equipment in massive civilian operations, it should be acknowledged that the equipment of a construction workshop is not comparable to that of other workshops. Hence, a number of points are noted in this regard as follows:- Estimation of workshop equipment costs ...
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Considering the importance of workshop equipment in massive civilian operations, it should be acknowledged that the equipment of a construction workshop is not comparable to that of other workshops. Hence, a number of points are noted in this regard as follows:- Estimation of workshop equipment costs should be carried out by the consultant engineering firm in proportion to the total project. Consultant will make the necessary predictions in specifications or price list on how to pay for workshop equipment costs in accordance with relevant instructions and considering the schedule of the implementation of workshop equipment. The percentage of the cost of workshop equipment is not constant and varies according to the type of the project and its characteristics, as well as topographic and climatic conditions of the plan’s site.- The purpose of equipping and dismantling workshops is to supply buildings, facilities, equipment and machinery through constructing, installing or controlling them based on facilities on site and in the form of purchase or leasing of services.
Gholamreza Latifi
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 45-50
Abstract
Ibn Khaldun explores the evolution of human society from the stages of primitive and nomadic life to the culmination of urban civilization. From his point of view, human civilization in different stages, from emergence to development and evolution, manifests itself in two distinct forms: nomadism and ...
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Ibn Khaldun explores the evolution of human society from the stages of primitive and nomadic life to the culmination of urban civilization. From his point of view, human civilization in different stages, from emergence to development and evolution, manifests itself in two distinct forms: nomadism and urbanization.He attributes pure characteristics to these two types of community that may not be in full correspondence with reality. Therefore, as Max Weber considers transcendental types to be exaggerated abstractions related to reality, Ibn Khaldun examines nomadic and urban civilizations in light of the realities of his time and the history of the past.In his opinion, the simple and primitive community improves his state of affairs through solidarity and group effort, and inclines toward cities to provide comfort and prosperity. The complex urban life, diversity of occupations and the multiplicity of tools and instruments for satisfying the luxury needs give a special distinction to urban society.
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 45-50
Abstract
New methods of tunnel construction and its applications, especially in management and control, usually call for sufficient attention to tunnel’s directing process. New surveying equipment and technologies such as GPS and its long-standing rival, Gyro-theodolite, are able to fulfil this need. On ...
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New methods of tunnel construction and its applications, especially in management and control, usually call for sufficient attention to tunnel’s directing process. New surveying equipment and technologies such as GPS and its long-standing rival, Gyro-theodolite, are able to fulfil this need. On the whole, increase in precision of measurements indicates the necessity of special attention to difficulties of underground surveying.
Gebraiil Ghorbanian
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
An area of 2900 square kilometers of the Dashtiari district of Chabahar, which is about 3450 square kilometer wide in total, was studied. Research on the evolution of landforms in different sectors shows that the features of the region have come to their current form by orogenic and epeirogenic processes ...
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An area of 2900 square kilometers of the Dashtiari district of Chabahar, which is about 3450 square kilometer wide in total, was studied. Research on the evolution of landforms in different sectors shows that the features of the region have come to their current form by orogenic and epeirogenic processes as well as external processes. However, these processes exhibit dry characteristics of Dashtiar. The oldest rocks in the north are related to the late Cretaceous and the north of colored mélange, and the oldest deposits are in Dashtiari, belonging to late Miocene, and consisting of a set of rocks and fine-grained marl-conglomerate. The coastal landscapes of the Omani coast include Hezar-Darreh (a thousand valleys), muddy flows of the marl, hills of the tafoni caverns, deep watercourses of coastal plains, two sandy beach lanes, sandy hills, desert zones of clay marl. The geomorphologic phenomena of the Omani coast include mud volcanos, sea terraces, coastal, foothill and alluvial plains, alluvial cones and hills. In the glacial period and the period between glacial periods, water and wind are the dominant factor of erosion respectively, and the laminated terraces and exploratory and mechanical erosion are evidences of rainy periods in this region.
Manuchehr Farajzadeh; Kheder Faraj Kordeh
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
The advancement and development of computer hardware and software technologies has led the GIS to enter a new stage in its evolution. The Mobile Geographic Information System (Mobile GIS) is one of the dimensions of these advancements, which has entered various fields and has been used for various purposes ...
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The advancement and development of computer hardware and software technologies has led the GIS to enter a new stage in its evolution. The Mobile Geographic Information System (Mobile GIS) is one of the dimensions of these advancements, which has entered various fields and has been used for various purposes due to its flexibility, its simplicity compared with traditional GIS systems, requirement of lower level of expertise and the fact of being less costly. Mobile GIS operates within a wider range of GIS technologies, wireless technologies and global positioning system technology. The system has many capabilities in various urban affairs including urban management, and can be utilized in areas such as emergency management, citizen participation, listing and maintenance of property and urban assets, security and public safety in the city and affairs related to customer service spatial issues. This article seeks to explore the applications of this system in various urban management issues while briefly introducing the Mobile GIS and its construction and architecture, as well as the importance of its application in various fields.
Hosein Ghahra'ei
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 46-47
Abstract
Different races and nations are familiar with the week and the name of weekdays very well: Saturday, Sunday…, and plan their life, including work, worship, rest, fun… according to them, although the beginning and final days of week are different in various nations and followers of religions.
In ...
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Different races and nations are familiar with the week and the name of weekdays very well: Saturday, Sunday…, and plan their life, including work, worship, rest, fun… according to them, although the beginning and final days of week are different in various nations and followers of religions.
In this article, it has been tried to present facts and information about the origin of weeks and the problems that week can create in our time reckoning as well as naming weekdays in Ancient Iran and other countries.
Hamidreza Varesi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 46-53
Abstract
Among human’s primary needs (food, clothes and shelter), provision of housing is the most difficult. Fulfilment of such needs is very expensive. Even the rich consider house as the greatest family investment. Recently even the most optimistic planners have accepted that the least expensive house ...
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Among human’s primary needs (food, clothes and shelter), provision of housing is the most difficult. Fulfilment of such needs is very expensive. Even the rich consider house as the greatest family investment. Recently even the most optimistic planners have accepted that the least expensive house with plainest design cannot be afforded by at least a third of urban families in developing countries. One of the plans proposed for solving this problem is development of apartments. This plan, applied in Iran since not-so-distant past, has not yet been utilized in Isfahan. In spite of the city’s former comprehensive plans (with a “horizontal” attitude) which avoids vertical appearance except in limited areas in the city where this approach is not in conflict with the traditional and historical texture of the city, recently in new comprehensive plan and in creating new cities apartment-based plans have been considered and used as a course of action.
In this study, conducted with the aim of recognizing apartment-based residence, six districts with significant apartment residences within the area of implementation of comprehensive plans in Isfahan have been selected and examined using questionnaires. These six study areas have differences in terms of cultural and social textures and geographical positions whose study has revealed interesting facts. It is hoped that this investigation will help solve such residential problems.
The aims of this study include: examination of correct manners of apartment-residence and its development in Isfahan, the connection between type of occupation and apartment residence, apartment lifestyle problems, interest of people in living in apartments, and proposing solutions for related problems.
Vahid Karim Moghaddam
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 47-51
Shahnaz Shabani; Victoria Ezzatian
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 47-56
Abstract
The expansion of urbanization and urban development, along with the acceleration of the population growth and the development of industrial activities that consume fossil fuels, has greatly increased the air pollution, with its consequences primarily as a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, pulmonary, ...
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The expansion of urbanization and urban development, along with the acceleration of the population growth and the development of industrial activities that consume fossil fuels, has greatly increased the air pollution, with its consequences primarily as a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, pulmonary, Skin and ... diseases threatening the inhabitants of the cities. On the other hand, climatic parameters such as humidity, sunshine clock, temperature, air pressure and radiation levels of the sun increase the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere and increase their impact on humans and natural ecosystems. Therefore, by altering the composition of effective gases in the life of the earth's organisms and disturbing their balance, human beings have harmed themselves and the environment, causing extensive changes in the climatic patterns and, on the other hand, have exposed their lives and health to risk. In this paper, the relationship between climatic elements such as temperature, pressure, humidity and atmospheric pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM10) with the prevalence of various diseases in Isfahan province have been investigated. For this purpose, after the data collection, statistical calculations were performed and the results were presented as tables and charts and the relationship between each variable and patients suffering diseases was investigated. The results show that there is a significant correlation between climatic elements such as temperature, pressure and humidity with the prevalence of cardiovascular, pulmonary, ocular and skin cancer.
Majid Mokhtari (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 47-51
Abstract
The purpose of the FUEGO satellites program is to design and develop a spatial system that can detect and identify forest fires at the very least possible time. Research has shown that a system of low Earth orbit satellites (LEO) is the best solution for users’ demands. This directs us to the use ...
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The purpose of the FUEGO satellites program is to design and develop a spatial system that can detect and identify forest fires at the very least possible time. Research has shown that a system of low Earth orbit satellites (LEO) is the best solution for users’ demands. This directs us to the use of small-satellite structure’s service such as INTA-MINISAT, Particularly due to its relatively low technical complexity and cost. The system consists of a set of 12 Walker satellites system (constellation) with a 700-kilometer orbit altitude and an orbit inclination angle of 47.5 degree with a minimum time distance between repetitions in imaging as well as suitable power of spatial resolution. Its load is equipped with cameras capable of imaging in the mid-infrared band to identify fires in forests, complemented with cameras in the near-infrared (NIR), visible (VIS) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands to increase the resolution and identification of fires and to detect unrealistic warnings. The imaging geometry of this satellite is using the Pushbroom method. Using a controllable mirror, it can be maneuvered in the transverse direction of its path (Pitch) to increase the breadth of coverage.
Zohreh Merianji; Hamed Abbasi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 47-50
Abstract
The phenomenon of flood in its current state in our country is caused more by the effects of interrupting the balance of natural ecosystems in the country than by the occurrence of low-probability precipitation. In the form that we can observe today, the occurrence of ordinary rainfall in most watersheds ...
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The phenomenon of flood in its current state in our country is caused more by the effects of interrupting the balance of natural ecosystems in the country than by the occurrence of low-probability precipitation. In the form that we can observe today, the occurrence of ordinary rainfall in most watersheds of the country causes flood. According to available statistics, in parts of the world, especially in Asia and the Pacific, flood damage accounts for the highest proportion of damages caused by natural disasters. Despite the fact that no comparative statistics on flood and earthquake damage in our country have been published so far, Iran is nevertheless considered a flood-prone country, having arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. The province of Hamedan is among the flood-prone areas of Iran due to natural and human factors contributing to the occurrence of flood. The occurrence of historic floods such as floods in 1987 and 1992 in this province illustrates this fact. Flood factors fall into two categories: natural factors including climatic conditions (repeated rainfall, snow melting, high temperatures ...), land features (slope, soil texture, etc.) and poor vegetation, and human factors. In Hamadan province, the above factors have in mutual cooperation caused conditions favorable to flood which are mentioned in this study.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
River land types have been created by erosion, displacement and sedimentation of unset materials through the flow of water. The type of river basin that are required to be described are butterfly alluvium, flood plains and deltas. The ability and capability of water to erode and transport soil and particles ...
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River land types have been created by erosion, displacement and sedimentation of unset materials through the flow of water. The type of river basin that are required to be described are butterfly alluvium, flood plains and deltas. The ability and capability of water to erode and transport soil and particles of rock depends on the speed of water and size of particles. Particle erosion, as compared with the continuous displacement of materials, requires great water velocities. When the velocities are less than certain limits, sedimentation occurs. Larger particles are thrown out and lined up along the river bed (bed load). Smaller particles are taken up and forwarded to the front (Suspended Load). Particular particles, especially sand particles of the same size, may be suspended or moved at different times depending on the speed of the river. Small particle erosion requires considerable speed, but as soon as they are displaced, they can be moved at different speeds of the river. The largest erosion and sediment transport occurs during the flood period. Increase in velocity and volume of water leads to an increase in the size and volume of materials that can be carried. The term "river capability" refers to the maximum particle size that a river can carry at a given speed.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 47-52
Abstract
This paper reviews the application of the MATCH-T System in automatic preparation of digital elevation model using digital image processing, as well as a number of general subjects such as Feature Matching and addition of collected information. Next, the resultant precision in operation of system and ...
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This paper reviews the application of the MATCH-T System in automatic preparation of digital elevation model using digital image processing, as well as a number of general subjects such as Feature Matching and addition of collected information. Next, the resultant precision in operation of system and the cases in which we face problematic places are discussed, and finally the correction of part of automatic digital elevation model necessary for dealing with these matters is mentioned. Such corrections can make application of a Multi-Sensor method for areas of dense vegetation possible.
Asadallah Karimi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
Today land information system is a common topic in scientific circles. Numerous speeches, seminars, papers and discussions are presented in this regard. On the other hand, the issue of “cadaster” has been raised in executive circles due to the importance of collection, modification and storage ...
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Today land information system is a common topic in scientific circles. Numerous speeches, seminars, papers and discussions are presented in this regard. On the other hand, the issue of “cadaster” has been raised in executive circles due to the importance of collection, modification and storage of land data necessary in planning.This paper, while noting the definitions of different types of cadaster, considers the land and geographic information systems and their potential for implementing all or major parts of different cadasters and convincing executive officials to collaborate with the country’s scientific experts in order to utilize this potential.
Jamal Mohammadi; Mostafa Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 48-54
Abstract
The quality of development and its infrastructures has created major issues in the development process of the country's regions due to unfavorable and centralized planning in the past. Various dimensions and structural complexity of this issue are among the major setbacks in providing the appropriate ...
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The quality of development and its infrastructures has created major issues in the development process of the country's regions due to unfavorable and centralized planning in the past. Various dimensions and structural complexity of this issue are among the major setbacks in providing the appropriate model for distribution of credits. In order to solve the problems caused by regional imbalances, the first step is to identify and classify the development of areas in terms of economy, infrastructure and communication, sociocultural conditions, health care, education, ... . The purpose of this research is to measure the level of possible development of human settlements in Shahrekord city, and the studied areas are rural districts of this city. The methodology used in this study is utilization of correlation, secondary and analytical models. Based on this, 37 indicators were evaluated in the form of seven general indicators (education, health, public facilities, communication, tourism, economic and internal) among 11 villages, and their results have been analyzed using CA and GM models. The research findings show that the distribution of developmental levels among rural districts of Shahrekord is unbalanced and the differences and dispersion of educational and health indices have the most effect on this imbalance.
Saeedeh Javanmardi; Alireza Pourkhabbaz; Hamidreza Pourkhabbaz
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 48-53
Abstract
Today, nature reserves are scattered around the world and the process of their establishment has gradually taken place. In most third world countries including Iran, habitat destruction and illegal hunting are among the main problems in the areas under management. Thus, in order to counteract the process ...
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Today, nature reserves are scattered around the world and the process of their establishment has gradually taken place. In most third world countries including Iran, habitat destruction and illegal hunting are among the main problems in the areas under management. Thus, in order to counteract the process of destruction and the expansion of human destructive activities in the protected areas, there is a need for scientific knowledge, expert and capable groups and more research activities in this field, and this need remains in place. National parks, as one of the protected areas, are in fact highly valuable genetic reserves of plant and animal species in each country and in the world, and will be the main backbone for the restoration of nature. To save life on the Planet, resources must be used properly and controlled, and renewable resources must be given the opportunity to form again, so that they can be always used. The Kolahghazi National Park is an example of ecosystems in the Iranian plateau which has a long history of conservation. In this research, the ecosystems, the vegetation cover and wildlife as well biological geography in the park are discussed.
Khosro Khajeh (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 48-51
Abstract
My first contact with GIS was in 1965 at a meeting at the Harvard University and Michigan Institute of Technology’s Joint Center for Urban Studies, and I came across a good accident by sitting next to Howard Fisher. At that time, Howard Fisher intended to leave the University of Chicago and was ...
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My first contact with GIS was in 1965 at a meeting at the Harvard University and Michigan Institute of Technology’s Joint Center for Urban Studies, and I came across a good accident by sitting next to Howard Fisher. At that time, Howard Fisher intended to leave the University of Chicago and was therefore visiting Harvard University.
Fisher had recently invented SYMAP, a computer-based mapping application that worked on linear printer technology, but was not yet at operational state. I immediately took advantage of the opportunity; relying on his words about the SYMP abilities and the requirements of his doctoral thesis, I convinced him to allow me to carry out experiments using his original program. With the supervision and guidance of Fisher, I implemented the first applied SYMP test in my studies of Boston's central perceptual geography. It was to some extent due to this work that I was first appointed as an Assistant Professor at the Harvard School of Design, and started working as a novice researcher in a laboratory known today as the computer cartographic labs.
Hooshmand Ataei; Afsaneh Analooei
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 49-52
Abstract
Soil erosion and production of sediments are among the most important natural resource problems which depends on climatic situation, soil reliefs and land use. The present study investigates the relation between watershed management activities like banquette and check dam or detention dams with soil ...
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Soil erosion and production of sediments are among the most important natural resource problems which depends on climatic situation, soil reliefs and land use. The present study investigates the relation between watershed management activities like banquette and check dam or detention dams with soil erosion and production of sediments in Manderjan watershed which is located in Sarab, Zayande Rud dam. This watershed covers 230 km2. Precipitation statistics from Chadegan climatology station and Sediment monitoring network in Manderjan during 1978-2002 were used along with land use map and erosion map based on 1979 satellite images. Manderjan watershed is located in West Isfahan province and has cold weather with temperate summers. Its average annual precipitation is evaluated 420 mm. Because of being located between Daran Mountains (Dalankuh) in North and Zagros mountains in west, it has multiple streams and an average slope of 13.3% in north-south direction. Therefore, different watershed management activities (banquette and check dam or detention dams) could have a significant effect on prevention of erosion. Descriptive case study was used along with field study and library investigation.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Masoumeh Torki Harchagani
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 49-54
Abstract
Today, tourism as a clean industry in a modern and postmodern world is able to play an important and effective role in the sustainable development of human societies by creating employment and increasing national income.Based on this fact, the present article, while describing current situation, aims ...
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Today, tourism as a clean industry in a modern and postmodern world is able to play an important and effective role in the sustainable development of human societies by creating employment and increasing national income.Based on this fact, the present article, while describing current situation, aims to present an estimate of the industry’s role in creating occupational opportunities and national income in the 2020 horizon through answering a number of questions by taking advantage of secondary studies and analyzing the latest official statistics provided by accredited national and international authorities.The results show that, despite the undeniable impacts of tourism on the above mentioned indicators, we unfortunately see a negative balance of trade in much of the time period studied due to the imbalance between the statistics of tourists entering and leaving the country. This imbalance might be compensated for only through a review of the current policies, the formulation and implementation of structural-functional strategies in this field.
Mamand Salari; Omid Moradi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 49-51
Abstract
Among the most important features of basins, which are very effective in the process of erosion, are physical properties. In this regard, elevation and topographic properties directly and indirectly influence the erosion process and affect other parameters such as climatic conditions of the basins (amount ...
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Among the most important features of basins, which are very effective in the process of erosion, are physical properties. In this regard, elevation and topographic properties directly and indirectly influence the erosion process and affect other parameters such as climatic conditions of the basins (amount and type of precipitation) and soil that are very important in the state of erosion at the surface of basins. Therefore, for assessing the erosion and sedimentation status at the Baneh basin, the real and theoretical hypsometric tables and curves are calculated and displayed. According to them, we find that the Baneh basin, while undergoing erosion and sedimentation, is relatively further away from the state of equilibrium, and is younger.
Alireza Azmoudeh Ardalan; Abdol Hossein Hajizadeh
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 49-53
Abstract
In this paper, different methods of determining submarine position including LBL, SBL, USBL, GIB and a combination of them are presented and their advantages, disadvantages and applications of each are separately presented. Next, the proper system is presented according to the environmental conditions ...
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In this paper, different methods of determining submarine position including LBL, SBL, USBL, GIB and a combination of them are presented and their advantages, disadvantages and applications of each are separately presented. Next, the proper system is presented according to the environmental conditions of the area such as depth, topography, disturbing noises, etc., and finally, according to the fact that Iran is connected to the strategic waters of the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf on the south, a suitable system for each of them is provided.
Pirooz Mojtahedzadeh
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 49-56
Abstract
The Masandam Peninsula is the closest Arabic land in the neighborhood of Iran, and yet the most unknown Arab neighbor on the other side of the Persian Gulf. The northernmost point of Masandam is only 39 km away from the southernmost part of Iran in the Strait of Hormuz (Khark Island), and at least half ...
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The Masandam Peninsula is the closest Arabic land in the neighborhood of Iran, and yet the most unknown Arab neighbor on the other side of the Persian Gulf. The northernmost point of Masandam is only 39 km away from the southernmost part of Iran in the Strait of Hormuz (Khark Island), and at least half of the people in Masandam are originally Iranians. However, Iranians’ knowledge of these people and their land is very little.
Mostafa Mohajerati
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 50-57
Abstract
Turkmenistan is located in the southwestern part of Central Asia. It has common borders with the Republic of Kazakhstan on the northwest, the Republic of Uzbekistan on the north and east, Afghanistan on the southeast, and Iran on the south. Although the burnt and desert land and oases of the republic ...
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Turkmenistan is located in the southwestern part of Central Asia. It has common borders with the Republic of Kazakhstan on the northwest, the Republic of Uzbekistan on the north and east, Afghanistan on the southeast, and Iran on the south. Although the burnt and desert land and oases of the republic are at the same latitude as the Mediterranean, they are located deep in the continent of Asia. Its area is 488,100 square kilometers, 90 percent of which is the desert that covers from the center of this country as far as Kazakhstan. About 4/5 of the area is plain, and in its southern part are the great Balkhan mountain range, the small Balkhan, Kopet Dag and Kugitangtau.
Alireza Taghian
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 51-55
Abstract
In this paper, while presenting a history of the studies conducted on the Zard river, the Jareh Dam and their characteristics, the hydrologic features, agricultural potentials and demographic qualities of the Zard River Basin have been considered and, after providing with a brief account of the conditions ...
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In this paper, while presenting a history of the studies conducted on the Zard river, the Jareh Dam and their characteristics, the hydrologic features, agricultural potentials and demographic qualities of the Zard River Basin have been considered and, after providing with a brief account of the conditions and the process of locating dams, the aims and process of locating the Jareh dam have been examined in terms of spatial planning, and the necessity of further studies and taking due measurements for reducing the negative effects of dam building in the upstream region have been emphasized.
Shafigheh Nazeri
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 52-56
Abstract
Hamadan province, enjoying the fourth rank of tourism in Iran, is currently in a position to attract thousands of foreign and domestic tourists. A look at the available resources of tourism in Hamedan province indicates that this area is a tourism pole that, as a set, includes all the attractive factors ...
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Hamadan province, enjoying the fourth rank of tourism in Iran, is currently in a position to attract thousands of foreign and domestic tourists. A look at the available resources of tourism in Hamedan province indicates that this area is a tourism pole that, as a set, includes all the attractive factors that are due to different tastes and mental states of tourists. All the provincial cities, each in one way or the other, enjoy valuable tourist attractions. In particular, the city of Hamedan, as the capital of the historical civilization of Iran, which has gained worldwide fame as one of the oldest capitals of the Iranian plateau with the first comprehensive government, has attracted the attention of planners of the tourism industry in the country. Therefore, the city of Hamedan has established itself as an important tourist city thanks to the diversity of historical buildings and ancient Iranian memorials dating back to several thousand years old and its genuine and stable status (as no city as ancient as Hamadan has survived in the world. With its Alvand elevations, this area is one of the most exciting ecotourism areas, and also, containing cultural and tourist attractions, one of the important tourism areas of Iran, which attracts more than 2 million Iranians and international tourists annually. With this characteristic, Hamedan can be described as one of the most important and valuable tourist destinations.
Mohammad Hossein Ja'farian
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 52-55
Abstract
Since the processing of location information in the form of a map makes its understanding quick and easy and is an effective factor in the analysis of spatial issues, crime mapping has during the last decades been of interest to various law enforcement and judicial organizations as well as relevant scientific ...
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Since the processing of location information in the form of a map makes its understanding quick and easy and is an effective factor in the analysis of spatial issues, crime mapping has during the last decades been of interest to various law enforcement and judicial organizations as well as relevant scientific and research institutions in different countries of the world, especially advanced countries in the western world. The present paper seeks to clarify this issue by examining two common ways in this regard. The first method of crime mapping is through the GIS computer software, and the second method is the location - or land-based - naming of information obtained from various sources and their retrieval through map referral. It also emphasizes how the above-mentioned methods can, during their evolution, help police and related organizations, especially detectives and criminologists, in the future.
Ghodratallah Abedi
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 52-64
Abstract
Natural disasters are considered as one of the main obstacles on the way of sustainable development. Their occurrence always blocks the way of economic, social and civil developments. Higher severity of disasters will afflict national development plans with more trouble. Many civilizations and human ...
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Natural disasters are considered as one of the main obstacles on the way of sustainable development. Their occurrence always blocks the way of economic, social and civil developments. Higher severity of disasters will afflict national development plans with more trouble. Many civilizations and human societies have been destroyed by natural disasters. Human has added to frequency and intensity of disasters by irrational exploitation and weak management of utilization of natural resources. A review of the history of natural disasters will indicate this fact.
Unbridled increase of population is one of the barriers on the way of correct utilization of natural resources, so that population growth brings about increase in need for foodstuff (development of agriculture and livestock breeding), residences (development of urban areas), educational, sanitary and other facilities which in turn lead to unreasonable and uncontrolled exploitation of natural wealth. Consequently, undesirable results such as natural disasters take place and endanger medium-term and long-term planning. Therefore, it is necessary in sustainable development that these two matters be assessed and controlled.
Saeed Sadeghian
Volume 6, Issue 22 , August 1997, , Pages 52-61
Abstract
Data related to features of the earth’s surface have applications in many activities concerning planning, control and management of ground resources and man-made features. Data of this type are usually displayed on maps that show information on a reference plane. It is highly necessary that data ...
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Data related to features of the earth’s surface have applications in many activities concerning planning, control and management of ground resources and man-made features. Data of this type are usually displayed on maps that show information on a reference plane. It is highly necessary that data be ground-based, because it makes matching and combination of different sets of data possible.
A satellite image or photo provides an excellent outlook of a broad area of earth, thus presenting a comprehensive view of important physical and cultural features. Such images can be the best available data about many inaccessible areas of earth for which there are yet no reliable maps. However, a crude satellite image has defects such as distortion due to change of altitude, position of sensors, differences of altitude, earth’s spherical shape and lack of display of all features important for users. Consequently, in order to make best use of satellite images, data must be processed to remove distortions, extract three-dimensional information and practice interpretation of images for determination of type and use of features. Information obtained from other sources make completion of maps possible. Furthermore, by creating a network for displaying information system of national coordinates, the necessary consistency between the produced maps and other digital maps and data such as those available in a geographic information system can be realized.
Saeed Kamiabi
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 53-55
Abstract
Transportation is one of the most important and valuable assets of any country in meeting the needs of the growing population and can be a solid backbone for its economic growth. Lack of foresight and basic and field studies to develop this industry will cause many problems in the development and fulfilment ...
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Transportation is one of the most important and valuable assets of any country in meeting the needs of the growing population and can be a solid backbone for its economic growth. Lack of foresight and basic and field studies to develop this industry will cause many problems in the development and fulfilment of vital needs of the people of society, and perhaps one of the best and, at the same time, most controversial issues in this regard is the safety issue in designing roads. One of the natural disasters that reduces the safety of roads is the landslide phenomenon. The slippage or thrust of soil masses in sloping lands can be studied under four specific categories: Slidiiy or slippage, Greep or soil crawl, Fall or fall of rock and soil, and Flows or flowing streams on steep lands. Every year this phenomenon causes financial losses and, in some cases, it unfortunately brings about great number of casualties in our country, destroys boundaries of roads, monuments and other infrastructures, and the government is forced to pay enormous amount of money to compensate the devastations and relocate masses of soil. For example, in the earthquake caused by the activation of the Baladeh fault on the May 26, 2004, what caused the destruction of the northern roads near the earthquake’s epicenter, especially the Chalous-Tehran road (Kanduvan route) and, unfortunately, death of twelve people, was the landslide phenomenon that was caused by the earthquake.
Rahim Sarvar; Gholam Reza Karim Zadeh
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 53-56
Abstract
Geography is a creative and constructive knowledge, and the geographer is actually the constructor of his/her environment. He / she is analyst, far-sighted, considerate of all aspects and the leader of future development. Geography, on the one hand, tends to focus on development activities, and on the ...
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Geography is a creative and constructive knowledge, and the geographer is actually the constructor of his/her environment. He / she is analyst, far-sighted, considerate of all aspects and the leader of future development. Geography, on the one hand, tends to focus on development activities, and on the other, assumes the position of assessing the socio-economic reflection of developmental activities. Geography, as a judge, while accepting the imbalance in the region as a factor in the emergence of regional exchanges and interactions, opposes the imbalance in geographical space and insists on its justice-seeking attitude in the economic-social spheres. It can be summarily said that geography plays a key role in the realization of the main goal of (comprehensive) developmental plans, that is to organize the system of human activity, by providing a systematic recognition, analysis and explanation of capabilities and constraints, land zoning, analysis of socio-economic structure of the area and study of its consequent ecological structure.
Borumand Salahi
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 53-55
Abstract
Sustainable exploitation of natural resources of the Planet without damaging it is considered as sustainable development. Fossil fuels will be depleted over the next few years. Hence, it is unavoidable that new energies replace fossil energies. In this paper, the wind energy potential of Pars Abad Moghan ...
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Sustainable exploitation of natural resources of the Planet without damaging it is considered as sustainable development. Fossil fuels will be depleted over the next few years. Hence, it is unavoidable that new energies replace fossil energies. In this paper, the wind energy potential of Pars Abad Moghan synoptic station is studied. The dominant wind direction at this station during the year is toward the east, which is due to the heat overload of the Caspian Sea in the hot half of the year and the heat overload of Siberia in the cold half of the year. The probability of wind speeds between 4 and 25 m/s at this station is 1277 hours a year. The wind energy density, the theoretical and practical power of wind turbines at this station are 15.54, 26.6, and 8.04 watts per meter squared per second, respectively. Considering the low energy potential and the number of hours of operation of wind turbines in this station, Pars Abad Moghan synoptic station is not a suitable station for exploitation of wind energy for injection into a nationwide network, but it is possible to use this energy for some agricultural applications.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 53-58
Abstract
Since ancient times, human being has endeavored to increase its knowledge of the planet on which it lives, though most of its natural phenomena contain complicated mysteries.When humans started farming on land, they began to learn about how the length of day and night are reduced or increased, and also ...
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Since ancient times, human being has endeavored to increase its knowledge of the planet on which it lives, though most of its natural phenomena contain complicated mysteries.When humans started farming on land, they began to learn about how the length of day and night are reduced or increased, and also about the general changes far from the earth's surface which causes the existence of years.
Mahdi Nourbakhsh
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 53-56
Abstract
Evaporation is change of liquid water into vapor. In hydrological cycle, evaporation is a complex phenomenon whose estimation requires great deal of calculations. In this study, it has been tried to present a simple method for calculating potential evaporation, and to calculate evaporation from water ...
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Evaporation is change of liquid water into vapor. In hydrological cycle, evaporation is a complex phenomenon whose estimation requires great deal of calculations. In this study, it has been tried to present a simple method for calculating potential evaporation, and to calculate evaporation from water surfaces using statistical methods and climatic factors effective in evaporation. In this method, multi-variable regression and linear equation have been utilized. Statistical data of evaporation from tank has been used as function’s variable and factors of temperature and saturation deficit have been taken as independent variables. Finally, numerical values required by equation of line have been calculated using three-variable (three-unknown) equation; thus, the amount of potential evaporation from water surfaces is calculable if temperature and saturation deficit are known. The results from this method are in good agreement with the measured amounts of evaporation from the tank.
Majid Mokhtarani (Translator)
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 53-56
Abstract
The ERS-1 satellite prepares images through radar system and has been launched from Europe in June 1991. One of the important features of this satellite is that it has the ability to penetrate into clouds and to some extent pass through the rain. It is capable of shooting at night. Its waves have greater ...
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The ERS-1 satellite prepares images through radar system and has been launched from Europe in June 1991. One of the important features of this satellite is that it has the ability to penetrate into clouds and to some extent pass through the rain. It is capable of shooting at night. Its waves have greater ability of penetration into plants than light waves, because the extent of their penetration depends on the amount of moisture and density of the plant, and also in arid areas they have high power of penetration into the earth. The resolution of the images is 16 to 20 meters. The angle of view on the ground is 23 degrees and sweep the width of 100 kilometers on the ground. The applications of the ERS-1 radar images include the following: Investigation of regional phenomena; Hydrology; Identification of glaciers; Preparation of topographic maps; Geology; Meteorology; Examination of the Oceans and methods of wave imaging; Physical oceanography; Plant growth and produce estimation.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 53-64
Abstract
In this paper, the observational data provided by two types of GPS operations conducted in July 1991 in the areas of Pohjanmaa and Savo-Kainuu in the country of Finland have been investigated. In this test, the Bernese software system was used to process the data. Although some of the GPS data mentioned ...
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In this paper, the observational data provided by two types of GPS operations conducted in July 1991 in the areas of Pohjanmaa and Savo-Kainuu in the country of Finland have been investigated. In this test, the Bernese software system was used to process the data. Although some of the GPS data mentioned above have been affected by rapid changes in the ionospheric refraction, when particular care is taken with regard to data processing, the concurrent solutions of GPS observational sessions seem to be still useful. On the other hand, the orbital path of each satellite is divided into two circuits, one four-day circuit and the other a three-day circuit. All the satellite orbital paths are corrected and improved in the final mathematical solution by estimating all possible parameters. The magnitude of changes at particular intervals for occupied open- lengths can be achieved by comparing the lengths obtained by the GPS-method with open-lengths derived from classical first-order triangulation.
The results from the Savo-Kainuu region are well matched with the results of combining triangulation networks and even with classical first-order triangulation network. Finally, the results obtained from the Pohjanmaa area are very weak and do not match the results of geodetic (classical) observations.
Hooshmand Ataei
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 54-58
Abstract
The present article aims to review the overall appearance of Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiyari bio climate and the influence of climatic parameters on human comfort using Terjang method. The aforementioned element is applicable in many different fields, such as urban engineering, medical science, architecture, ...
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The present article aims to review the overall appearance of Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiyari bio climate and the influence of climatic parameters on human comfort using Terjang method. The aforementioned element is applicable in many different fields, such as urban engineering, medical science, architecture, tourism, etc. In order to reach this goal, we prepared bioclimatic zoning maps on a monthly scale using Terjang zoning method and applying parameters of temperature, relative humidity, sunshine and wind hours across 8 synoptic and climatologic stations in a 50 year period (1958-2007). To produce these maps using Terjang method, we applied statistical-graphical software, elevation gradient, and especially buffering soft wares such as Arcgis 9.2, Autocad map. Data analysis in the specified period detected monthly bio climates in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiyari province. So that in February, just one bio climatic area (k2) is sensible across the province due to external climatic elements’ domination, while in April combined influences of external and local elements creates three bio climatic types (4W, 3M, 2C) and the influence of local elements creates two bio climates in summer (4W, 5H). In December, influential elements change and monthly bio climates return to just one bio climate (2k, very cool with cold nights -2/-3).
Mohammad Reza Asghari Moghaddam
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 54-56
Abstract
The Desert and Kavir (salt pan) are two familiar words for the Iranians, which unfortunately most people do not know in real terms and often consider as synonymous, while these two are different in terms of their conditions of formation, their influential processes and their current conditions, so that ...
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The Desert and Kavir (salt pan) are two familiar words for the Iranians, which unfortunately most people do not know in real terms and often consider as synonymous, while these two are different in terms of their conditions of formation, their influential processes and their current conditions, so that it can be said that deserts are geographic-climatic phenomena, that is, their geographic conditions on the one hand and their geographic-based climatic conditions on the other hand affect them and transform these areas into poor and fragile ecosystems, while salt pans are formed in the vicinity of the deserts and sometimes among them, lack vital ecosystem, and are basically geomorphologic-hydrological phenomena. This means that salt pans are holes that the hydrographic networks end in, and that high level of groundwater and the presence of a salt layer that prevents the growth of the plant at the surface are among their features.
Ali Nuri Kermani (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 54-56
Abstract
The geography of welfare is an attitude in human geography that has been addressing socioeconomic problems as regards social inequalities in developed countries for about three decades. In developing countries such as Iran, the issue of "basic needs" such as employment, housing, health care, education, ...
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The geography of welfare is an attitude in human geography that has been addressing socioeconomic problems as regards social inequalities in developed countries for about three decades. In developing countries such as Iran, the issue of "basic needs" such as employment, housing, health care, education, social security and, in general, access to social services and their fair distribution are of particular importance. The attention of researchers in the field of geography to the above-mentioned affairs, applied research in this field and the presentation of the results from these efforts have particular priority.
In fact, human knowledge of geography gains its importance and real status in society provided this science is linked with the socio-economic and cultural life of the people.
The article “Geography of Welfare” whose translation is presented here belongs to the invaluable book The Dictionary of Human Geography, one of the richest human geography encyclopedias in English. More than 35 geographers, including thinkers such as Harvey, Johnston and Haggett have contributed to its compilation. Therefore, the book is a valuable source for those interested in geography and other social sciences. Of course, the translation of this book into Persian should be made by expert translators and professors in the field because it is not easy to carry out, considering the specialized language, the style of writing and compilation of the encyclopedia or, in other words, its telegraphic language by the removal of grammatical symbols.
Mohammad Ramezani
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 55-60
Abstract
From the perspective of human geography, the study of the evolution and demographic analysis of the city of Bumusa in relation to the direct role of the state as a key and influential factor in this paper has been taken into consideration. Methods and indicators used to calculate population analysis ...
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From the perspective of human geography, the study of the evolution and demographic analysis of the city of Bumusa in relation to the direct role of the state as a key and influential factor in this paper has been taken into consideration. Methods and indicators used to calculate population analysis have been used. Among the influential demographic indices, immigration has a very important and decisive role, so that from the population of 3052 people in the city of Bumusa in 2006, about 2,228 have been immigrants entered over the past 10 years. Furthermore, the gender ratio of the population of the city of Bomuse in 2006 was 289 men in relation to 100 women due to the migration of men.
Hamid Ma'soumi
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 55-59
Abstract
In short, in comparison, the accuracy of preparing maps by digital camera images is up to 2 times greater than the accuracy of maps based on photos produced by film on equal scale, and at the same time producing digital-image-based maps is significantly less time-consuming and costly.
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In short, in comparison, the accuracy of preparing maps by digital camera images is up to 2 times greater than the accuracy of maps based on photos produced by film on equal scale, and at the same time producing digital-image-based maps is significantly less time-consuming and costly.
Mohammad Reza Varesi
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 55-59
Abstract
What is especially important in analyzing housing problems is the study of life-span of buildings as well as their quality, a task which is related to new technologies. Investigating these factors can show the need of construction andrenovation of buildings to planners with a brighter vision.The last ...
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What is especially important in analyzing housing problems is the study of life-span of buildings as well as their quality, a task which is related to new technologies. Investigating these factors can show the need of construction andrenovation of buildings to planners with a brighter vision.The last census in 1996 shows that 34.9% of buildings of the city of Isfahan are ten years old or less. The study will have significant results in the ten districts of Isfahan.
Concerning the quality of buildings, while in the first public census of population and housing in 1956 78% of buildings of the city were made by adobe, this figure was only about 10% in 1996, including adobe, clay, wood or brick, and Instead 26.29% had metal structure or reinforced concrete and 53.39% were made by brick and iron.In this article, the quality of buildings in terms of materials as well as their age during the years of the census have been studied and a comparison has been made based on the above factors in the ten districts of the city.
Mojgan Afshar
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 56-62
Abstract
This article was conducted in order to gain more knowledge about thermal differences (Thermal Island) between Tehran and Karaj based on a five-year statistical period (1993-1997). The element of temperature as the most important climatic element has been obtained as daily minimum and maximum from the ...
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This article was conducted in order to gain more knowledge about thermal differences (Thermal Island) between Tehran and Karaj based on a five-year statistical period (1993-1997). The element of temperature as the most important climatic element has been obtained as daily minimum and maximum from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. In the study of thermal island, stations of Dushan Tappeh in the east, Aqdasieh in the north and Mehrabad in west of Tehran, as the most important study area and Karaj station in west of Tehran as complementary area, have been selected. Based on the investigations carried out on the average temperatures of three stations in Tehran and Karaj station, it was observed that Dushan Tappeh as the most important thermal region in Tehran has the highest temperature values for both minimum and maximum annual temperatures with temperatures 13.33 and 22.49 ° C, respectively. Next, Mehrabad station has been determined as the second thermal zone in Tehran with the minimum annual temperature of 12.88 ° C and 12.29 ° C at maximum temperatures. Third, Aqdasieh station, with a mountainous character and higher elevation than the rest, acts as a relatively weak thermal zone, the average annual minimum temperature at this station being 10.33 and the maximum temperature 19.9 ° C. Generally, the mean annual temperatures of all three stations in Tehran have higher temperature values at both minimum and maximum temperatures than Karaj station, so that Tehran has a temperature difference of more than 0.75 ° C in the mean annual maximum temperature and a temperature difference of 3.37 ° C at the average annual minimum temperature with Karaj, and so has been recognized as the warmer region.
Hasan Lashgari; Hooshang Ghaemi; Fatemeh Parak
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 57-63
Abstract
Precipitation is the first important parameter in studying dry and wet years. It has a direct relation with precipitation systems entering Iran and the sources of humidity which inject humidity into those systems. Studies performed on Sudanese system indicate that precipitation in southern parts of the ...
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Precipitation is the first important parameter in studying dry and wet years. It has a direct relation with precipitation systems entering Iran and the sources of humidity which inject humidity into those systems. Studies performed on Sudanese system indicate that precipitation in southern parts of the country have a close relation with the activities of this system in cold days of the year and it plays the most important role in heavy rainfalls. Reviewing synoptic maps of high and low precipitation reveals that two different dominating patterns exist in the area. In the high precipitation pattern, Sudanese low pressure is located on the South West of the Red Sea and continues toward North East and influences South and South West of Iran. This pattern dominates South East of the Arabian Peninsula. It inject heat and humidity from the Oman Sea and the Arabian Sea on one hand and the Adan Gulf and the Red Sea on the other hand to the mentioned systems. Then, this heat and humidity enters Iran Southern area with the Sudanese system. Due to the deepening of east Mediterranean trough, and the falling of cold weather from eastern latitudes in the Sudanese system, the system becomes extremely powerful and changes into dynamic status, creating a heavy rainfall on the area. In the weak precipitation pattern, Sudanese low pressure system is extremely weak and it crosses the southern areas of the Arabian Peninsula in east-west direction. Moreover in this pattern, a cyclone system covers South Eastern areas of the Arabian Peninsula.
Houshmand Ata'ii; Sorayya Alijani Alijanvand
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 57-63
Abstract
The present article shortly introduces Bazoft basin (one of Karun subbasins) and discusses different methods of predicting flood discharges, all of which requires specific local data. Due to lack of statistics in most basins and subbasins of the country, the suggested solutions require less ...
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The present article shortly introduces Bazoft basin (one of Karun subbasins) and discusses different methods of predicting flood discharges, all of which requires specific local data. Due to lack of statistics in most basins and subbasins of the country, the suggested solutions require less hydrological statistics. Flood modelling is one of these solutions which requires fixed physiographic data and can be used for estimating and evaluating floods in basins which lack statistics. Bazoft subbasins have the potential to produce flood, while they face lack of statistics in many cases. With physiographic information and digital maps of the area and also with available statistical data in 30 studied basins (figure 3), the possibility of establishing logical relations between physiographic features and flood discharges with different return periods will be investigated. On the other hand, a GIS data bank seems necessary for easy access in later applications and capability of updating information and relations in any of these subbasins. Information on flood discharge (with different return periods), as the most important distinguishing parameter of floods, is especially important. In floods with shorter statistical period, establishing a regional relation between physiographic characteristics of the basin or subbasin seems logical. After completing and prolonging statistics, different statistical distributions will be fitted using SMADA software. Predicted value of statistical distributions (Log Pearson type3, Pearson type3, Gamble) and observational data were used to find the most appropriate distribution in least squares test and a distribution was selected for each station. With these distributions, flood discharges with different return periods of 2 to 1000 years were estimated. Then, physiographic features of the basin (like area, perimeter, and average slope of the basin, length of the main canal and shape coefficient) were linked with predicted discharges of different return periods using linear regression and multi-variable nonlinear regression in Minitab software. A larger number of parameters are involved in flood predicting models used for estimating discharges with short return periods.
Mas'ud Torabi Azaad; Rahim Eftekhari; Aliakbar Rasuli; Amir Siyah Sarani
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 57-61
Abstract
During the 2001 World Ocean research patrol in the Caspian Sea, physical parameters of temperature, salinity and density of the Caspian Sea were measured. The range of selected stations for measuring these parameters included the entire Caspian Sea. Of course, these measurements have been taken discretely ...
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During the 2001 World Ocean research patrol in the Caspian Sea, physical parameters of temperature, salinity and density of the Caspian Sea were measured. The range of selected stations for measuring these parameters included the entire Caspian Sea. Of course, these measurements have been taken discretely in the studied area. In the present study, the spatial modeling of these parameters have been carried out using the ArcGIS 9.2 software, and the current state of the work is the creation of continuous maps of the parameters present at various depths with high validity. These smart maps have the ability to to provide with the parameter value of each place of particular coordinates in the studied area with a mouse pointer click.
