نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• غلامرضا لطیفی ¹
• سینا شهیدی ²

¹ دانشیار شهرسازی، برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی،تهران،ایران

² کارشناس ارشد مهندسی شهرسازی گرایش برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران،ایران

چکیده

آمایش دفاع شهری فرآیندی است که از طریق بازسازماندهی فضایی یک شهر سعی در کاهش آسی بپذیری و افزایش پایداری و تاب آوری پدافندی آن در برابر حملات خصمانه دشمن دارد. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر به پهنه بندی عرصه های جغرافیایی مختلف کلانشهر تهران در قالب طبقاتی همگن از نظر آسیب پذیری دفاع غیرعامل پرداخته است. بدین منظور با مطالعه پژوهش های پیشین در زمینه مدیریت بحران های طبیعی و انسان ساخت اقدام به استخراج معیارهایی هشت گانه گردید. در ادامه برای سنجش پذیر ساختن این معیار ها ، 48شاخص با توجه به داده های قابل دسترسی تعریف شدند و در ذیل8 معیار مذکور طبقه بندی گردیدند. سپس با بهره گیری از نظرات پنل متخصصین وزن دهی به معیا رها و زیرمعیارها (شاخص ها) به روش فرآیندتحلیل شبکه‌ای (ANP) درنرم افزارSuper Decision انجام گرفت. همچنین به منظورافزایش دقت و انعطاف‌پذیری طبقه بندی اقدام به دسته بندی هر شاخص در  5  طبقه مطلوبیت گردید. سپس با وارد کردن شاخص‌هابه محیطArcGIS 10.5  و پیاده سازی آن‌هابرگستره شهر، نقشه‌های مربوط به هر شاخص تولید شد؛ از تلفیق نقشه‌های زیرمعیارهای مربوط به هر معیار، نقشه پهنه بندی براساس آن معیارخاص ودرنهایت ازتلفیق این نقشه‌های 8 گانه،پهنه بندی نهایی آمایش دفاعی کلان شهرتهران به صورت کیفی (در 5 طبقه) به دست آمد.
براساس بررسی‌های صورت گرفته تنها 10 درصدازسطح شهر تهران در وضعیت کاملاً مناسب، 27 درصد در وضعیت مناسب و متوسط و در حدود  63 درصددر وضعیت‌های نامناسب و کاملا نامناسب قرار دارند.
این ارقام نشانگر وضعیت بحرانی دفاع غیر عامل این کلانشهر م یباشد، به همین دلیل در پایان پژوهش پیشنهادات و راهکارهایی در راستای افزایش تاب آوری پدافندی و کاهش خسارات و تلفات در پی وقوع حمله احتمالی ارائه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آمایش دفاع شهری
• پدافند غیرعامل
• پهنه بندی
• فرآیند تحلیل شبکه ای

20.1001.1.25883860.1397.27.107.5.1

عنوان مقاله [English]

Zonation of civil defense spatial planning using Analytic Network Process (ANP) - A Case Study of Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

• Gholamreza Latifi ¹
• Sina Shahidi ²

¹ Associate professor of urban and regional planning, AllameTabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

² MA in Urban Planning, Allame Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Extended abstract
Introduction
Over the past 3 decades,major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the Zionist regime (2006), the 22-day, 8-day and 40-day wars of the Zionist regime against the people of Gaza, the war of the ISIS terrorist group against Syria over the past 7 years and against Iraq over the past 3 years, and the war in Yemenover the past 3 years. The war of Yemen and the fight against ISIS are still going on, and it has become more difficult to resolve these conflicts due to the formation of a controversial coalition led by the United States of America. Due to its prominent position in its geopolitical and anti-arrogance policy, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been subjected to threats by the United States of America, the Zionist and othertotalitarian regimes in recent years.The expedients and guidelines of the Supreme leader of revolution are based on strengthening all infrastructure of the country against theenemy’s threats. In this regard, passive defense is considered as a complementary part for active or armed defense,which includes unarmed measures to increase deterrence and decrease vulnerability, sustaining vital activities, promoting national sustainability and favorable effectiveness of crisis management against threats and armed actions by the enemy.CivilDefense planning (Spatial organization) is a process which leads to the reduction of vulnerability and the increase of defensive reversibility, sustainability and tolerability against enemy’s attacks through reorganizing and rearranging spatial elements of a city.This research examines the passive defense indices in land use, urban texture and structure by taking the passive defense principles and requirements into consideration and then, zones the metropolis of Tehran from the civil defense planning perspective in an analytical manner,specifies its vulnerable and secure areas and providessolutions to increase its defensive sustainability. In this Regard, this research tries to zone different geographical regions of Tehran metropolis in the form of homogeneous classes based on their vulnerability conditions from the passive defense. For this purpose, 8 criteria were extracted after studying the literature and the history of the subject in the field ofnatural and man-made crisis management. Then, 48 indices or sub-criteria were determined, and classified under 8 predefined criteria in order to make these criteria measurable, based on accessible data. Afterward, using experts’ opinions, the criteria and sub-criteria were weighed by ANP method through paired comparisons in the form of questionnaire and then adjustedand modified in the Super Decision software (in order to maintain inconsistency rate of the comparisons within the acceptable limits). In addition to that, each indicator was categorized into 5 classes of desirability in order to achieve a result withgreater accuracy of comprehensiveness and more flexibility. Then, the maps related to each index were producedby inserting the indices into ArcGIS 10.5 and applying them to the city domain. By integrating and combining the sub-criteria maps related to each criterion, the zoning map based on that specific criterion, and finally, by combining the maps of these 8 criteria, the ultimate zoning map of civil defense spatial organizing was generated qualitatively (in 5 desirability classes).     
 
Materials & Methods
Since this research seeks to discover causal relationships between indices and their effects on the city,based on the basic sources of research method, it is an exploratory research which uses an analytical-descriptive method with an applied goal to study and interpret the data.  This research uses both qualitative and quantitative procedures that means using quantitative methods along with qualitative approach in data analysisto facilitate classifications, calculations, and deductions. The study area involves all 22 regions of Tehran municipality. Regarding the collection of data and information, this research is a documentary study that uses Persian and English books and articles, related maps, internet portals and other documents. In addition, questionnaires and interviews with experts have been used. Finally, the integration and classificationof the exploratory and documentary findings and research analyses are carried out using inferential statistics, then,research suggestions are presented. M.S. Excel, ArcGIS 10.5 and Super Decision were the software used to prepare tables, maps and to analyze data. Making use ofthe experts’ opinions to weighthe indices, these indices were inserted into M.S. Excel the elimination of the scale differences and normalization as well. Then, they were categorized into 5 distinct classes of desirability. In order to obtainthe final weight and priority of indices considering ANP method, theirpairwise comparisons were inserted into Super Decision software. Finally, the results in ArcGIS 10.5 environmentwere assigned to different areas of Tehran metropolis, and the final zoning map of the defensive vulnerabilitywas generated as a Likert spectrum based on 8 criteria and their 48 sub-criteria on 5 levels, through the combination and integration of the weighted indices layers.
 
Results & Discussion, Conclusion
According to the surveys, only 10% of the city of Tehran is in perfect, 27% is in moderate and appropriate,and about 63% is in completely inappropriate conditions.
These numbers represent the critical state of passive defense in this metropolis, a densely populated city which is the capital city of a sensitive country in the geopolitics of the region and still has a centralizedmanagement method and has a serious and urgent need for attention and reorganization in this regard. Therefore, suggestions and solutions are proposed to increase the defensive tolerability and reducethe damages and losses following the occurrence of a possible attack. Some of the results of the research are as follows:
- Providing the context to identify the vulnerable zones and to invest in order to increase their level of defensive tolerability.
- Making use of secure zones in order to locate temporary habitation sites at the time of a possible attack and to copy the patterns of their defensive space organization in future developments.
- Thinking ofimmediate measures to promote the level of defensive tolerability in inappropriate zones by building shelters, developing public safe havens, and developing permanent relief and rescue centers or temporary relief and rescue sites.
- Locating important, sensitive and vital useswith regard to the performed zoning and determining the security effects resulting from them on the surrounding areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Spatial organizing
• Civil defense
• Passive defense
• Zoning
• ANP