Mahdi Modiri
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 2-5
Abstract
The computer-based system's structure is mainly hierarchical and GIS is a hierarchical structure that is made up of several sub-systems at different levels, and each sub-system has a certain function. The required set of functions is different according to the type of GIS. Examples of a sub-system include ...
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The computer-based system's structure is mainly hierarchical and GIS is a hierarchical structure that is made up of several sub-systems at different levels, and each sub-system has a certain function. The required set of functions is different according to the type of GIS. Examples of a sub-system include the function of input data and devices, data analysis function, and data management function.
The display and spatial visualization of geographic data can be considered as a GIS sub-system (it should be noted that in cases such as maps preparation, displaying data is the fundamental function of the system.).
We know that cartography is the art, science and technology of mapping (ICA 1973), and in order to achieve alignment with the scientific and technical advancements of the day, the International Cartographic Association's Working Group has recommended the following definition.
Fatemeh Behforuz
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 6-16
Abstract
Turkmenistan had been part of Muslim Turkestan before it became one of the Soviet republics in 1925 (Dublitch and Muller 1990, p. 9). The republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan were also parts of the former Turkestan (Rawa, Olivier, Translation of Mansouri, p. 53). It is a multinational ...
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Turkmenistan had been part of Muslim Turkestan before it became one of the Soviet republics in 1925 (Dublitch and Muller 1990, p. 9). The republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan were also parts of the former Turkestan (Rawa, Olivier, Translation of Mansouri, p. 53). It is a multinational republic, and Turkmens form the dominant nationality. Other national-ethnic groups such as the Russians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and a small number of Tartars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Karakalpak live in the Republic as minorities. The majority of Soviet Turkmens reside in this Republic, and few Turkmens live in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and the North Caucasus, and the Astrakhan Oblast (belonging to the Russian Federation). (Britannica, 1990, p. 1100) Turkmens belong to the European group, which are accompanied by a small Mongolian racial mixing (Turkmens, P.484). Thus, they can be classified mainly as Caucasian or White race, which at the same time is more or less mixed with the yellow race.
The religion of the Sunni Turkmens is Hanafi and their language is Turkmen (one of the branches of the Altai-Turkish language). Dublitch and Mueller write about Turkmenistan that, when the Soviet government began to modernize the area, the Turkmen were nomadic (1990, p. 9). Nearly half of the people in the republic now live in villages and half of the people in the cities. The Turkmen manpower has been discussed here in terms of quantitative and qualitative aspects and demographic, social, cultural and economic issues in relation to this newly independent republic. Turkmenistan is currently a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, which has recently joined the ECO Economic Cooperation Organization.
Mohammadreza Yari
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 17-20
Abstract
“Over Determined” models are solved using the LSM method known as the Adjustment problem. One of the most efficient applications of Adjustment in statistical analysis of the problem of positioning is the presentation of coordinates and precision of a point in the form of ...
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“Over Determined” models are solved using the LSM method known as the Adjustment problem. One of the most efficient applications of Adjustment in statistical analysis of the problem of positioning is the presentation of coordinates and precision of a point in the form of Interval estimation, Point esti.
Determining the position of moving points is of great importance in many respects, especially strategic, economic, etc. The issue also has a historical background. The problem of determining the position of ships using simple tools such as a solar sextant and solving the Determined model in a mechanical-computational way using a hydrographic protractor and its drawing samples of it. Fixed points are not of special trouble in solving the Adjustment problem, but it is very important for moving points.
Majid Mokhtarani
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 21-24
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for information obtained through remote sensing of the web has been greatly increased due to its high resolution for environmental analysis and topographic and local maps. Recent satellite techniques such as SPOT and TM, which are Landsat and based on electronic scanning, ...
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In recent years, the demand for information obtained through remote sensing of the web has been greatly increased due to its high resolution for environmental analysis and topographic and local maps. Recent satellite techniques such as SPOT and TM, which are Landsat and based on electronic scanning, can produce images with resolutions of 10 to 30 m.
For the first time, scanned data on ground scale of each pixel equal to 5 meters can be expected from the mission of MOMS-2 and the newer SPOT and TM systems. Over the past decade, great progress has been made in the use of colored and black and white images taken by the Soviet Union's remote sensing department. The result of the research shows that the highest resolution was for a vast area used for updating maps of 1: 25,000 by KAF-1000 and MK4 cameras.
During the 17th ISPRS conference (Washington, 1992), it was announced for the first time that satellite images taken with the third generation of space-shooting cameras with a resolution of 1-2 meters will soon be used for local applications.
Abdalkarim Gharib; Ebrahim Amin Sobhani; Bahman Ramezani
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 25-30
Abstract
Buzkhaneh Cave is approximately located in the geographical position of 30’’ 52 ‘ 48o of eastern longitude, 7’’ 11’ 37o of northern latitude and at an altitude of 2,500 m in the mountain ranges of Talesh in the northwest of Masouleh town, which neighbors the ...
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Buzkhaneh Cave is approximately located in the geographical position of 30’’ 52 ‘ 48o of eastern longitude, 7’’ 11’ 37o of northern latitude and at an altitude of 2,500 m in the mountain ranges of Talesh in the northwest of Masouleh town, which neighbors the mountain Dash Blaq on the north, Jalalabad on the northeast, Rokn Abad on the south, Buzkhaneh Daghi on the east and highlands on the west. This cave is known as Yakhkun in the local language, because they use cave’s ice to prepare drinking water (Buzkhaneh = ice house)
Hosein Komsari
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 31-36
Abstract
The increasing population of the world, especially in developing countries on the one hand, and economic poverty and low levels of national income of these countries on the other, have put people of these countries under pressure. In the studies regarding causes of backwardness of these countries and ...
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The increasing population of the world, especially in developing countries on the one hand, and economic poverty and low levels of national income of these countries on the other, have put people of these countries under pressure. In the studies regarding causes of backwardness of these countries and widespread poverty and deprivation across them despite the fact that they enjoy many natural benefits and potential sources of income, the low level of technical knowledge and lack of awareness of how to exploit the country’s existing potentials are amongst the key points. In this regard, even many oil-rich countries, which appear to be among the richest countries in the world, have always faced many problems in the national economy because of their reliance on oil and lack of diversification in their sources of income. The most obvious consequence of these conditions is the vulnerability of this single source of income, and the move towards economic and political crises. One of the main sources of income generation and the elimination of problems related to the limitations on national income sources in the international arena is the "tourism industry", which in the last half century has managed to gain a significant foothold in international relations and has provided many countries with an enormous source of income through creating links between various countries in the world. Moreover, communication between various nations through the channel of "tourism" and their familiarity with each other's cultures, customs and historical and cultural backgrounds has strengthened the social ties among the nations and has contributed to the expansion of international relations. But what about the tourism industry in Iran?
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 37-47
Abstract
According to the studies conducted and publish through the journal’s last volume under the title “Graphic Information in Urban Studies”, we now describe the role of environmental factors and natural environment that Tehran has located on as a space for scanning the city, and eventually ...
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According to the studies conducted and publish through the journal’s last volume under the title “Graphic Information in Urban Studies”, we now describe the role of environmental factors and natural environment that Tehran has located on as a space for scanning the city, and eventually continue with presenting a general view of its continuous development in order to achieve appropriate solutions.
Ali Nouri Kermani
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 48-52
Abstract
In this article, we first briefly describe the concepts and history of the emergence of new cities in the world, the historical-theoretical foundations of modern Iranian cities from the beginning to the Constitutional Revolution, and then the mechanism for its development until the Islamic Revolution. ...
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In this article, we first briefly describe the concepts and history of the emergence of new cities in the world, the historical-theoretical foundations of modern Iranian cities from the beginning to the Constitutional Revolution, and then the mechanism for its development until the Islamic Revolution. Next, considering the strategy of formation of new cities in the Islamic Republic era, such as the measures of the Cabinet and major policy of Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, the main goals of the establishment of new cities, the general policy of locating new cities and the most important location criteria have been addressed.
The turning point of this paper are the analysis of factors influencing functions of the new Iranian cities such as geographical location and spatial situation, our comparison among the cities and the quality of their impact on the neighboring new cities, parameters such as people's beliefs, population and income, quality of urban services, rival lands, etc. based on a comprehensive perspective of urban geography, and eventually making general suggestions for organizing and improving the functions.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, Pages 53-64
Abstract
In this paper, the observational data provided by two types of GPS operations conducted in July 1991 in the areas of Pohjanmaa and Savo-Kainuu in the country of Finland have been investigated. In this test, the Bernese software system was used to process the data. Although some of the GPS data mentioned ...
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In this paper, the observational data provided by two types of GPS operations conducted in July 1991 in the areas of Pohjanmaa and Savo-Kainuu in the country of Finland have been investigated. In this test, the Bernese software system was used to process the data. Although some of the GPS data mentioned above have been affected by rapid changes in the ionospheric refraction, when particular care is taken with regard to data processing, the concurrent solutions of GPS observational sessions seem to be still useful. On the other hand, the orbital path of each satellite is divided into two circuits, one four-day circuit and the other a three-day circuit. All the satellite orbital paths are corrected and improved in the final mathematical solution by estimating all possible parameters. The magnitude of changes at particular intervals for occupied open- lengths can be achieved by comparing the lengths obtained by the GPS-method with open-lengths derived from classical first-order triangulation.
The results from the Savo-Kainuu region are well matched with the results of combining triangulation networks and even with classical first-order triangulation network. Finally, the results obtained from the Pohjanmaa area are very weak and do not match the results of geodetic (classical) observations.
