Mahdi Modiri
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 2-5
Abstract
Attitude toward map as a medium of communication and cartography language has evolved over the past four decades.
Cartographers, while devoting their efforts to different surveying techniques and seeking to adapt to the advancements in technology, must examine the performance and design of the maps. ...
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Attitude toward map as a medium of communication and cartography language has evolved over the past four decades.
Cartographers, while devoting their efforts to different surveying techniques and seeking to adapt to the advancements in technology, must examine the performance and design of the maps. In this way, cartography becomes the knowledge of geographic information communication. The research on messaging and cartographic communication is significant in two historical periods. Cartography in the early fifties of the twentieth century found the methodology of psychophysics in the seventh decade of cartography research in the direction of cognitive psychology of development and evolution, and the question of how maps are processed and remembered in human’s mind was formed. This emphasis on cognitive problems in cartography did not extend as much as psychophysics, and in fact cognitive and perceptual powers were not uniformly available for cartography.
Mohammad Mosayyebi; Saeed Movahedi
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 6-11
Abstract
Nature is extremely complicated, and often this complexity is such that we feel dreadfully ignorant of them. Consequently, when we consciously or often unknowingly and accidentally cause major changes in the world, we transform the ultra-complex mechanisms in a way that we cannot predict the consequences ...
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Nature is extremely complicated, and often this complexity is such that we feel dreadfully ignorant of them. Consequently, when we consciously or often unknowingly and accidentally cause major changes in the world, we transform the ultra-complex mechanisms in a way that we cannot predict the consequences of them. That's why there are some weird things happening.
One of the most fundamental factors in the structure of the Planet is the climate, and undoubtedly nature, man and all manifestations of life are at a broad level affected by climatic conditions. Climate scientists have come to the conclusion that climate can be changed in all aspects of time. Climate change is the result of interaction of complex and less-known factors. Some of these factors act outside the Earth's atmosphere, and some of them are ground-based systems, some of which are in human control, and human actions change their process. The transformation of these factors will lead to countless environmental issues, all of which arise from the fact that space, time, diversity of matter and energy are not considered as resources, and due to the increasing trend of the variety of pollutants in nature, the instability of global ecosystem will be inevitable. In this paper, the impact of human activities is analyzed with an emphasis on the impact of carbon dioxide.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 12-21
Abstract
This paper presents the role of GIS in urban planning and its applications at the San Diego Association of Governments. SANDAG is an example where planning strategies are based on short and long term information. Therefore, the principles that characterize it are compatible with the state of many urban ...
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This paper presents the role of GIS in urban planning and its applications at the San Diego Association of Governments. SANDAG is an example where planning strategies are based on short and long term information. Therefore, the principles that characterize it are compatible with the state of many urban environments. The primary use of GIS is in modeling. Four illustrative examples indicate the application of GIS in locating for development, scheduling unexpected events, determining the location of fire stations, crime control, and providing documentation.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 22-25
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. Measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. Measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted. There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement.
The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues.
Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Rahim Sarvar
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 26-32
Abstract
The presented findings in this study are in their current state not based on the findings of numerous experiments and long and necessary experience, but rather based on my experience and judgment during the preparation of comprehensive plans in the cities of Mianeh, Miandoab, Masjid Soleiman and Ardebil. ...
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The presented findings in this study are in their current state not based on the findings of numerous experiments and long and necessary experience, but rather based on my experience and judgment during the preparation of comprehensive plans in the cities of Mianeh, Miandoab, Masjid Soleiman and Ardebil. Therefore, it is hoped to be gradually supplemented by more technical data by the experts in the field. Because it must be acknowledged that the information received from the Cosmos Satellites is far more extensive than the little mentioned in this article. The method of content processing is such that it first describes the features of satellite images of COSMOS in general and the KFA-1000 in particular, under the title of "Comparison of analogue images with satellite digital images", and then the applications of these images in various fields - to the extent that the author is familiar with- are discussed, which include:
• Geomorphological studies; • Preparation of land use maps; • Economic Geology; • Agricultural-rural studies; • Preservation of natural resources; • Separation of urban and rural areas; • Provision of thematic maps; • Geographic analysis; • Providing space photomaps and mapping through photogrammetry.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 33-42
Abstract
A radar altimeter installed on the front of a satellite sends electronic pulses to the Earth, and then receives reflections from the ground surface that pass around the satellite. The propagation speed of these waves in space is equal to the speed of light. The satellite radar measures the elapsed time ...
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A radar altimeter installed on the front of a satellite sends electronic pulses to the Earth, and then receives reflections from the ground surface that pass around the satellite. The propagation speed of these waves in space is equal to the speed of light. The satellite radar measures the elapsed time between sending a pulse and receiving its reflection. This time is equivalent to the time it takes for a pulse to cover the distance between the satellite and the earth twice. Therefore, satellite distance from the ground can be measured with great accuracy through measured time. Free electrons (free ions) in the ionospheric layer and suspended particles of water vapor contained in the troposphere layer of the earth reduce the velocity of propagation of waves when passing through these two layers.
Therefore, this slowdown must always be considered in order to prevent large errors in calculating the satellite's height from the ground. After correcting these errors and considering that the position of the radar altimeter system is independently known, the orbit of radar altimeter is determined. Consequently, satellite elevation measurements can be used to achieve accurate topography of the ground. On the other hand, on the oceans the separation of topographic surface from the equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity (geoid) is created by balancing forces generated by the Earth's rotation and ocean currents. Oceanic flows, which contribute greatly to the exchange of heat between the tropical and Polar Regions are ultimately accessible through satellite elevation measurements. Therefore, an altimeter is a unique tool for studying the role of the oceans in the Earth's climate system, as well as in understanding global climate change.
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 43-45
Abstract
On March 25, 1989, the US Department of Defense confirmed great fear of the civil users of GPS while S.A is activated. What S.A does is damaging and degrading the precision of GPS signals in order to prevent GPS users from gaining access to this system’s high precision. Experts state that S.A has ...
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On March 25, 1989, the US Department of Defense confirmed great fear of the civil users of GPS while S.A is activated. What S.A does is damaging and degrading the precision of GPS signals in order to prevent GPS users from gaining access to this system’s high precision. Experts state that S.A has less impact on surveying applications than other GPS applications.
When S.A is on, It disrupts satellite data, which occurs through falsifying of satellite clocks and orbital information. Indeed, according to Dr. Javad Ashjaei, head of the “Ashtek and colleagues” Corporation., S.A. will add to the GPS signals’ noises. In fact, signals move forward, backward or around. S.A. falsifies signals to the extent that they report a problem in the orbit of satellites. "S.A only affects the Bloom II satellites, which is conditional on completing the set of GPS satellites."
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 46-52
Abstract
From the late fifth century and the first half of the sixth century on, Turks infiltrated the northern parts of Central Asia and became neighbors with Iran. At the time of Khosrow Anushirvan, the Turks reached the area beyond the Syr Darya, but stopped there. In the time of Parviz, wars between Iran ...
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From the late fifth century and the first half of the sixth century on, Turks infiltrated the northern parts of Central Asia and became neighbors with Iran. At the time of Khosrow Anushirvan, the Turks reached the area beyond the Syr Darya, but stopped there. In the time of Parviz, wars between Iran and Turks led to the defeat of the Turks. The Turks during the Sassanid era enjoyed the support of the Roman Empire (Byzantium). During the Abbasids, the Turks slowly entered the Abbasid apparatus due to the support they received. Mo'thasim, son of Ma'mun, whose mother was a Turk, provided a platform for the infiltration of the Turks. During the Samanids, the Turks served the Samanid emirs. However, the Syr Darya River was an obstacle to the arrival of the Turks and the Ghuzz, and the city of Utrar (Faraab) was one of the major fortifications to prevent the Turks from penetrating.
Majid Mokhtarani (Translator)
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 53-56
Abstract
The ERS-1 satellite prepares images through radar system and has been launched from Europe in June 1991. One of the important features of this satellite is that it has the ability to penetrate into clouds and to some extent pass through the rain. It is capable of shooting at night. Its waves have greater ...
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The ERS-1 satellite prepares images through radar system and has been launched from Europe in June 1991. One of the important features of this satellite is that it has the ability to penetrate into clouds and to some extent pass through the rain. It is capable of shooting at night. Its waves have greater ability of penetration into plants than light waves, because the extent of their penetration depends on the amount of moisture and density of the plant, and also in arid areas they have high power of penetration into the earth. The resolution of the images is 16 to 20 meters. The angle of view on the ground is 23 degrees and sweep the width of 100 kilometers on the ground. The applications of the ERS-1 radar images include the following: Investigation of regional phenomena; Hydrology; Identification of glaciers; Preparation of topographic maps; Geology; Meteorology; Examination of the Oceans and methods of wave imaging; Physical oceanography; Plant growth and produce estimation.
Nasrallah Mowlaei Hashjin
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, Pages 57-64
Abstract
The issue of the environment has existed since ancient times, but has now become more intense and has brought about problems. However, up to a century before the trouble-making actions were not to the extent that could disturb the natural organization of the environment. The ecological transformation ...
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The issue of the environment has existed since ancient times, but has now become more intense and has brought about problems. However, up to a century before the trouble-making actions were not to the extent that could disturb the natural organization of the environment. The ecological transformation was increased when the human population was concentrated in limited areas, and per capita demands and as a result the need of human communities to natural resources increased. With the advent and development of industry and then the industrial revolution since 1760, and the production of various products, the quality of human life improved as never before, and human beings headed toward a better and more prosperous life. The revolution in industry and consumption led to the gradual emergence of environmental problems that were created by the daily decline of natural resources including renewable and non-renewable ones and the creation of various types of pollution in the environment, so that per capita demands of the Earth’s inhabitants are far greater than the growth of natural resources, and with the constant advancement of human beings and their supremacy over the nature, the level of encroachment on natural resources has increased, so far as the term "crisis" today replaces the “issue of the environment”. In general, the following three factors can be considered as effective in scarcity or decline of natural resources. 1) rapid population growth; 2) reduction of arable land, forests, ranges and pastures; 3) The unbridled use of new technologies and the failure of some of them to function without threatening natural resources. Among the above factors, the rapid growth of the population and its disproportionate distribution on the Earth's surface are more important, because the next two factors are caused by the population's impact and its rapid rise and are basically defined by the failure to fulfil the major and minor needs of increasing populations, especially in some parts of the world. Therefore, one of the solutions to reduce the environmental crisis is controlling the population. Considering the wide range of contaminants caused by the disturbance of the environmental balance such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and soil contamination, this discussion only explores the population growth in the world and Iran and the air pollution crisis.
