Mahdi Modiri
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 1-80
Abstract
The design of arches in the production of accurate topographic maps such as road geometric design, short-range photogrammetry and medical simulations is based on arch type and in accordance with design goals. What is connected with establishing proper interconnection between design points is very important. ...
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The design of arches in the production of accurate topographic maps such as road geometric design, short-range photogrammetry and medical simulations is based on arch type and in accordance with design goals. What is connected with establishing proper interconnection between design points is very important. The algorithm of linkage between design points, if it is based on the shortest path, leads to a combination of broken lines and, if it is necessary that it have curvature upward or downward, and to what extent, are among the matters that have always been of particular interest to the cartograph engineers, and proportional to users expectation, the Spline, Fitcurve, and TIN methods have been recommended. Each technique has a share in alignment with the user's desire to simulate the surface features. This paper examines the advantages of marking based on nodal spacing for B-Spline curves and provides formulas based on nodal spacing for common B-Spline operations such as node’s degree and derivative. Using a node spacing-based marking, Spline introduces a multi-degree curve that is similar to the B-Spline type and consists of polynomials or with a number of degrees. MD-Splines are a generalization of the B-Spline curve, in the sense that if the curved sections in a MD-Spline have the same degree, MD-Spline will be reduced to a B-Spline curve. This section deals with MD-Splines of grades 1, 2, 3, and also degrees 1 and n. MD-Splines has local support, follows the body, the convex structure and the reduction property of the variation, and is at least of (Cn-1)th degree, in which n is smaller than the degrees of the two parts of the adjacent curve.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 10-14
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Hassan Beik Mohammadi; Moslem Asadi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 15-19
Abstract
Politicians and people have a great deal of hope for the development of small rural industries. These industries can play a significant and effective role in creating jobs and income for the villagers, and in more equitable distribution of income in rural areas and the like. In order to achieve this ...
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Politicians and people have a great deal of hope for the development of small rural industries. These industries can play a significant and effective role in creating jobs and income for the villagers, and in more equitable distribution of income in rural areas and the like. In order to achieve this goal in the development process, it is necessary to pay attention to the establishment of these industries in rural areas. Considering the inability of agricultural sector to provide full and optimal employment of human resources, land and rangeland restriction, agricultural mechanization and small agricultural lands in rural areas (county), attention to small industries in rural areas and their improvement and progress is necessary in order to achieve rural development. The existence of capabilities, talents and favorable environmental conditions in the studied area will allow the growth and prosperity of small industries, especially the converting and complementary industries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of small industries and the need to pay attention to these industries in the studied area. Data were collected using papers, books, reports, statistics, interviews and field studies. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The results of this study indicate that job creation for villagers has not been successful, and small industries can play an important role in development and employment, given the potential of the region. Creating and expanding small industries in the region will lead to more development and employment and increase rural incomes.
Masoud Mo'ayyeri; Ali Jowzi Khomslouei
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 20-25
Abstract
This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result ...
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This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result of fossil fuels and land use changes, and these are linked to an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface during the last decade of the twenty-first century. However, the analyses carried out by Ruddiman, which take the Holocene era and the urban community into consideration, have unprecedentedly compared changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases with that of glacial records of the past four hundred thousand years. During this period, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH4) have increased, and this increase is probably due to the beginning of agricultural activities and land clearing in Eurasia. These and other changes in land use resulting from agricultural and rural activities may cause poor climatic change and prevent land’s temperature fall, or maybe due to natural forces. Although the early evidence supports the theory of Ruddiman, forestry and agricultural activities during the period of urban community may have exerted an impact on the climate equal to at least eight thousand years of the past.
Ja'far Ma'soumpour; Faramarz Khoshakhlagh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 26-30
Abstract
It is generally accepted that climate is one of the main sources of tourism in a region. However, it is assumed that its role in determining the region's potential for tourism is obvious. In a more general statement there is relatively little knowledge about the effects of climate on tourism or the role ...
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It is generally accepted that climate is one of the main sources of tourism in a region. However, it is assumed that its role in determining the region's potential for tourism is obvious. In a more general statement there is relatively little knowledge about the effects of climate on tourism or the role it plays. In addition, there is little information about the economic impact or the importance of the climate on the outlook of tourism business. In all areas with climatic criteria, people are accustomed to deciding on tourism and recreation, but often without research and highly relevant to types of applications. So far, much of the research, especially on climate, which is presented in scientific journals, has superficially dealt with the links between climate and tourism instead of conducting scientific observation. In addition, it seriously lacks any organized conceptual framework or a frame that contains interactions, processes, patterns, and theories. These theoretical frameworks are very important because they are bases for producing data, testing hypotheses, and developing further theories. Without these, it is difficult to expand a series of related research methods, and perhaps more importantly, to strengthen the development of patterns that bridge between theoretical and practical levels and can help form a relevant basic knowledge for understanding, expression and prediction. This paper examines the work done on climate and tourism so far with a comparative look at the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and considers the courses of action that may result from combination of these methods in the future.
Hamid Bahiraei; Ahmad Asadi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 31-37
Abstract
Marginal settlement is one of the broad grounds for social damages, with whose expansion we are witnessing increasing insecurity and various forms of crime and violence in society. The creation of unofficial settlements is the logical consequence of the unequal distribution of occupational opportunities ...
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Marginal settlement is one of the broad grounds for social damages, with whose expansion we are witnessing increasing insecurity and various forms of crime and violence in society. The creation of unofficial settlements is the logical consequence of the unequal distribution of occupational opportunities and wealth, and the policies of the last fifty years, which have been based mainly on the views of the growth pole and concentration, are the main reason for this phenomenon. These settlements reproduce social damages within themselves. The type of social damages produced in these areas is directly related to the quality of the housing. Dwellings in these settlements are largely built with deforcement or unauthorized construction, and lack safety. The fabric of most of these places is fine-grained and lacks in desirable access to urban facilities. These cases are favorable for social deviations and problems.
Leila Shafi'ei Ardestani; Majid Mofidi Shemirani
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 38-46
Abstract
Consideration of climatic and regional criteria, prevention of destruction of main ecosystems, maintaining the health of urban areas and preserving natural resources and energy are very important factors in designing sustainable residential complexes, because the primary nucleus of the formation of cities ...
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Consideration of climatic and regional criteria, prevention of destruction of main ecosystems, maintaining the health of urban areas and preserving natural resources and energy are very important factors in designing sustainable residential complexes, because the primary nucleus of the formation of cities are residential units, which create residential complexes on their own premises. In this article, after recognizing and studying the role of geographic factors in creating natural cooling in warm regions of the country, the principles governing the design of residential complexes are formulated with the aim of achieving the process of designing sustainable residential complexes in three large, medium and small scales with the emphasis on natural cooling solutions. In this regard, among various ways of providing physical comfort, application of static and supra-static systems, with the maximum utilization of natural energies, has a very effective role in reducing the short-term and long-term costs associated with the provision of facilities and equipment for building.
Ahmad Pourahmad; Seyyed Majeddin Zandavi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 47-55
Abstract
Since the nineteenth century, suburbs were chosen for the living of the rich and middle-class families due to the inadequacies and pollution of the old part of the cities; the development of transportation technology has led urban families to prefer living in the countryside and away from the central ...
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Since the nineteenth century, suburbs were chosen for the living of the rich and middle-class families due to the inadequacies and pollution of the old part of the cities; the development of transportation technology has led urban families to prefer living in the countryside and away from the central part of the city. Access to the countryside is becoming ever easier with the help of vehicles that travel faster day by day. Currently, suburban residence is the predominant way of life in the United States. But with all this, the suburban settlement has many disadvantages, as this way of life has become outdated from the point of view of urban planners and other thinkers, and they have been thinking about other patterns for the settlement of population surpluses in cities, one of the most important of which is that of creating New Cities, proposed by Ebenezer Howard. Although the creation of new cities has a long history in human annals, in the new centuries the suburban area is prior to new cities, in a way that the problems of cities and suburban residents caused by suburbanization encouraged planners to the creation of new cities.
Mojgan Afshar
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 56-62
Abstract
This article was conducted in order to gain more knowledge about thermal differences (Thermal Island) between Tehran and Karaj based on a five-year statistical period (1993-1997). The element of temperature as the most important climatic element has been obtained as daily minimum and maximum from the ...
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This article was conducted in order to gain more knowledge about thermal differences (Thermal Island) between Tehran and Karaj based on a five-year statistical period (1993-1997). The element of temperature as the most important climatic element has been obtained as daily minimum and maximum from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. In the study of thermal island, stations of Dushan Tappeh in the east, Aqdasieh in the north and Mehrabad in west of Tehran, as the most important study area and Karaj station in west of Tehran as complementary area, have been selected. Based on the investigations carried out on the average temperatures of three stations in Tehran and Karaj station, it was observed that Dushan Tappeh as the most important thermal region in Tehran has the highest temperature values for both minimum and maximum annual temperatures with temperatures 13.33 and 22.49 ° C, respectively. Next, Mehrabad station has been determined as the second thermal zone in Tehran with the minimum annual temperature of 12.88 ° C and 12.29 ° C at maximum temperatures. Third, Aqdasieh station, with a mountainous character and higher elevation than the rest, acts as a relatively weak thermal zone, the average annual minimum temperature at this station being 10.33 and the maximum temperature 19.9 ° C. Generally, the mean annual temperatures of all three stations in Tehran have higher temperature values at both minimum and maximum temperatures than Karaj station, so that Tehran has a temperature difference of more than 0.75 ° C in the mean annual maximum temperature and a temperature difference of 3.37 ° C at the average annual minimum temperature with Karaj, and so has been recognized as the warmer region.
Hiva Elmizadeh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 63-67
Abstract
Basically, the establishment and emergence of a city is more than anything subject to environmental conditions and geographic location, since natural features and phenomena have a decisive influence on location, dispersion, penetration area, physical development, urban morphology and the like, and sometimes ...
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Basically, the establishment and emergence of a city is more than anything subject to environmental conditions and geographic location, since natural features and phenomena have a decisive influence on location, dispersion, penetration area, physical development, urban morphology and the like, and sometimes act as a positive and temporal factor, and in some cases as a negative and deterrent one (Rev. 1382, p. 133). In recent decades, the city of Karaj has gone through a great deal of physical development due to the increase in population, and the increasing expansion of urban space without regard to geomorphologic processes has caused problems that are studied. In this research, the attempt will be made to analyze briefly the geomorphic phenomena and processes affecting the locating process in the city of Karaj, and to remind the urban planners of the consequences of failure to pay them due attention.
Hojjat Mahkouei
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 68-71
Abstract
Places have fundamental differences in terms of scale and natural characteristics; in a complex way, they are overlapping and interdependent. Therefore, no map of the places in the world can be drawn to show definite boundaries. There are many examples of difference in places: Sand Book (1984), about ...
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Places have fundamental differences in terms of scale and natural characteristics; in a complex way, they are overlapping and interdependent. Therefore, no map of the places in the world can be drawn to show definite boundaries. There are many examples of difference in places: Sand Book (1984), about changing the spatial distribution of the industry and moving it away from interconnected urban areas - which turned out as a motivation for a full research program with general title of "Localising Program "-, explains this matter through local fabric. Every place bounded by a border is a land whose characteristics can be clearly expressed; its boundaries can be defined - whether on the ground or on the map - these borders can be defended, and their qualities can be specified. Therefore, governments’ understanding of the locating process is important for understanding how contemporary society behaves; the economy associated with the place of the capitalist system is based on competition. The provision of the interests of every place’s inhabitants has to be largely based on opposition to the interests of the inhabitants of other places, which often require the spread of positive view of the fellow-citizens and negative opinions towards the strangers. For sustainable urban development, the characteristics of the place where the city is set or is intended to be set is of great and decisive importance. The development of urban location is one of the basic steps taken by the governments for the well-being of the people living in the city. Since humans are interdependent and not able to live, progress, and develop without communication, places of human life, whether rural or urban areas are interdependent and related to each other in a way that It is not possible for one to develop without the others; this mutual interaction of places will cause their development. The nature of places can be summarized as follows: 1. Places are created by society. 2. Places make their own counterparts. 3. People have control over places and can change them. 4. Locations are not separate and independent from each other. In this research, we tried to investigate the relationship between city location and sustainable urban development as well as city location’s role in urban places; the method of research is descriptive-analytic.
Kamal Omidvar; Maryam Beiranvandzadeh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 72-76
Abstract
Despite the progress made in controlling air pollution in special places, urban areas are witnessing increasing environmental concerns for air pollution. Air quality is one of the major concerns in this area. The results of several studies in this regard indicate that the shape of the city and land use ...
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Despite the progress made in controlling air pollution in special places, urban areas are witnessing increasing environmental concerns for air pollution. Air quality is one of the major concerns in this area. The results of several studies in this regard indicate that the shape of the city and land use distribution determine the location of pollution sources and urban traffic patterns and affect the air quality of the city. In this paper, the potential effects of different land use patterns on the quality of the city's air are studied. Based on this, three hypothetical cities are considered based on each urban planning strategy, and with taking different land use patterns into account: from designing a large city, to a densely populated city with mixed land use. The MEMO / MARS average scale photochemical system has also been used to evaluate the air quality in each of the city's desirable structures. The results of this simulation show that densely populated cities with mixed land use have better air quality compared to distributed and networked cities.
Reza Esma'ili; Mohammad Mahdi Hosseinzadeh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, Pages 77-80
Abstract
The application of geological data in view of the recent advances in Paleoflood hydrology is essential as a complement to conventional hydrological approaches. The utilization of geological data such as sedimentology, stratigraphy and their combination with other sciences, such as geomorphology and hydrology, ...
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The application of geological data in view of the recent advances in Paleoflood hydrology is essential as a complement to conventional hydrological approaches. The utilization of geological data such as sedimentology, stratigraphy and their combination with other sciences, such as geomorphology and hydrology, have been particularly considered due to the existence of ambiguities in the mere use of applied statistics in flood studies. These data provide information from rivers without a hydrometric station. It is also possible to obtain longer information from hydrometric stations by using these data. The most important methods that are considered in this approach are: river flow regime method, Paleolithic Standard Indexes, river flow potentiality method, and botanical methods.