Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammad hassan Yazdani; Ata GhaffariGilande; Farahnaz Veismoradi
Abstract
Extended Abstract1-IntroductionA crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 ...
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Extended Abstract1-IntroductionA crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale occurs in the country for 11 years (Attar), 2012: 8).From the point of view of geology, Iran has a zone of lithological structure such as Central Iran, Zagros, Northeastern Iran, Northwestern Iran and Azerbaijan zone, which the thrust and elevated structure of Zagros is considered as one of the most active of these zones. It includes faults such as Sahne, Durood, Qala Hatem. The seismic characteristics of Zagros show that compared to other structural zones, the frequency of earthquakes is high. The central Iranian and Arabian plates are constantly pressing on the Zagros region, and this is the reason why more earthquakes occur in Zagros than in other regions. The studied area of Kermanshah region is an earthquake zone in terms of seismicity. This province, which is located in the Zagros region, has high seismic activity. These earthquakes usually occur around known seismic faults in the province, including the High Zagros Fault (High Zagros Fault, 2014: 114). Despite numerous researches in the field of locating temporary accommodation on the subject of seismic vulnerability, its suitable and usable place after the earthquake with the approach of crisis management in urban areas has received less attention. The city of Kermanshah is a prone region in terms of earthquakes, and due to its location in a geographical area with a high risk of earthquakes, knowing the vulnerable and resistant areas and planning for the correct and appropriate location of temporary accommodation in time The occurrence of an earthquake is necessary to prevent or reduce the possible danger in this city. This research is complementary to the previous research and with more effective criteria and indicators by providing a practical, efficient, simple and logical method for locating temporary accommodation in order to prepare the city with their specific complexity in responding to crises caused by earthquakes. Is. As an example, the Ezgele earthquake in Kermanshah in 2016 with a magnitude of 3.7 on the Richter scale occurred 11 km from Ezgele section and 32 km from Sarpol-Zahab city, which killed and injured more than 12 thousand people. And since then, due to the lack of single policies in the field of emergency, temporary and permanent housing, problems have been created for housing people. Therefore, the existence of a suitable place to live in Sharat after natural hazards, especially earthquakes, is essential for the city of Kermanshah. The present study, taking into account the stages of crisis management of an earthquake-prone city, tries to address the problem of locating suitable spaces for the construction of temporary accommodation camps.2-MethodologyThis research is of an applied type and according to the investigated components, the approach that governs it is the descriptive-analytical method. The aim of the present research is to analyze the important and influential criteria for the correct location of temporary accommodation in Kermanshah city. In order to achieve this goal, in accordance with the objectives of the research, the required information has been collected using library research, documents and interviews with experts, and then the criteria used for positioning have been selected based on the positioning criteria. The current approach to spatial analysis has been carried out by using the weighted sum model and the ranking method and ArcGIS software.3-Results-Road situation: The analysis of the results of the Kermanshah city situation based on the road access index using GIS analysis software shows that 75% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 7% is in the low vulnerability zone, and 5% is in the vulnerability zone. On average, 3% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Population density: Examining the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the population density index using GIS analysis-mapping software, shows that 27% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 27% in the low vulnerability zone, 26% in the medium vulnerability zone. 11% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Location to administrative, law enforcement and military centers: Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of access to administrative, law enforcement and military centers using GIS software, shows that 7% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the vulnerability zone low, 13% in the medium vulnerability zone, 12% in the high vulnerability zone and 57% in the very high vulnerability zone.-The location of fire stations: the analysis of the results of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to fire stations using GIS analysis software shows that 2 percent of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 5 percent in the low vulnerability zone, 8 percent in In the medium vulnerability zone, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 53% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Land slope: This criterion is measured by the slope index. Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the land slope index using GIS analytical-mapping software, shows that 46% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 33% in the low vulnerability zone, 11% in the medium vulnerability zone, 6% in the vulnerability zone. high and 4% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Distance from flood-prone areas: The evaluation of the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of distance from flood-prone areas using GIS analysis-mapping software shows that 16% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 11% in the low vulnerability zone, 19% in the low vulnerability zone. In the zone of moderate vulnerability, 25% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 29% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Distance from hazardous facilities: To measure this criterion, the indicators of electrical facilities, gasoline pumps, gas pumps and gas pressure reduction stations have been used in terms of their functional nature and hazard. Analyzing the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the index of distance from dangerous facilities using GIS analytical-mapping software, it shows that 13% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the low vulnerability zone, 25% in the medium vulnerability zone. 34% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 16% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Status of water sources: The results of Kermanshah city situation based on the index of access to water resources using GIS analysis-mapping software show that 9% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 17% in the low vulnerability zone, and 15% in the vulnerability zone. On average, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 27% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Location to power sources Construction of camps and temporary accommodation sites in the power transmission routes due to the provision of lighting and the use of heating devices. The evaluation of the results of the status of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to electricity resources using GIS analytical-mapping software shows that 9% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 8% in the low vulnerability zone, 8% in the medium vulnerability zone, 26% in The zone of high vulnerability and 49% is placed in the zone of very high vulnerability.-The final map of the optimal location of temporary accommodation bases after defining the important criteria and analyzing the indicators in the studied area is as follows: The results of the combination of 9 indicators in the city of Kermanshah indicate that 1% of the city area In the area of very low desirability, 11% is in the area of low desirability, 37% is in the area of medium desirability, 38% is in the area of high desirability, and 13% is in the area of very high desirability.4-Discussion&ConclusionsIn this research, according to the nature of the research and examination of the environmental conditions of Kermanshah city and the important indicators that are selected and evaluated according to the topic. After examining the determining and influencing factors on the temporary accommodation system and identifying the factors, the results were 9 indicators, which should be applied in the present study with general and specific evaluations (relative to the conditions of the study area). It became a scientific source of consolidation. Investigating and identifying the most accurate features in choosing the location of safe shelters: (slope, access to roads, distance from centers and management, access to firefighting centers, access to water and electricity sources, distance from flood-prone areas, and distance of dangerous risks) is considered And the results of the research showed that the important criteria and options in choosing the right place for temporary accommodation are centers that are identified as the best places that are far from the river and sensitive and dangerous uses such as gas stations and pressure lines. It should be maintained strong and close to essential service centers such as medical centers and fire stations, provided with water and electricity sources, accessible by communication lines, and the probability of damage and blocking of roads should be low. Examining the points selected in the final map shows that in the city of Kermanshah, these points are suitable for use according to important criteria such as: accessibility, distance from sensitive uses, proximity to service areas and distance from flood prone areas. It is in critical condition. The results of the current research show the capability of multi-criteria decision-making methods and geographic information system in identifying areas prone to temporary settlement. Therefore, according to the findings and results of this research, it is suggested that relevant organs, departments and organizations such as the municipality, the governorate, the crisis management center of the Kermanshah Fire Organization, etc., by creating comprehensive and updated databases of all details and elements A city based on the geographic information system should always be prepared for the temporary settlement of the population in the wake of the earthquake crisis. -Preparation of basic and suitable infrastructures for selected sites such as sanitary facilities, water sources, lighting system, etc., so that in case of an earthquake, it has the necessary conditions to accommodate the population, and the need to spend time for not provide these services. Accommodation centers should be located near roads that provide access to different parts on the one hand, and on the other hand, the probability of damage and blockage of these roads is low so that the risk of cutting off access, accommodation, relief and rescue operations does not stop. Zagros seismic zone has its own seismic mechanism. The fault systems and the earthquakes that occurred there follow the special pattern of the Zagros earthquake province, so planning and management should be done by evaluating the existing conditions and taking into account all the conditions of the region and the needs of the people. be carefully examined.
Nemat Hosseinzadeh; Ali Reza Estelaji; Tahmineh Daniali
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction The growth and expansion of urbanization in the contemporary era and the emergence of metropolitan areas as places in which large number of people live together and capital and assets are accumulated have recently attracted the attention of many planners, governments and ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction The growth and expansion of urbanization in the contemporary era and the emergence of metropolitan areas as places in which large number of people live together and capital and assets are accumulated have recently attracted the attention of many planners, governments and nations topotential natural hazards and the importance of crisis management in these areas.In this regard, land use planning is considered to be critical due to its importance for sustainable development, optimal configuration, and crisis management. Materials & Methods The present study primarily seeks to design a spatial model for spatial evaluation of urban land use in district 19 of Tehran Municipalityusing a crisis management approach. In this descriptive-analytical study,necessary information were collected through library research methods and the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators.In quantitative index analysis, per capita land use of the district was compared to the country’s standard level, and in qualitative index analysis, three criteria of compatibility, capacity and desirability have been evaluated. One of the goals of urban land use planning is proper site selection for different land uses and separation of incompatible land uses from each other which is achieved through collection of necessary information about the current situation and evaluation of the collected information. For example, attempts are made to find a proper site forland uses producing pollutants such as smoke, odors, and noise away from residential, cultural, and social areas.In contrast, activities that complement each other are located in vicinity of each other. ArcGIS was used to evaluate and model the compatibility level of neighboring land uses. The proposed model inthe present study aims to evaluate the proximity of activities in order to determine their level of compatibility from the perspective of crisis management. Results of this model can be used for land use planning. This model is based on two principles: the logic behindland uses’ compatibility, and spatial neighborhood relationship and models of this relationship in GIS environment. Model Builder, a visual programming language at the Arc Info \ Editor Level which is undoubtedly one of the most important features offered in this program has been used to achieve the desired goal in this study. This modeler is actually an interface which forms the input-output parameters and processing functions in the processor. In this interface, the user can call several functions in a sequence and the processes will be performed one after the other. The input parameters includeeverysupported format in ArcGIS. Processing functions include all functionsused in the spatial analysis network. Outputs can be stored and used in later steps. Results & Discussion Qualitative analysis of land uses in District 19 of Tehran Municipality Evaluating the compatibility of land uses in District 19 In order to analyze the compatibility levelofneighboring land uses, the number of neighbors in each parcel is determined.Then,a binary compatibility relationship is stipulated for each pair and finally a fixed number is reached in the process of comparing land uses. As required by the land use compatibility matrix, urban uses are hypothetically classified into 5 groupsbased on their current situation: fully compatible, relatively compatible, indifferent, completely incompatible, and relatively incompatible. Following the production of compatibility matrix, details oflandusescollected during the field study have been analyzed and presented as maps. Then, the model is run in Arc GIS and the level of each land use’s compatibility is presented with anespecialcolor. Results indicate that except for Velayat park which is not compatible with the surrounding land uses, most of the incompatible land uses are located in the western and southwestern parts of the district. These incompatible land uses are presented with 5 different color ranges. Investigating the capacity of different land uses in district 19 of Tehran Municipality Qualitative analysis of accessibility zone in the capacity matrix In this matrix, the performance of each major land use in service provision and performance coverage is determined based on the urban population and its area of influence, and the results are presented in the relevant tables and on a map produced using Euclidean analysis in Arc GIS. The basic level of performance for each land use at the regional level and its area of direct influenceis identified based on the population required for standard performance of that specific land use in this area. This identified level of performance was used as the basis for further calculations. According to the proposed model and considering the accessibility zone, a special buffer zone is identified for each land use and its census blocks are determined. Finally,population within the blocks is determined separately for each land use (in this section, a few maps of buffer zones are provided for some land usesas an example). This model determines whether the rules of accessibility have been complied in different land uses. Based on the accessibility zone and censusblocks, decision making about the necessity of different land uses is made possible. Investigating the desirability of land uses in district 19 To reach the desired goal, a land use layerto which a new field of desirability has been added will be consideredaccording to the model (Figures 5 and 7) and the existing rules for specific land uses. Results are exhibited in two different classes (desirable, undesirable). According to the existing rules and maps, the desired parts of the area are marked in green and the undesirable parts of the area are marked in red. Conclusion As one of the most important tools and a major goal of urban planning,land use planning has a vital role in risk mitigation duringurban development. Thus, improving methods and processes of realizing this goal is of great importance and priority. Physical and functional characteristicsof land use have a significant effect on the number of casualties in different urban crisis. Therefore, land use planning is considered to be an important principle of urban planning and an urban planner is primarily expected to make the right decisions and to properly monitor land uses.On the other hand, crisis management and resilience approach have become a pervasive topic of debate in the present decade. Many researchers consider resilience to be the internal ability of a system, community or element to withstand the effects of a natural or social event. In order to determine the level of resilience, land uses in this area are investigated based on different aspects of crisis management. A major difference is observed between the findings of the present study and that of other researchers: most of dimensions, criteria or the main indicator in the present study are related to each other.The dimensions proposed in this model cover all physical and non-physical aspects and the proposed criteria or indicators also show important factors in each dimension. Moreover, the vulnerability of each dimension affects other dimensionsdirectly or indirectly. In fact, a district of Tehran municipality may be more resilient than other districts in some dimensions, but this does not suffice by its own and vulnerability in one dimension reduces the resilience of the whole district.Therefore, a resilient city or district needs to reduce its vulnerability in all dimensions and achieve resilience and crisis management in their real sense. One of the main concerns in the study of urban issues and urban planning is the issue of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the city and urban land uses. In the present study, an attempt has been made to perform quantitative index analysis of urban land uses under the topic of fair distribution of land uses per capita.And for the analysis of quality index, urban land uses were separately investigated based on their compatibility, capacity, and desirability level.This is another innovation of the present study which makes it different from other researches.In the discussion of compatibility,a model has been developed in ArcGIS environmentbased on the rules of urban planning to determine the compatibility of neighboring land uses. The highest level of incompatibility between neighboring land uses was observed in the western and southwestern part of the district. In terms of capacity, a model has been designed for existing uses in the area based on the standard accessibility zone. Regarding desirability, appropriateness of spatial conditions (slope, pollution, odor, location ...) and the land uses in a particular place have been considered as important criterion used to distinguish desirable and undesirable areas.The present studyinvestigates appropriateness of land uses based on standard slope. As previously mentioned, a model has been developed for each case in the GIS environment and the results are provided as a map at the end of each section. Following qualitative analysis, the most incompatible land uses were identified. Finally, the following solutions and suggestions are provided to improve and manage land use and for the managementof possible future crisis: Using empty spaces in the district and worthless lands in the southern and southwestern areas of the district to prevent the physical expansion and encroachment of the district on Tehran and Islamshahr. Considering a special zone around high-risk land uses such as gas stations and applying additional rules and regulations to prohibit increased density in these zones. Collecting physical and environmental data as much as possible, combining these data with each other, and using them statistically. Assessing earthquake risk and including the results in land use planning to mitigate risk and manage possiblecrisis. Distributingthe population in this districtbased on identified hazards in the area. Properly distributing parks and green spaces in the district, maintaining them for the times of possible crisis, ensuring easier access and equitable distribution among citizens. Increasing the quality of buildings in accordance with construction and urban planning standards, planning for the reconstruction and repairing of worn out buildings.
Yasser Ebrahimian Ghajari
Abstract
Introduction Natural hazards have always been a part of our surrounding environment and human life would be unimaginable without considering these hazards. With the development of social life, and particularly with urbanization and increasing expansion of cities, the dimensions of such incidents have ...
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Introduction Natural hazards have always been a part of our surrounding environment and human life would be unimaginable without considering these hazards. With the development of social life, and particularly with urbanization and increasing expansion of cities, the dimensions of such incidents have become more complicated. Earthquake is one of the most important natural hazards that takes the lives of many people every year. Although definite prediction of earthquake is not still possible, high-risk areas can be identified by zoning earthquake hazard using new technologies such as GIS, and measures can be taken to deal with the critical situation of identified regions during an earthquake. Planning of temporary accommodation with the aim of crisis management and reduction of secondary damages caused by the earthquake have always been amongmajor concerns of urban planners and managers. In the past, the policy of creating temporary accommodation centers and disaster relief sites lacked a specific program, so that locating a vacant land, with no owner was the most important principle for the creation of these centers in urban areas. It is now proved that these methods lack efficiency. However, recent advances in modern technologies such as GIS have improved planning process. This kind of planning procedure takes effective parameters and criteriainto account, many of which have spatial nature. Urban resiliency is one of the most important branches of urban crisis management, thus risk assessment and risk reduction planning, including site selection for temporary accommodation (as a principle of urban resiliency),are highly essential. Materials and methods The study area of the present research is Babol, one of the major and central cities of Mazandaran Province. Babol is located in BabolCounty, 14 km from the Caspian Sea and 10 km from the Alborz Mountains. With a total area of approximately 32 km2 and a population of250,217 (at the2016 census), it is the second most populous city in Mazandaran province.The 600 km long Caspian faults and 680 km long Alborz faults are among the effective faults of the study area. In the present study, effective measures for selectionof temporary accommodation siteswere extracted and weighted using expert opinions specialized in structural engineering, earthquake, urban planning, crisis management, passive defense, traffic and transportation. Identified criteria included distance from the river, distance from the fault, land use, distance from installations network, access to the transit network, distance from fire stations, population density, distance from tall buildings, distance from police stations and distance from health centers. Then, using GIS analytic functions, standard maps were produced and combined to identify the best areas for temporary accommodation (after a possible earthquake) in Babol. Criteria were weighted using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and weighted overlay method was also used to combine them. Results and discussion Analyzing the results indicated that only 7% of the total study area (Babol City) is appropriate for temporary accommodation. Identified areas were examined according to other temporary accommodation standards. Finally, six sites and a total of 107 hectares (less than 4% of the study area) were identified as suitable sitesfor temporary accommodation. With a very large area (37 hectares) and full access to water, electricity and gas facilities,the first site is locatednear eastern beltway of Baboland Lotus PondRecreational Complex. The second proposed site is a 11-hectarevacant arealocated in the northeastern part of Babol City, between Ramenet and Pari Kola Villages. With a total area of 22 hectares,the third proposed site is located in the south-east of Babol City and near Babol-Qa’emShahr Road. Unlike the previous three sites, the fourth proposed site is located almost inside the city. It is a vacant 5-hectarearea in the northern side of the Motamedi Martyrs’ Cemetery. The next site, also located inside the city, is Aminian Dormitory (Noushirovani University of Technology) with a total area of 4 hectares. Although the last proposed site was ranked lower than the other five sites in the final analysis, it has the highest score among available sites inwestern side of Babol river. With a total area of 28 hectares, this site is located within a short distance of Imam Khamenei Highway. Conclusion According to the international standards, per capita area for temporary accommodation is approximately 4 m2. Therefore,with a population of about 250,217,Babol needs an average space of 100 hectares for temporary accommodation. Although, the proposed space for temporary accommodation (107 hectares) in Babol almost equals the required space (100 hectares), with the present rate of population growth inBabol, increasedconstructions, and consequently, reduction of appropriate space for temporary accommodation, Babol will definitely face a shortage of suitable space for temporary accommodation of earthquake victimsin near future. Moreover, the spatial distribution of suitable sites for temporary accommodation is not reasonable, as most of the suitable sites are located in the eastern part and within the boundaries of the city. While, these sites are expected to be scattered throughout the city with an equal access for all residents.Finally, it can be concluded that temporary accommodation of earthquake victimswas not considered in urban planning of Babol, and as a result, the city does not have a suitable status regarding temporary accommodation of earthquake victims.
Amir Mahmoudzadeh; Iran Ghaazi; Maryam Askari
Abstract
Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn ...
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Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn out texture of Ilam city is 374 hectares, which covers 19% of the total area, including the old parts and the central texture of the city. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and field research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management of earthquake crisis in Ilam's worn-out texture in which, indices such as type of materials, age of buildings, number of floors, type of uses, occupation level, quality of buildings, population density, width of passageways, and area have been studied. The results show that the building materials account for the highest weight and the other factors are a function of the condition of the materials used in the structure. The output vulnerability map showed that out of the total area except the passageways, 8.9% had very high vulnerability, 59% had high vulnerability, 23% had moderate vulnerability, 3.6% had low vulnerability, 5.5% had very low vulnerability and overall, 67.9% of the worn-out texture area is vulnerable based on existing indicators.The research proposals have been presented in three areas: high vulnerability, moderate vulnerability and low vulnerability.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mohsen Ahad Nejad Roshti; Shahrivar Roustaei; Mohammad Javad Kameli far
Abstract
Urban road network is one of the most important urban arteries which has a significant impact on the relief and rescue operations, the evacuation of the injured and harmed people, especially after the crisis. Therefore, assessing the vulnerability of urban road network and planning to reduce these ...
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Urban road network is one of the most important urban arteries which has a significant impact on the relief and rescue operations, the evacuation of the injured and harmed people, especially after the crisis. Therefore, assessing the vulnerability of urban road network and planning to reduce these harms is necessary. This descriptive-analytical research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the urban road network against earthquake by crisis management approach in region 1 of the city of Tabriz. In order to assess the vulnerability of urban road network of Tabriz region 1, three criteria of confinement degree, density, and constructional characteristics were selected. The density criterion includes the sub-criteria of population density and constructional density and the criterion of building characteristics includes five sub-criteria ofage of the building, the quality of the building, type of use, occupation level and type of materials. Each one of these sub-criteria has several sub-criteria as well, which were evaluated by Delphi method. Finally, after assessing the vulnerability of the roads in each sub-criterion, the layers were overlaid by the Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) method in the form of IDRISI software. The final results indicate that the vulnerability of the study area roads network (excludingthe newly built neighborhoods) is more than moderate, and is mostly high and very high.The vulnerability of the roads networkis more common in informal residential neighborhoods which should be considered as a priority in planning.
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Hoseini; Mohammad Soleymani; Farhad Azizpour; Zahra Porbar
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 46-53
Abstract
Annually, earthquake damnify many countries dramatically and damages human communities physically and psychologically. Regarding absolute annual average of people facing earthquake threat, Iran ranks 7th in Asia and 13th in the world. Throughout history, Qiru Karzin city has always faced devastating ...
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Annually, earthquake damnify many countries dramatically and damages human communities physically and psychologically. Regarding absolute annual average of people facing earthquake threat, Iran ranks 7th in Asia and 13th in the world. Throughout history, Qiru Karzin city has always faced devastating earthquakes which have resulted in many losses and damages in rural and urban areas. In this regard, spatial information system can play an influential role in identifying areas facing earthquake hazard, their dispersion, the quality of physical structure in danger and analyzing economic, social and demographic features of the area in danger. The present study seeks to identify secure and unsecure zones and find appropriate locations for crisis management bases in Qiru Karzin. To reach this goal, information received from different criteria is studied and classified into three classes of natural variables, physical variables and institutional-management variables. Then, information layers of different criteria are entered into GIS environment and standardized using Fuzzy linear functions. Later, maps are integrated using Fuzzy Plus. Finally, appropriate and inappropriate zones are identified regarding risk taking and construction of crisis management bases. According to the research results, three villages were selected based on their capability for creating crisis management bases in three levels. These villages will aid rural municipalities (Dehyaris) in the process of crisis management in Qiru Karzin and in reaching goals of crisis management bases using geographic information system capabilities .
Ali Jozi Khamselooei; Hoda Javaheran
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 87-92
Abstract
The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, ...
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The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, designing a defensible urban space is one of the most important topics in securing metropolises. These spaces may include designing secure residential spaces, integrating public spaces with different land uses (commercial centers, governmental offices and other important organizations), controlling population density in important urban areas in different time periods and improving transportation systems and crisis management. With access to comprehensive information and general data, we can prepare a map of urban crisis and improve urban security and safety by implementation of optimal solutions. The pattern of spatial changes in cities and the framework of urban land use are among the most important issues in urban security and safety which indicate the importance of passive defense planning. Urban spatial planning is among the most important leverages which shows the vulnerability of different urban areas in the case of natural and human crisis in different time and locations. Urban security and safety depends on very complex patterns of density related causes and multiple effects. The complexity of these patterns suggests that providing simple commentaries and describing specific causes have a limited value in optimizing urban security and safety. The present article seeks to evaluate the role of passive defense in providing and optimizing security of metropolises, and suggests fundamental strategies for decreasing secondary crisis (after the occurrence of primary crisis such as flood, earthquake, fire and urban chaos. It seems that the passive defense approach is a new strategic view in establishing the security of metropolises and building a healthy and secure city.
Ali Mohammadpour; Kheder Faraji Rad
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 5-26
Abstract
Tehran as a political and economic capital city of Iran has an unsafe structure and the safety issue have not been considered until now. However, Tehran is faced several natural disasters, including earthquikes and it is essential to identifying and addressing the specific framework of urban spatial ...
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Tehran as a political and economic capital city of Iran has an unsafe structure and the safety issue have not been considered until now. However, Tehran is faced several natural disasters, including earthquikes and it is essential to identifying and addressing the specific framework of urban spatial divisions for the efficient management during crisis in Tehran. This article try to answer therefore, aims to answer this fundamental question that what the appropriate zoning of the Tehran city is, with emphasis on crisis management.
The GIS and AHP combined and qualitative method were used to answer the above question. The results demonstrated that many parts of Tehran are in the areas with high vulnerability (16446.75) hectares.
The results, also showed that (10004.25) hectares of Tehran are among the areas With medium vulnerability. In addition the above results, the article conclude that the administrative divisions of Tehran is not corresponded With the determined activites and tasks of the professional committees of organization of prevention and crisis management of Tehran city, therefore, is necessary to redefine the administrative divisions of Tehran in relation to crisis management.
Hassan Ali Faraji Sabokbar; Mahdi Modiri; Rahim Ali Abbaspur; Saeed Rahimi
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 36-41
Abstract
Human beings have spent many decades trying to confront and overcome the nature. This is a continuous confrontation and fight against the nature whose unbounded forces enlarge and result in more catastrophes every day. Recently, this endeavor and fighting have appeared much more useful, due to the scientific ...
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Human beings have spent many decades trying to confront and overcome the nature. This is a continuous confrontation and fight against the nature whose unbounded forces enlarge and result in more catastrophes every day. Recently, this endeavor and fighting have appeared much more useful, due to the scientific development and related communication and information strategies in crisis management.
In competitive environment, survival depends on not being taken by surprise and success is the reward of taking someone by surprise. Therefore, the necessity of being prepared and having a coherent plan to fight natural forces in the context of crisis management is obvious. The present study tries to define crisis along with its different forms and investigate factors which result in the importance of these phenomenon in human societies. Moreover, it introduces concepts of crisis management and its different phases while defining Telegeoinformatics sciences. Finally, a Telegeoinformatic structure was proposed to launch crisis management system
Masoud Taghvaei; Fahimeh Soleimani
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 66-73
Abstract
Flood is an exceptional, extreme water stream that may be overflowed from the natural bed of the river and occupy the land around the bed. Flooding can be the result of heavy rain, quick melting of snow and ice, or the destruction of dams. Whatever the reason for this process, when it enters the urban ...
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Flood is an exceptional, extreme water stream that may be overflowed from the natural bed of the river and occupy the land around the bed. Flooding can be the result of heavy rain, quick melting of snow and ice, or the destruction of dams. Whatever the reason for this process, when it enters the urban areas, it causes damage and sometimes heavy casualties, as the city invades the natural hydrological spaces (rivers and river beds) during its development.
Over the past few decades, new methods have been developed to deal with floods, and these methods are of a more pre-emptive and non-therapeutic nature. By laying down and implementing specific plans for urban land use, regulations and laws, as well as education of people, flood damage can be reduced and minimized, while avoiding heavily costs of the construction of flood control structures.
In this regard, the present study, by documentary study, identifies the effects of natural factors (precipitation) and the resulting crisis in urban planning, which results in attention to crisis management in urban planning in order to prevent flooding and reduce rainfall damages as well as extending the optimal use of rainwater in a variety of aspects.
Rasul Rabbani; Alireza Ghaffari
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 88-93
Abstract
The Persian Gulf is an area in the Middle East that is geopolitically important and attracted by world powers due to its unique features throughout history. In this article, the author seeks to investigate the explanation of the conditions, characteristics, issues and problems of the Gulf states as well ...
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The Persian Gulf is an area in the Middle East that is geopolitically important and attracted by world powers due to its unique features throughout history. In this article, the author seeks to investigate the explanation of the conditions, characteristics, issues and problems of the Gulf states as well as the causes of failure in the Persian Gulf states to establish a relationship between them at high levelsو and tries to provide an appropriate solution to prevent possible crises. This region has always been paid great attention by international powers due to the availability of special oil reserves and a special strategic location, due to which the powers in adopting their foreign policy inevitably have to take into account the effective components of the countries of the region and its potential conditions.
Accordingly, one of the issues that is important and somehow plays a key role in determining the foreign policy of the countries of the region is the Crisis. For this purpose, one of the issues that needs to be addressed in this regard, is to provide appropriate strategies and to adopt an active strategy to manage and overcome existing crises (Management Crisis) with regard to the need to create, maintain and consolidate the mutual or multilateral regional relations and the necessity of determining the strategy for political, economic and cultural cohesion of the neighboring countries in order to fulfil the security of the Persian Gulf region.
Masoud Taghvaii; Hamid Reza Hakimi
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 42-49
Abstract
Urban crises after the unexpected incidents, especially earthquakes, are among the ongoing problems of urban societies and are becoming more and more important with the concentration of population in urban areas and the accumulation of activity and residence in them. Today, "pre-crisis planning" is one ...
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Urban crises after the unexpected incidents, especially earthquakes, are among the ongoing problems of urban societies and are becoming more and more important with the concentration of population in urban areas and the accumulation of activity and residence in them. Today, "pre-crisis planning" is one of the three areas of activity that is considered in agenda 21 on the development of human settlement planning and management in disaster-prone areas. (Travati, Hamid and Seyyed Amir Ayat, 1998, p. 81). Therefore, it is important that the crisis management planning recognize its position in the development of cities of our country more seriously, especially metropolises, and in this case the role of the green and open spaces in the planning of crisis management are undeniable. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to rely on the secondary and documentary data, field observations and surveys, and the use of quantitative analysis to evaluate the green spaces of the city of Borujen and assess the city's ability to face crises (especially earthquakes). The results of the studies clearly indicate a relatively favorable situation for green and open spaces in this city. But in order to achieve the desired status, measures should be taken to develop and normally re-distribute green spaces and equip them with suitable facilities in this city. Increasing the extent of green spaces is only justified by the role of the city as the supportive center of the province in the planning of crisis management.
Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar; Morteza Zera'ati
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 24-31
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster, but in practice, the flood is one of the most terrible natural disasters in the world in both terms of mortality and financial losses. Between 1988 and 1997, around 390,000 people were killed in natural disasters around the world, 58% of whom were ...
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Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster, but in practice, the flood is one of the most terrible natural disasters in the world in both terms of mortality and financial losses. Between 1988 and 1997, around 390,000 people were killed in natural disasters around the world, 58% of whom were related to flood, 26% were affected by earthquake, and 16% victims of hurricanes and other disasters. Total damage over the past 10 years was about $ 700 billion, of which 33, 29, and 28 per cent were related to flood, storm and earthquakes, respectively. In this regard, a worrying issue has been the increasing trend of mortality and flood damage in the world in recent decades. The phenomenon of flood in Iran is considered as the most harmful natural disaster whose damages account for more than 70% of the whole natural disasters. Increasing population and assets in floodplains, hydrosystem changes and destructive effects of human activities have been among the main reasons for this trend. Today, with the development of information technology, much emphasis has been put on the use of GIS to model and assess the dangers and damage caused by floods. The high speed and precision of these systems, their vast coverage and multi-aspect nature, and their ease of use and low cost have made them more and more utilized in managing the flood crisis. In this paper, we tried to use the GIS technique in managing the flood risk crisis in Kashan area.
Mas'oud Taghvaei; Morteza Fazeli
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 57-60
Abstract
The rapid growth of urbanization and the growth of metropolitan cities in developing countries, the movement of today's and tomorrow's economy towards urban characteristics, the imposition of environmental and geographical conditions on societies, and the alignment of the world toward a unified system ...
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The rapid growth of urbanization and the growth of metropolitan cities in developing countries, the movement of today's and tomorrow's economy towards urban characteristics, the imposition of environmental and geographical conditions on societies, and the alignment of the world toward a unified system has led the necessity of a multifaceted science called urban management be increasingly felt. Lightning and thunderbolts are two very interesting phenomena in the face of which human beings have long been doomed, and it has not been long since they have been able, by relying on the science of electrical conduction, to save their lives and their structures from unpredictable invasions of thunderbolt. In this research, which is conducted by the secondary method, information from different sources and books is collected and classified using note-taking method. The findings of this research show that the broad dimensions of casualties and losses caused by thunderbolt necessitates extensive research in the field of optimization and immunization of cities. In this regard, in urban development plans, reducing the vulnerability of citizens and society to lightning phenomena is necessary. Therefore, for sustainable development, cities must work towards sustainability. It is according to this view that cities and citizens should be trained in ways, including crisis drills, to enhance their readiness in order to be able to deal with natural disasters (thunderbolt), and so be able to survive and grow.
Gholam Reza Latifi
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 22-26
Abstract
The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase of the number of large cities in the world especially in developing countries including Iran on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and accumulation of population, and increase of environmental and economic load on them ...
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The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase of the number of large cities in the world especially in developing countries including Iran on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and accumulation of population, and increase of environmental and economic load on them on the other, have led, in addition to greater attention paid to cities, to the acceptance of numerous roles and functions by them. One of the issues that most of the big cities in the world are concerned with is natural disasters. The unpredictability inherent in most of natural disasters and the need for rapid and correct decision-making and implementation of the operation in their face have created the theoretical and fundamental foundations of a science named Crisis Management. This science refers to a set of activities that take place before, during and after the crisis to reduce the effects of these incidents and decrease vulnerability. This has a special relationship with geography and urban planning and management. By using the principles and regulations of urban planning and by clarifying the concepts of this science such as the form, texture and structure of cities, urban land use, communication networks, urban infrastructure, etc., we can greatly reduce the effects and consequences of natural disasters. The geographic extent of Iran is one of the most vulnerable parts of the Planet in terms of the probability of occurrence of these events, especially earthquakes. Every year the occurrence of these incidents causes a great deal of life and financial losses, and urban areas have always had a bitter experience of the occurrence of such disasters. It seems therefore to be necessary to carry out specific planning for the safety of urban spaces. Cities are severely damaged by such cases due to population concentration and economic investment in them. Since the beginning of their formation, they have chosen a particular form and structure for their growth and have expanded over time. The science of urbanization can reduce the effects of such disasters by explaining its principles and concepts and by relying on geographical data, and crisis management can use these data to implement the necessary management principles to reduce the vulnerability of cities to these events.
Sirous Ghanbari; Arman Ghazi Askari Na'eenei
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 54-60
Abstract
In order to prevent, counteract and reduce the effects of natural disasters such as earthquakes, we have to deal, in addition to technical matters, with crisis management and planning how to deal with crises caused by natural disasters. If the probable problems arising from the crisis are not foreseen, ...
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In order to prevent, counteract and reduce the effects of natural disasters such as earthquakes, we have to deal, in addition to technical matters, with crisis management and planning how to deal with crises caused by natural disasters. If the probable problems arising from the crisis are not foreseen, the cost of reconstruction and repair of damages by the crisis will be very high. Crises caused by natural disasters will have significant socio-mental and economic effects on society. Therefore, recognizing the principles of proper methods of disaster management can be effective in preventing the occurrence or reduction of the negative effects of these incidents and preventing them from becoming social, economic and environmental crises. Therefore, the availability of proper management plans in times of crisis will, on the one hand, strengthen the foundations of society in all fields and, on the other, significantly decrease the amount of financial and life damages and prevent social, economic and environmental collapse.
Mehrdad Hoseini
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 15-17
Abstract
Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various ...
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Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various world reports and the latest statements by the International Community, but scientific doubts also exist on reasoning behind climate change reported by “CHANGEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATE”. As BRYSON (1977) states, surge from one pattern to another might change the climate of some of the mid-range-latitude areas drastically, and it is very likely to create a “drought-or-flood” pattern. The increase in temperature in some of Iran's meteorological stations indicates a tendency towards arid climate, and probably the period of climate change has begun in the country of Iran. The country, according to the research, has a pattern of a number of years of droughts alternated by a number of rainy years. Environmental problems such as global warming, frequent occurrence of droughts, expansion of deserts and the increasing trend of desertification, increasing number of forbidden areas for the extraction of water and occurrence of destructive floods have caused ecological instability in the country and have increased the vulnerability of the country's natural resources.
