Mahmoud Mahdinejad; Mohsen Saghaei
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 53-57
Abstract
According to existing statistics, the tourism industry, as the second source of foreign exchange earnings in 49 developing countries, has a major role in the economic development of these countries.Today the tourism industry is referred to as a powerful arm for increasing income and reducing poverty ...
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According to existing statistics, the tourism industry, as the second source of foreign exchange earnings in 49 developing countries, has a major role in the economic development of these countries.Today the tourism industry is referred to as a powerful arm for increasing income and reducing poverty in developing countries. The importance of tourism industry is so significant that for the first time in the recent United Nations Charter, declared at a session held with participation of representatives from developing and developed countries, the chairmen of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization and the Secretary-General of UNCTAD, developed countries have been called upon to help the countries of the Third World participate in the growth and promotion of this industry in the world, and to take part in poverty alleviation in these countries through supplying necessary facilities and investments.Given that Iran is one of the top ten countries in terms of tourist attractions, and this industry can replace the oil-based one-product economy of Iran, solutions to the challenges of this industry in the country and its improvement should be in the agenda of related organizations.It is hoped that the issues discussed in this paper and the suggestions and conclusions obtained act as a strategy for development of tourism in the country.
Majid Lashgari
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 53-56
Abstract
During the recent years, the city of Mashhad has been growing relatively fast, resulting in significant land use changes. Thousands of hectares of agricultural lands, gardens and pastures have been destroyed and have changed into other uses such as cities, industrial districts, and so on. Following this ...
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During the recent years, the city of Mashhad has been growing relatively fast, resulting in significant land use changes. Thousands of hectares of agricultural lands, gardens and pastures have been destroyed and have changed into other uses such as cities, industrial districts, and so on. Following this fact, the streets have been widened and new parks have been created.The discovery and rehabilitation of urban land use change is one of the most important issues of city planning and management. There are different ways to discover and retrieve changes and to use remote sensing data. In this research, subtraction and division of images, regression, principal component analysis and subtraction bands, as well as utilization of fuzzy logic, comparison of classification and clear probabilities obtained from the maximum probability method have been considered.To understand and discover the changes, the city of Mashhad has been examined using Landsat TM satellite images of the years 1987 and 1996.
In this research, using posterior probabilities obtained by the maximum probability classification, the type and amount of membership probability of each pixel in change was determined. Then the classes in 1987 and 1996 were subtracted. The results of this study show that: A. Multi-time satellite images show land use changes in the studied area very well. B) Using two methods of principal components analysis and the fuzzy logic simultaneously, the place and the degree of membership of the pixels in the changes are recognizable. C) In the images obtained from reduction of posterior probabilities related to the corresponding classes, the changes are represented by positive or negative numbers and are clearly distinguishable from the areas with no changes. Therefore, the method based on use of posterior probabilities derived from classification of maximum probability is the most appropriate method, because it can determine the type and nature of the changes and the possibility of membership in changes.
Siamak Taghizadeh ghaleh jooghi; Manuchehr Masumi
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 59-65
Abstract
Land forms are always changing because of human activities and natural phenomena. In urban environment, these changes happen with more diversity and speed. As a result, understanding land use changes is essential for optimal urban management. Thus, accessing information regarding land use and its changes ...
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Land forms are always changing because of human activities and natural phenomena. In urban environment, these changes happen with more diversity and speed. As a result, understanding land use changes is essential for optimal urban management. Thus, accessing information regarding land use and its changes over time are among important issues in urban management. Population growth and overusing the earth potential have increased the pressure on environment. Therefore, controlling the trend of urban development is necessary.
Using the new and precise tool of GIS and RS sciences and techniques, satellite images and aerial photos, scholars, researchers and planners can investigate and study environmental and physical changes of the city in different time periods, exploit and analyze data, control and predict urban development trend.
In order to determine level of land use changes in Naqade during 1964-1999, the present article investigate and analyze aerial photos and satellite images in different land uses and land covers in five different classes like residential classes, roads, vegetation, jungles, and surface water. Results were determined and digitalized in different layers for the sake of comparing and analyzing the changes.
Hosein Hataminejad (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 59-64
Abstract
There are three research levels in examination of urban structures. The first and third levels are overviewed at the beginning. The micro level of research studies the cities independently based on their unique location, historical origin and development, special combination of urban functions and applications ...
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There are three research levels in examination of urban structures. The first and third levels are overviewed at the beginning. The micro level of research studies the cities independently based on their unique location, historical origin and development, special combination of urban functions and applications and land use. Harris and Ulman, in their famous research in 1945 entitled “The Nature of Cities” clarified this point of view through the following statement: “Any city is unique in details but similar to other cities in function and pattern”.In micro scale of research, all cities of the world are studied according to their common picture: a city is a considered as a type of residence on global scale that shows certain forms and functions which make it a city.
Mas'oud Taghvaei; Shirin Arsian
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
Ecotourism is a type of tourism that emphasizes natural attractions (Edington Ecotourism, 1995), and which needs, above all else, to establish a relationship between human and nature, especially in certain areas of the planet where nature shows a harsher face. Therefore, in this article, the necessity ...
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Ecotourism is a type of tourism that emphasizes natural attractions (Edington Ecotourism, 1995), and which needs, above all else, to establish a relationship between human and nature, especially in certain areas of the planet where nature shows a harsher face. Therefore, in this article, the necessity and manner of this relationship and the effective role of man in this regard have been considered, and by studying the climate as one of the most important factors in the environment, the climatic characteristics of the Polar Regions have been examined in terms of specific conditions caused by them in tourism industry. Finally, we have studied ice hotels as the best example of using one of the world's most violent natural environments as tourist attractions. This example can be a model for territories that have a violent and different character of nature.
Mahdi Dehghan (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
Goverments, water planners and international organizations have warned in recent years that in the twenty-first century all conflicts will be on the issue of water. This issue has been increasingly utilized to justify building of new dams and palns of changing the path of rivers. but these dams and pipelines ...
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Goverments, water planners and international organizations have warned in recent years that in the twenty-first century all conflicts will be on the issue of water. This issue has been increasingly utilized to justify building of new dams and palns of changing the path of rivers. but these dams and pipelines don't produce new sources of water, but merely carry water from one place of consumption to another (and usually from poor regions to wealthy ones, or from areas of prudent consumption of water to neglecting,wasteful ones)
M.H Ramesht
Volume 1, Issue 4 , May 1992, , Pages 61-63
Abstract
The Khuzestan plain is considered by geologists to be a sub-unit of the Zagros complex, which is far from the center of crisis, and is actually miles away from the shield of Arabia. Regardless of the active dynamism of the wind, which plays a major role in the dynamics and mobility of the environment, ...
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The Khuzestan plain is considered by geologists to be a sub-unit of the Zagros complex, which is far from the center of crisis, and is actually miles away from the shield of Arabia. Regardless of the active dynamism of the wind, which plays a major role in the dynamics and mobility of the environment, other factors such as the Karun and the Karkheh rivers and their floods, temperature, tidal force and gentle slope are also among the elements considered to play a major role in landform structure and geomorphologic dynamisms of the area. Wind, in contrast to its performance in most places that is mainly physical, plays an erosive role in creation of geomorphological phenomena and has a chemical function in this part of the land of Iran.
Amir Gandomkar
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
Cluster analysis is a multivariate statistical method that can be used to group a set of observations or variables. The simplest method of cluster analysis is the K-Means non-hierarchical method used for observation clustering in which the number of clusters is unclear. (Johnson and D.Wichern 1988). ...
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Cluster analysis is a multivariate statistical method that can be used to group a set of observations or variables. The simplest method of cluster analysis is the K-Means non-hierarchical method used for observation clustering in which the number of clusters is unclear. (Johnson and D.Wichern 1988). In this method, observations are put in the same clusters based on the least difference among the means. Thus, at first a number of different groups are formed, and each of the observations is consecutively put in different groups and the difference between its mean and the mean of the group is calculated, until it is eventually placed in the group with the least calculated difference (Milligan, G.W.1980). To measure the difference between the means of observations, the Euclidean distance method is used.
Mahmud Mohebbi
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
The advantage of repetitive Wifs data with poor spatial resolution is to estimate products. The analysis of Wifs data at different times indicates the phenological changes that cause the product to be isolated and can be used to identify the products and changes due to different stages of growth.The ...
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The advantage of repetitive Wifs data with poor spatial resolution is to estimate products. The analysis of Wifs data at different times indicates the phenological changes that cause the product to be isolated and can be used to identify the products and changes due to different stages of growth.The results of the Wifs data at different times show that different products are separated according to temporal and spectral characteristics. However, they show similar shapes like forest, city and deep water with their little or no changes. These shapes can be used to normalize atmospheric effects on temporal data needed for spectral profiles.
Abdalali Hemmati
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 63-64
Abstract
About one year ago, a comprehensive book entitled "Modern Surveying", including the latest developments and advancements was published in two volumes and 1514 pages, the latest book by Dr. Hasan Shamsi, the retired professor of the University of Tehran. This book has been preparad in eleven chapters.
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About one year ago, a comprehensive book entitled "Modern Surveying", including the latest developments and advancements was published in two volumes and 1514 pages, the latest book by Dr. Hasan Shamsi, the retired professor of the University of Tehran. This book has been preparad in eleven chapters.
Mehri Azani; Hoda Zal
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 64-70
Abstract
There is no doubt that tourism is considered as an economic and cultural phenomenon in the world, and it is highly recommended in Islamic Jurisprudence. But there is also a special discussion of Muslim women and non-Muslim women which is to be examined. Women's tourism, especially Muslim women, is one ...
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There is no doubt that tourism is considered as an economic and cultural phenomenon in the world, and it is highly recommended in Islamic Jurisprudence. But there is also a special discussion of Muslim women and non-Muslim women which is to be examined. Women's tourism, especially Muslim women, is one of the most important issues that has so far been rarely addressed. The social presence of women has been emphasized in Muslims holy book (Quran) and Prophetic Hadiths . Of course, it's important to observe Islamic law and its necessities in how women behave on the journey. The purpose of this study is to examine the tourism of women and its opportunities and setbacks from the point of view of Islam. The research method is descriptive-case study. The importance of travel and journey in Islam in order to establish communication with the Creator and the necessity of traveling for women and men, the tourism characteristics of women in Islam, the role of the effects of this tourism, and similarities in the tourism of Muslim and non-Muslim women are amongst the findings of this research.
Lotfollah Emad Ali
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 74-76
Abstract
GEONET (GPS geologic observation network), including 1200 permanent stations, is the largest GPS network in the world. This paper briefly examines the history, system, applications and future prospects of the network. Introduction GEONET (GPS geologic observation network) is the national GPS network ...
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GEONET (GPS geologic observation network), including 1200 permanent stations, is the largest GPS network in the world. This paper briefly examines the history, system, applications and future prospects of the network. Introduction GEONET (GPS geologic observation network) is the national GPS network of Japan with 1,200 permanent GPS stations, which is currently the largest GPS network in the world. This network was created by the Geographic Organization of Japan with the aim of determining the changes in the Crust’s shape and geodetic control. In order to accelerate the process of monitoring the Crust’s shape changes and add this task as a social infrastructure to instant positioning services and other applications, the ability to instantly determine the position is also added to this network. In this paper, we briefly discuss the network’s history, system, applications and future outlook.
Fereshteh Tavakkoli
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 75-79
Abstract
At the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, natural resources around the world have been severely damaged due to extensive industrial efforts to achieve a better economy. This type of development, which has reached its peak in the last century, is unstable because ...
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At the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, natural resources around the world have been severely damaged due to extensive industrial efforts to achieve a better economy. This type of development, which has reached its peak in the last century, is unstable because it has violated its goals, which are more comfort and better economy for human beings. Environmental contamination, whether in important issues such as weather and soil or in other matters, has led to various illnesses and diseases, and has seriously threatened the healthy life and comfort of humans. The result of these industrial efforts and the unbridled consumption of fossil fuels has not only contributed to environmental pollution in the world's cities, but also the issue of climate change and global warming has shown the worldwide scale of environmental issues. The haphazard and limitless growth of industry and environment threatens our lives and our children’s, and it is evident that the destruction of the environment does not affect only one country, but it will have global effects. This is why the International Standard Organization ISO, along with other relevant global and regional organizations, is committed to protecting the environment. The necessity of maintaining the cleanliness of the environment and preventing its further contamination is nowadays considered as a global goal and is followed by international institutions and various human societies at the global level, and each society takes measures in different dimensions and in various fields where there is a risk of environmental pollution, and all of these activities are for the aim of protecting the environment for today’s human being as well as for the future.
Hassan Hassanpour Boghdekandi
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 80-85
Mohammad Mireh; Esmael Aghaiizadeh
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 80-90
Abstract
Rapid urbanization as a result of population growth and migration from village to city, is considered a critical process in urban areas. This study examines the dynamics of the landscape using multi-time satellite images of two cities, the Houston of the state of Texas in the United States and Daqing ...
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Rapid urbanization as a result of population growth and migration from village to city, is considered a critical process in urban areas. This study examines the dynamics of the landscape using multi-time satellite images of two cities, the Houston of the state of Texas in the United States and Daqing of the state of Heilongjiang in China. Although the two cities have been in different socio-political contexts, the development of both has been based on oil over the last 50 years. By comparing the pattern and dynamics of the landscape in these two cities, we can understand that urbanization in these two oil cities has been effective in landscape pattern, especially in the natural landscape. A series of landscape indicators are selected along with ecological complementary concepts for ease of analysis of spatial dynamics during a 20-year interval. Based on the obtained indicators, a general trend in the changes of the landscape in these two cities has become evident. Since human landscape, such as residential areas, is widely replaced by other natural classes, natural landscapes such as pastures and wetlands have been eroded or have been cut into inconsistent patterns.
Lotfollah Emad Ali (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 80-80
Abstract
By using coordinates of satellites and determining the receiver's distance from the satellite, the position of the GPS receiver is calculated and the distance is determined by measuring the time of the radio signal’s travel from satellite to receiver. But how are satellite coordinates determined ...
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By using coordinates of satellites and determining the receiver's distance from the satellite, the position of the GPS receiver is calculated and the distance is determined by measuring the time of the radio signal’s travel from satellite to receiver. But how are satellite coordinates determined and how is the time is measured? This is the topic of determining the satellite position and we know what it is and does, but we do not know how it works. In general, the determination of satellite position is a matter of triangulation. The receiver coordinates can be calculated by knowing the position of three satellites and measuring the distance between these satellites and the receiver. The distance between receiver and satellite is obtained by multiplying the radio signal’s travel time by the speed of waves (speed of light). But how we monitor the satellite's position permanently? The orbits of satellites can not be fully and accurately determined, and change by the effects of the forces imposed by celestial bodies. Since radio signals move at the speed of 300,000 km / s, inaccuracy in time measuring of the magnitude of one nanosecond leads to an error of 30 cm in distance measurement, while by using geometric receivers, precision of the order of magnitude of one centimeter can be achieved.
Nasrin Nikandish; Seyyed Farzad Hosseynizadeh Arani
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 81-86
Abstract
Analyzing landslide and risk management are among the important responsibilities of managers. The present study explores different features of landslide using Google earth satellite images and Geographic Information system. Case study includes landslide zone in Chahar Takhte which is located in Ardal, ...
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Analyzing landslide and risk management are among the important responsibilities of managers. The present study explores different features of landslide using Google earth satellite images and Geographic Information system. Case study includes landslide zone in Chahar Takhte which is located in Ardal, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiary province. Data was collected from Google earth and digital elevation model. Maps of landslide zone, land use, topographic and landslide development were produced based on the obtained images. Results indicate that the sliding mass is located near one of Karun tributaries, and undercutting by this tributary is one of the main reasons for the occurrence of landslide. The toe of this mass discharges sediments into the river. Rotational landslide happen in alluvium, colluvium and skirts with a less than 20 degree slope, while cliffs and toe have steep slope. Other reasons for the occurrence and development of landslide includes water drainage in Naqan city, roads and irrigated agriculture. 53 percent of flows are drained in south and south west directions. Main cliff in the landslide zone is located near grade IV and V water flows. Agricultural lands, roads and even Naqan face the threat of landslide zone development.
Esmail Nasrabadi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 83-88
Abstract
Access to climatic data is a fundamental prerequisite in any climatic study. In past years, data received from Meteorology organization stations were among the most reliable and acceptable data for climatic study and using precipitation data of these stations were a dominant paradigm among climatologists. ...
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Access to climatic data is a fundamental prerequisite in any climatic study. In past years, data received from Meteorology organization stations were among the most reliable and acceptable data for climatic study and using precipitation data of these stations were a dominant paradigm among climatologists. But in recent decades, flaws and incapability of this paradigm in generalizing data received from one station to a zone especially in the case of unruly variables like precipitation resulted in adding a new paradigm and applying precipitation network data. Needs of the new paradigm to these kinds of data are somehow satisfied with precipitation network data.
These bases collect precipitation data from different resources and produce these network data in different degrees of separation using specific geo-referenced methods for regional to global zones in long time periods. However, complete analysis of each available station is not possible due to multiple and varied available versions. The present article seeks to introduce the overall structure and general features of precipitation network data bases and their capabilities. Finally, precipitation map was produced based on data received from some precipitation data stations.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Zahra Ghasemi; Mahdi Heydaryan
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 84-87
Abstract
In recent years, various philosophical, political, social and economic schools have had a clear and profound influence on the geographic debate and have created new ideas. Radicalism is also one of these schools that was able to provide a deconstructive approach to solve as much as possible the problems ...
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In recent years, various philosophical, political, social and economic schools have had a clear and profound influence on the geographic debate and have created new ideas. Radicalism is also one of these schools that was able to provide a deconstructive approach to solve as much as possible the problems that space had to deal with, and to eliminate many of the established trends in geography. It is within this approach that radical geographers consider geographic space to be a historical-socio-political category that has been inscribed in nature. But what is most apparent in this school is the exploitation of Marxist and socialist ideologies. This article seeks to answer the question whether the legitimacy of radicalism in geography is due to its opposition to the views and frameworks that shape the geographic space for the benefit of the owners of power and capital or merely a paradigm that challenges the space perspective. To reach this goal, the author has tried to collect and analyze the issues using the documentary research method and referring to library resources. By studying the foundations of radicalism and its different perspectives, it clarifies the extent to which this school has been influenced by other ideologies as well as its impact on geographic studies, and discusses the various spaces that the advocates of this school have introduced in geography.
Asghar Zarabi; Yunos Gholami
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 84-91
Abstract
The social and economic changes of recent decades have caused regional imbalances and excessive concentration of facilities in some places and the deprivation of others. To overcome this problem, we need regional and district planning. We aim to provide a suitable model for the balanced distribution ...
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The social and economic changes of recent decades have caused regional imbalances and excessive concentration of facilities in some places and the deprivation of others. To overcome this problem, we need regional and district planning. We aim to provide a suitable model for the balanced distribution of services according to the population of settlements in the area and with consideration of spatial balance. Methodology in this research is a combination of documentary, statistical and analytical methods. In this paper, using Spearman Rank, Morris and 18 variables and indicators in social, cultural, health, etc. matters, we have studied and compared the level of development of villages in the central part of Gonabad city. Findings of this research show that there is a significant relationship between population levels and rural services (with a correlation coefficient of 0.73), Which is a sign of a relative balance in the distribution of services with respect to the population. There is also a direct correlation between the final coefficient of development with population and distance from the center. According to the general analyses, it can be concluded that distance from the city center and environmental constraints are two main factors at the level of development of villages in this section, and therefore, in order to provide better utilization of the services of villagers by residents, it is necessary to improve the rural roads and distribution of services in central parts of villages.
Aghil Madadi
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 85-87
Abstract
The Balkheli River, sourced from the Sabalan volcanic masses, which flows at the southwest-northeast direction and passes through the middle of Ardabil city, moves over a folded zone on its route southwest of the city of Ardebil. The axis of this fold is almost North-South, and the river cuts off the ...
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The Balkheli River, sourced from the Sabalan volcanic masses, which flows at the southwest-northeast direction and passes through the middle of Ardabil city, moves over a folded zone on its route southwest of the city of Ardebil. The axis of this fold is almost North-South, and the river cuts off the axis of the fold diagonally. The flow of the Dakhli River in the region for about 2 million years has led to the collapse and destruction of the Ujghaaz anticline nucleus and creation of a boutonnier. Since the river has cut the axis of fold (south-north) diagonally, so the river is in disagreement with the build of the land. Since the river has flooded over this structure after the folding of the area, the river's non-compliance with the geological structure is of a type of imposition. During the quaternary period, changes in the base level and the evolution of the meanders of the Balkheli River have led to the emergence and formation of two pseudo-coves in the eastern and western shores of the river. Given the fact that the weather conditions and the system of morphogenesis in the region are the same, the nature of lithology plays a decisive role in the development and evolution of the geomorphology of the above-mentioned Cuestas.
Hamid Enayati
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 86-90
Abstract
Summarizing DTM received from LIDAR data is performed to generalize (decrease details) and strengthen important features. In order to incarnate ground surface, we need to strengthen some especial features like routes and dames. The present article seeks to prepare an algorithm to extract routes. Using ...
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Summarizing DTM received from LIDAR data is performed to generalize (decrease details) and strengthen important features. In order to incarnate ground surface, we need to strengthen some especial features like routes and dames. The present article seeks to prepare an algorithm to extract routes. Using summarization algorithm, it is possible to estimate route network and LIDAR filtered cloud points.
Mehrdad Hoseini; Naser Maleki; Farrokh Matlabifar
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 86-90
Abstract
One of the basic and most fundamental factors in the structure of the planet is the climate. There is no doubt that humans, living things and manifestations of life on the Earth are affected by climatic conditions and atmospheric phenomena. Inappropriate distribution of dry land and water, different ...
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One of the basic and most fundamental factors in the structure of the planet is the climate. There is no doubt that humans, living things and manifestations of life on the Earth are affected by climatic conditions and atmospheric phenomena. Inappropriate distribution of dry land and water, different latitudes, passage of atmospheric systems, heights and elevations covered by snow and ice, dry desert without water and grass, forests covered by trees,... In different regions of the planet, has created different climatic conditions, in such a way that in the broad geography of the world, atmospheric and hydrological hazards such as floods, storms, thunder and lightning, fatal cold, overwhelming heat, etc., annihilate thousands of humans and living organisms annually, or bring about many financial and environmental losses. In this regard, today's civilized human is releasing into the atmosphere millions of tons of carbon dioxide and toxic pollutants annually in order to gain industrial agriculture, so that greenhouse gases have formed a dark blanket on the ozone layer, and this harsh and fatal contamination has seriously threatened the lives of humans and living beings. Therefore, today's violent climate and humans have caused climatic changes in micro and macro climatic levels. Therefore, it is desirable and imperative to identify and investigate climatic changes and to prepare research plans in order to overcome the hydrological atmospheric hazards and to reduce and control pollution and human industrial toxicants.
Ali Hassanvandi
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 89-91
Abstract
Currently, there is an increased global interest in influences and consequences of some agricultural activities performed to improve the production level, like increasing amount of inputs such as chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. on the environment and society. Furthermore, wastewater ...
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Currently, there is an increased global interest in influences and consequences of some agricultural activities performed to improve the production level, like increasing amount of inputs such as chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. on the environment and society. Furthermore, wastewater produced by washing stockyards and chicken farms create a large and widespread area covered by different kinds of pollutions.
It has been estimated that less than 1 percent of poison used in America is practically used for pests and the other 99 percent are wasted and released in the environment. 20 years ago every extra ton of fertilizer would add 15 to 20 tons to the global crop production, but today the same amount of extra fertilizer increase the production by only 5 to 10 tons (Hosseini, Shariati, Jihad Sh 258). Environmental factor is one of the factors that should be considered in rural development, as preserving the environment and its values in the face of various pollutions and destructions is very important. In performing rural development plan, soil and water degradation must be avoided with all means.
The present article studies and investigates environmental issues like soil erosion, forest degradation, chemical poisons and fertilizers, etc. in rural development. Afterwards, the importance and necessity of biological issues in rural development, case study and finally the consequences are analyzed.
Esma'il Shahkouii
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 89-94
Abstract
Precipitation as one of the climatic elements is an appropriate index for climate change. Precipitation in the studied years and the years before and after it shows the instability and the many fluctuations whose prediction, based on the probable precipitation formulas in hydrology, is very simple, important ...
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Precipitation as one of the climatic elements is an appropriate index for climate change. Precipitation in the studied years and the years before and after it shows the instability and the many fluctuations whose prediction, based on the probable precipitation formulas in hydrology, is very simple, important and practical, and can help prevent financial and life losses in the future. In this research, using the 21-year precipitation data in 12 stations of Golestan plain, the characteristics and the quality of precipitation, the monthly-seasonal and spatial precipitation regime, have been analyzed and presented through columnar and circular diagrams and tables, and since precipitation is an unstable climatic element, which changes from year to year in terms of time intervals, and it can not be expected that the behavior of the climate be the same and homogeneous everywhere, therefore, in calculating the empirical probabilities of occurrence of precipitation and probable precipitation, their monthly and yearly variation coefficients have been analyzed.
