Seyyed Ali Ebadinejad; Hamid Panahi
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 30-33
Abstract
Once man left his house for the first time in search of food, he needed a way to return home. The marking of rocks in the round trip, the use of coastline and celestial bodies such as the sun, the moon, and the stars were the first solutions that were less accurate and time-consuming. Later, with the ...
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Once man left his house for the first time in search of food, he needed a way to return home. The marking of rocks in the round trip, the use of coastline and celestial bodies such as the sun, the moon, and the stars were the first solutions that were less accurate and time-consuming. Later, with the development of technology of radio systems, and then the positioning satellites, routing became faster and more precise. The Global Positioning System was first created by the US Army in 1983, with an expense of $ 12 billion, and with launching the first satellite into space. This system has a variety of basic, manual and car models that have higher accuracy and cost, respectively. The system consists of three spatial, ground and user controls. The receivers will compare the time of sending the signal from the satellite with its receiving time and determine from the time difference the receiver's distance from the satellite. It is necessary to receive information from four satellites in order to find 3D coordinates. Availability in all hours of the day, any kind of weather conditions and ease of use are among the benefits of the system. Variants of this system include TRANSIT, GLONASS, SRARFIX and DORIS. System error sources include: user’s calculation errors and decrease in geometric accuracy.
Seyyed Mohammad Hadi Ayyazi
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 30-34
Abstract
In this article, we will look at the new American warfare policies that daily affect the world people’s plans for their lives. Dick Cheney, the current Vice President of the United States, who leads the White House’s war-mongering policies, has introduced a new hegemony called "the soft law". ...
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In this article, we will look at the new American warfare policies that daily affect the world people’s plans for their lives. Dick Cheney, the current Vice President of the United States, who leads the White House’s war-mongering policies, has introduced a new hegemony called "the soft law". Meanwhile, human societies do not feel good about this term today. It is more tangible when it can be seen that bright human attractions are buried in the dark underground trenches and are referred to in fake terms such as "soft norms". Of course, most studies and commentaries on the September 11 terrorist attacks focus on how this event happened and how everything changed at once. From another point of view, after the occurrence of this event, a new era of historical relations and rules was born, especially in post-modern geopolitics, as the event was unfortunately recorded in human history in a precise date and in an exact hour that was a landmark and very meaningful in terms of its time of occurrence .
Abbas Alimohammadi; Hadi Akbari
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 30-33
Abstract
All phenomena in the universe are undergoing change and transformation. Certainly, we can say that there is no phenomenon on the planet that does not undergo metamorphosis. The difference between the phenomena in terms of change is the difference in the rate of change. In studies on land and natural ...
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All phenomena in the universe are undergoing change and transformation. Certainly, we can say that there is no phenomenon on the planet that does not undergo metamorphosis. The difference between the phenomena in terms of change is the difference in the rate of change. In studies on land and natural resources, phenomena in general can be classified in terms of the rate of change into three categories: high speed (flood, earthquake, storm, climate change), average speed (land use, urban development) and slow (topographic changes, etc.) phenomena. Remote sensing has made it possible to study average and high speed changes. With the availability of images for two different times, changes can be assessed. In this regard, using images of the years 1988 and 1998 from the city of Tehran, changes in land use in this city have been retrieved and determined.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 30-36
Abstract
In order to achieve a precise method of converting PAN photography from a spatial image to a spatial object, a mathematical model has been designed in which at least one GCP (Ground Control Point) is used to determine the external justification of images. This mathematical model was originally prepared ...
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In order to achieve a precise method of converting PAN photography from a spatial image to a spatial object, a mathematical model has been designed in which at least one GCP (Ground Control Point) is used to determine the external justification of images. This mathematical model was originally prepared for Spot satellite imagery, which uses multicolinear equations to provide a satellite path model, while the satellite height difference would be formulized as a function of time using high-order polynomial modeling. Initial orbital information is obtained from the given data and refinement is also done using the iterative least squares solution. This mathematical model was tested for three different states: (1) a single image (2) strip (caused by a detector during orbit passage), and (3) a stereo pair. For states (1) and (2), a mean error of 9.1 m in width and 7.6 in length can be obtained by using a ground control point (GCP) for modeling. Using a ground control point was identified from a map of scale 1:50000. Accuracy was 38.3 meters in width, 42.6 meters in length, and 23.8 in height for the stereo pair. The results confirm the model and somewhat suggest ideas with which PAN (IRS-1C) will be able to influence the future developments of photogrammetry and cartography. The software mentioned in this paper for modeling orbit altitude is part of SOFTSPACE, a digital photogrammetric station for working with IRS-1C PAN and Spot imagery stereo data, a multifunction software package for preprocessing, photo conversion into map, a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and features compilation modules.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 30-34
Abstract
The rapid growth of the world's population and the expansion and development of cities, urban suburbs and rural areas, and the steady and unrelenting increase of human activities on the earth, all indicate the necessity of more detailed, diverse and up-to-date ground information (GI) in all spatial and ...
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The rapid growth of the world's population and the expansion and development of cities, urban suburbs and rural areas, and the steady and unrelenting increase of human activities on the earth, all indicate the necessity of more detailed, diverse and up-to-date ground information (GI) in all spatial and temporal aspects. This reinforces the role of photogrammetry, in particular its refining capacities for production of ground information (GI) from high-resolution aerial or satellite imagery. In this paper, the author has focused on factors that affect the efficiency of this process.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 30-40
Abstract
How old is the solar system? One thing is certain about the age of the solar system – it cannot be greater than the age of the Universe, whose expansion from a flash of light began about 12 to 18 billion years ago. We shall start our story from the childhood of the Universe. At first, the Universe ...
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How old is the solar system? One thing is certain about the age of the solar system – it cannot be greater than the age of the Universe, whose expansion from a flash of light began about 12 to 18 billion years ago. We shall start our story from the childhood of the Universe. At first, the Universe was pure energy; there was no solid matter. Quickly this energy condensed to make energetic particles which, in turn, formed into electrons and the nuclei of hydrogen and helium. As the young universe expanded and became rarified, it also cooled. The gas became clumpy and formed into swirling concentrations that gradually separated into isolated eddies that comprised primordial galaxies. Within these galaxies, smaller concentrations appeared, and these in turn fragmented, giving birth to clusters of stars.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 30-35
Abstract
The surface of the earth is not completely flat at any point except on the floor of seasonal and temporal lakes that have been dried out due to evaporation of water, such as the small expanses found in the central parts of Iran which are called “Dagh” in the local language. Apart from these ...
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The surface of the earth is not completely flat at any point except on the floor of seasonal and temporal lakes that have been dried out due to evaporation of water, such as the small expanses found in the central parts of Iran which are called “Dagh” in the local language. Apart from these very narrow areas we observe that the mountains tall and short, low-lying hills and extensive plains with low or high slopes have covered the surface of the earth. What we see as mountains or hills on the surface of the earth is called “terrace” in geographical terms, and these terraces are divided into two major parts. One is caused by volcanoes, like the conic Mount. Damavand to the northeast of Tehran and thousands of other volcanic peaks that are scattered across the earth. All volcanic peaks of the world have been created in the form of tremendous eruptions due to the penetration of the earth’s internal molten material to the outside. In addition to these peaks, the molten material occasionally flows out of huge gaps and covers a large area that may reach several thousand square kilometers by thick layers of interior materials called basalt. The other ones that have come to existence due to folds have here been inevitably referred to in terms of their mechanism of appearance.
Ebadollah Ghanbari
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 30-33
Abstract
The full acceptance of the notion of planar tectonics over the last 20 years has led to justification of many of the most complex geological problems that had often been associated with great difficulties. In general, earthquake movements in Iran, which are closely connected with the reoccurrence of ...
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The full acceptance of the notion of planar tectonics over the last 20 years has led to justification of many of the most complex geological problems that had often been associated with great difficulties. In general, earthquake movements in Iran, which are closely connected with the reoccurrence of movement of existing active faults, can be divided into four main groups, from which we will deal here only with the mechanism of earthquakes of the southern Caspian plates.
Hamid Bahiraei; Ahmad Asadi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 31-37
Abstract
Marginal settlement is one of the broad grounds for social damages, with whose expansion we are witnessing increasing insecurity and various forms of crime and violence in society. The creation of unofficial settlements is the logical consequence of the unequal distribution of occupational opportunities ...
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Marginal settlement is one of the broad grounds for social damages, with whose expansion we are witnessing increasing insecurity and various forms of crime and violence in society. The creation of unofficial settlements is the logical consequence of the unequal distribution of occupational opportunities and wealth, and the policies of the last fifty years, which have been based mainly on the views of the growth pole and concentration, are the main reason for this phenomenon. These settlements reproduce social damages within themselves. The type of social damages produced in these areas is directly related to the quality of the housing. Dwellings in these settlements are largely built with deforcement or unauthorized construction, and lack safety. The fabric of most of these places is fine-grained and lacks in desirable access to urban facilities. These cases are favorable for social deviations and problems.
Hosein Komsari
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 31-36
Abstract
The increasing population of the world, especially in developing countries on the one hand, and economic poverty and low levels of national income of these countries on the other, have put people of these countries under pressure. In the studies regarding causes of backwardness of these countries and ...
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The increasing population of the world, especially in developing countries on the one hand, and economic poverty and low levels of national income of these countries on the other, have put people of these countries under pressure. In the studies regarding causes of backwardness of these countries and widespread poverty and deprivation across them despite the fact that they enjoy many natural benefits and potential sources of income, the low level of technical knowledge and lack of awareness of how to exploit the country’s existing potentials are amongst the key points. In this regard, even many oil-rich countries, which appear to be among the richest countries in the world, have always faced many problems in the national economy because of their reliance on oil and lack of diversification in their sources of income. The most obvious consequence of these conditions is the vulnerability of this single source of income, and the move towards economic and political crises. One of the main sources of income generation and the elimination of problems related to the limitations on national income sources in the international arena is the "tourism industry", which in the last half century has managed to gain a significant foothold in international relations and has provided many countries with an enormous source of income through creating links between various countries in the world. Moreover, communication between various nations through the channel of "tourism" and their familiarity with each other's cultures, customs and historical and cultural backgrounds has strengthened the social ties among the nations and has contributed to the expansion of international relations. But what about the tourism industry in Iran?
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 1993, , Pages 31-39
Abstract
In the previous issues, we determined that geography is the observation and explanation of phenomena and natural and cultural differences that occur on the surface of the earth, and this definition requires that we first know the earth's surface and factors that create and change it. Earth's surface ...
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In the previous issues, we determined that geography is the observation and explanation of phenomena and natural and cultural differences that occur on the surface of the earth, and this definition requires that we first know the earth's surface and factors that create and change it. Earth's surface is what makes our landscape; in other words, what we can see with the eye, whether it is made by nature or humans, is the continuation of the earth's crust, and many of the differences in the subject matter of the study of geographers comes from the differences in the earth's crust. It is because of this that we need to identify the earth's crust, and in this regard, we first need to know a little about the development of the planet earth and its past, and this is the cause of our discussion in this paper.
M.H. Ramesht
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 31-35
Abstract
There is no doubt that human being and beauty worship and perfectionism have always been associated together, and if we have no doubt in this principle, it must be concluded that mapping, which is more an art than a science, has a closer connection with esthetic matters. The role of a map is not only ...
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There is no doubt that human being and beauty worship and perfectionism have always been associated together, and if we have no doubt in this principle, it must be concluded that mapping, which is more an art than a science, has a closer connection with esthetic matters. The role of a map is not only to display certain information on a surface, but since information is not in the form of real life but in the form of graphs or a number of lines whose very entity originates in mathematical principles, it is necessary to employ principles so that a viewer, while understanding concepts, find motivations for further perusal of the map, and this point has a major role in comprehension of contents and perception of information.
Abolfazl Aghaei Meibodi; Javad Ja'fari
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 32-34
Abstract
Today, with the advancement and development of technology, various tools are used to obtain information from the surface of the Earth. The utilization of aerial photographs taken by the cameras installed on aircrafts led to the emergence of the science of photogrammetry. In this system, a 3D map of the ...
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Today, with the advancement and development of technology, various tools are used to obtain information from the surface of the Earth. The utilization of aerial photographs taken by the cameras installed on aircrafts led to the emergence of the science of photogrammetry. In this system, a 3D map of the region is provided by taking images of the area with suitable cover and the image correction process. Subsequently, with the advent of satellite technology, imaging from the surface of the Earth began, and the science of remote sensing came into existence, which acquired information from the Earth actively and passively. Today active systems in which the sensor, as an electromagnetic wave generator, sends certain wavelengths toward the target and records the return of the waves, have created a new field providing a wealth of information. In general, optical imagery captures only domain information, but other data are recorded by active sensors such as radar and LIDAR. This article introduces the LIDAR system.
Mehrdad Hoseini
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 32-35
Abstract
Precipitation is a climatic element that changes year by year, and in fact precipitation is a random variable over time. If long-term precipitation data are available, the probability of occurrence of precipitation can be determined by statistical methods. In this study, the city of Semnan has ...
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Precipitation is a climatic element that changes year by year, and in fact precipitation is a random variable over time. If long-term precipitation data are available, the probability of occurrence of precipitation can be determined by statistical methods. In this study, the city of Semnan has been selected in order to determine the probability of annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation. Precipitation data in this city have been analyzed using computer software and statistical methods. Wet and dry periods, seasonal and monthly variations in precipitation and the probability of occurrence of seasonal and monthly precipitation have been determined.
Roghiyyeh Golvari (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 32-33
Abstract
GPS has become an important geomatic instrument today. Due to multiple applications of GPS in various areas such as surveying, map preparation, earthquake control and navigation, GPS has gained millions of users around the world. In the international arena, a great number of extensive GPS plans have ...
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GPS has become an important geomatic instrument today. Due to multiple applications of GPS in various areas such as surveying, map preparation, earthquake control and navigation, GPS has gained millions of users around the world. In the international arena, a great number of extensive GPS plans have been implemented. In this paper, the author provides a summary of the major aspects of GPS operations and earthquake control in India, and concludes with determination of the general lines of important issues to be addressed.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 32-38
Abstract
The developments of human knowledge and emergence of needs following advancement of technology and its domination over human societies require any person with a role in his/her society’s progress to investigate in all corners of the surrounding environment in order to fulfil the society’s ...
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The developments of human knowledge and emergence of needs following advancement of technology and its domination over human societies require any person with a role in his/her society’s progress to investigate in all corners of the surrounding environment in order to fulfil the society’s needs. Variety of natural forms and shapes is a prominent factor faced with in geomorphological studies that are conducted in the Valley of Abianeh, this small part of our vast country; any person who for the first time steps on this green space finds its position, surrounded by mountains, to be gloomy, but this is not the case for people who have lived in it for years and become attached to its natural environment and landscapes.
In general, what is to be noted regarding this research is that it is closely connected with concepts such as the land’s past, current state of equilibrium, type of process and probable future developments.
Khosro Khajeh (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 32-35
Abstract
Over the past twenty-eight years, the GIS computer technology has undergone tremendous changes and advancements along with software developments and variety of analytical methods, and also in terms of scope, quality of products and operating costs. These vast changes have been observed in recent research ...
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Over the past twenty-eight years, the GIS computer technology has undergone tremendous changes and advancements along with software developments and variety of analytical methods, and also in terms of scope, quality of products and operating costs. These vast changes have been observed in recent research studies, but what has so far remained unchanged and is possibly more important is that the next phase of GIS research and development should once again focus on the models and theoretical questions that always face us, and I would like to use my "framework" as a guide to deal with questions that need to be answered.
Armaan Gheisvandi
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 33-40
Abstract
Today, the increasing trend of urbanization and concentration of population in cities in all countries of the world is indisputable. But this phenomenon has not have the same results everywhere. In industrial societies, due to balanced economic, political and social growth, the mobilization of human ...
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Today, the increasing trend of urbanization and concentration of population in cities in all countries of the world is indisputable. But this phenomenon has not have the same results everywhere. In industrial societies, due to balanced economic, political and social growth, the mobilization of human forces in cities has been utilized in the best way and toward a comprehensive development, while in the third world countries, due to lack of appropriate infrastructure, heterogeneous growth and the invasion of population to the cities has caused many social problems and has involved governments with a serious and deep challenge. The creation of irregular homes and Ghettos in large cities and metropolitan areas in backward communities, which have been formed due to lack of proper absorption of work-seeking and mostly rural migrant population to these areas, are among the biggest and most important issues that have occupied the planners and decision-makers minds in such communities. It has been proved through experience that this phenomenon, if dealt with improperly and without careful and in-depth study, will be the source of many other social irregularities. This article is an attempt to understand the spatial-social separation phenomenon in urban neighborhoods (Ghettos) and its effect on the fabric and structure of cities and finally, the study of this problem in Tehran as the capital of Iran - a city that any intervention and planning in it directly and indirectly affects other cities of the country - and to propose appropriate solutions in relation to native and national culture to deal with this issue. The results of this study show that the policies of neglect and elimination of Ghetto neighborhoods have been not only ineffective, but, on the contrary, have resulted in many negative outcomes such as an increase in abnormalities and social problems. The provision of facilities and the establishment of laws and encouraging policies by the government and, in other words, changing the attitude of looking down on these neighborhoods and paying them and their inhabitants respect and attention will make the Ghetto-residents themselves to provide conditions for improvement of their homes and their residential textures, and will help improve their economic and livelihood so that they leave their self-made houses and be absorbed into other urban neighborhoods and developed urban areas.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 33-42
Abstract
A radar altimeter installed on the front of a satellite sends electronic pulses to the Earth, and then receives reflections from the ground surface that pass around the satellite. The propagation speed of these waves in space is equal to the speed of light. The satellite radar measures the elapsed time ...
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A radar altimeter installed on the front of a satellite sends electronic pulses to the Earth, and then receives reflections from the ground surface that pass around the satellite. The propagation speed of these waves in space is equal to the speed of light. The satellite radar measures the elapsed time between sending a pulse and receiving its reflection. This time is equivalent to the time it takes for a pulse to cover the distance between the satellite and the earth twice. Therefore, satellite distance from the ground can be measured with great accuracy through measured time. Free electrons (free ions) in the ionospheric layer and suspended particles of water vapor contained in the troposphere layer of the earth reduce the velocity of propagation of waves when passing through these two layers.
Therefore, this slowdown must always be considered in order to prevent large errors in calculating the satellite's height from the ground. After correcting these errors and considering that the position of the radar altimeter system is independently known, the orbit of radar altimeter is determined. Consequently, satellite elevation measurements can be used to achieve accurate topography of the ground. On the other hand, on the oceans the separation of topographic surface from the equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity (geoid) is created by balancing forces generated by the Earth's rotation and ocean currents. Oceanic flows, which contribute greatly to the exchange of heat between the tropical and Polar Regions are ultimately accessible through satellite elevation measurements. Therefore, an altimeter is a unique tool for studying the role of the oceans in the Earth's climate system, as well as in understanding global climate change.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 33-35
Abstract
In the second issue of the Sepehr journal, we defined Geography in simple words as a science that examines the observable differences over the Earth’s surface, with the benefit of utilizing these observations for various aims. In this issue, we take a step further and state that the cause of these ...
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In the second issue of the Sepehr journal, we defined Geography in simple words as a science that examines the observable differences over the Earth’s surface, with the benefit of utilizing these observations for various aims. In this issue, we take a step further and state that the cause of these differences is either the Earth (the Nature itself) or human being. There is not a general agreement on which of the above-mentioned factors has a more important role in creating these differences, but no geographer has so far denied the importance of either of these two factors. The present author believes that if anyone knows the Earth and its characteristics well, it will easily understand many of the geographic concepts; there are a lot of issues in understanding the Earth, but we can examine all of these issues under three headings: the shape of the Earth, the movements of the Earth and the structure of the Earth.
Mohammad Hassan Sadough; Teimur Ja'fari; Hojjatollah Eskandari
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 34-38
Abstract
Investigating factors effective in occurrence of landslides in a region and the zoning of the resulting risks can effectively help reduce the damage caused by this phenomenon. The present research is an attempt in this field, and by analyzing the effective factors of landslide formation, attempts to ...
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Investigating factors effective in occurrence of landslides in a region and the zoning of the resulting risks can effectively help reduce the damage caused by this phenomenon. The present research is an attempt in this field, and by analyzing the effective factors of landslide formation, attempts to carry out the zoning of the risk of mass movements of Gharah Chay watershed using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Gharah Chai Basin is one of the sub-basins of the Atrak River. In this study, first the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the area were investigated, and the most important factors were identified to be lithology, slope alignment (structure, topography), slope, slope direction, land use, distance from village, the drainage network density, distance from river, distance from fault, and elevation classes in order, and then the landslide distribution map was prepared. In the hierarchical analysis method, the ten above factors were used. In this method, the factors considered are compared in pairs and the weight of the factors is calculated. For classifying the factors, they were scored with taking the percentage of slip level into account. At the end, the zoning model was obtained by considering the weights obtained for each factor and the scores obtained. Accordingly, the range was divided into five level of risks. The map was divided into five classes with very high (2.6 km2), high (14.4 km2), medium (14.5 km2), low (4.6 km2) and very low risk (1.8 km2).
Katayun Teimurian
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 34-37
Abstract
The poorest communities in the world are often people who live in rural areas without owning land or with little land. Given that income from agricultural activities in these societies may lead to the creation of jobs providing livelihoods, undoubtedly diversification of non-agricultural activities can ...
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The poorest communities in the world are often people who live in rural areas without owning land or with little land. Given that income from agricultural activities in these societies may lead to the creation of jobs providing livelihoods, undoubtedly diversification of non-agricultural activities can be considered as an effective factor in reducing rural poverty of these communities. Village industrialization in the form of rural industries is widely recognized as a dynamic lever for development. Creating employment, income distribution, diversification of rural economy, agricultural prosperity and mitigating inequalities in socio-economic development are traditionally the primary goals of rural industrialization. Considering the fact that various factors are effective in determining the location of rural industries and that traditional methods can not implement all factors simultaneously, the following research has tried to use the capabilities of GIS in this regard. The results of the research revealed the necessity of using such techniques in locating rural industries.
Hosein Alizadeh Gharib
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 34-40
Abstract
The number of brilliant stars with particular names in both celestial hemispheres is less than 300, and the current list, which has 225 star names with apparent magnitudes, absolute magnitudes, spectral types and their distances, is peerless in all Arab and Islamic countries and is important in terms ...
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The number of brilliant stars with particular names in both celestial hemispheres is less than 300, and the current list, which has 225 star names with apparent magnitudes, absolute magnitudes, spectral types and their distances, is peerless in all Arab and Islamic countries and is important in terms of facilitating the work of scholars on astronomy history, culture writers, financiers, navigators, pilots and even programmers of astronomical computer programs, and will therefore become more and more widespread.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 34-38
Abstract
Energy is released at the center of the Sun. This energy moves toward the surface of the Sun, and is spread in space as light and heat. The surface of the Sun is called Photosphere. There are dark spots on the Sun which are called Sunspots. There are thin gaseous layers above this celestial body which ...
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Energy is released at the center of the Sun. This energy moves toward the surface of the Sun, and is spread in space as light and heat. The surface of the Sun is called Photosphere. There are dark spots on the Sun which are called Sunspots. There are thin gaseous layers above this celestial body which are called Chromosphere or the Sun’s gas rings, and which leave the Sun’s surface into the space. There is an aura of gas around the Sun called corona which can be seen only at poles. Atomic particles are emitted from the Sun like a current and reach planets including Earth. These currents are called solar winds.
Shafiqeh Nazaeri
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 35-37
Ebrahim Moghimi; Hossein Mohammadi; Hiva Elmi Zadeh
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 35-41
Abstract
Soil is one of the most important factors of production that has a great impact on human economic and social life. Earth's surface is generally covered with soil and surface deposits. Soil erosion is one of the most important issues that we face today. Increasing exploitation and lack of proper human ...
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Soil is one of the most important factors of production that has a great impact on human economic and social life. Earth's surface is generally covered with soil and surface deposits. Soil erosion is one of the most important issues that we face today. Increasing exploitation and lack of proper human management of the natural environment have a great influence on the intensification of soil degradation and erosion. In this research, by analyzing effective geomorphologic parameters, the erosion and sediment production in the Nachi basin is studied and, along with necessary studies, effective strategies and suggestions are presented. In this study, in addition to field surveys, various documents such as topographic maps, geology, resources and land potential, vegetation, various statistics related to hydrometric stations, sedimentation, meteorology, pluviometry, along with aerial photos and satellite imagery have been used as research tools. In order to estimate the amount of erosion and sediment in the studied area, the modified PSIAC model has been used. By studying the nine effective factors in this model, the production rate of sediment and erosion in hydrological units of the basin have been estimated. Accordingly, the annual erosion and sediment in the total study area is estimated 1254 m3 for each 1 km2.
Abdollah Seif; Mojgan Entezari
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 35-42
Abstract
There have been many ways of collecting data from a long time ago. Astronomical observation of land surveying, hydrography, photogrammetry and remote sensing are the main methods of location-based collection of information. Radar remote sensing is an interesting and special issue that reveals different ...
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There have been many ways of collecting data from a long time ago. Astronomical observation of land surveying, hydrography, photogrammetry and remote sensing are the main methods of location-based collection of information. Radar remote sensing is an interesting and special issue that reveals different aspects of remote sensing. Radar sensors called active sensors can capture images in almost all conditions, and obstacles like rainfall, cloud and night can not cause them any trouble. The term radar, which is used today throughout the world, has become an international term like radio and television. In fact, radar invention has been taken from a very natural physical phenomenon called reflection. Radio and electromagnetic waves are also capable of reflection, and the radar is based on this simple property. The simplest radars were actually formed by a transmitter and a radio receiver. Radar is an electromagnetic system that is used to detect and determine the target’s position. With the help of the radar the inside parts of environments like darkness, rain, snow mist, dust, and … that are impenetrable to the eye become visible. However, the most important advantage of the radar is its ability to determine the distance from the target’s range. The application of radars is for ground, air, marine, spatial and meteorological targets. Fabricating a high-capacity system for tracing phenomena and creating high-quality images of them is the main goal of the construction of imaging radar. In this article, we have tried to introduce active sensors in general to emphasize on radar systems and the mechanism of their operation, and to introduce the features of these images and provide a ground for more applied research in the future.
Mehrdad Hosseini; Farrokh Matlabifar
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 35-38
Abstract
Undoubtedly, floods are known as one of the most important natural disasters. In practice, the flood is considered to be the most enormous disaster in terms of mortality and financial losses. In a ten-year period in the world (1988-1988), about 390000 people were killed by natural disasters, 58% of which ...
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Undoubtedly, floods are known as one of the most important natural disasters. In practice, the flood is considered to be the most enormous disaster in terms of mortality and financial losses. In a ten-year period in the world (1988-1988), about 390000 people were killed by natural disasters, 58% of which were flood casualties, 26% related to earthquakes, and 16% were caused by storms and other disasters. The related financial losses in this short period were about $ 700 billion, 33% of which caused by flood, 29% by earthquake and 28% were related to the storm. Throughout history, humans have been attracted to the fertile lands that are located on the course of previous floods, and have made their lives easier by settling close to rich sources of water and food in these lands. The same river or water flow that provides people with livelihood will make them more vulnerable to flooding. Flood can be caused by heavy rainfall, accumulation of heavy and abnormal sediment behind dams or dams’ failure, rapid melting of snow, blockage of the course of rivers due to landslides, or explosions of water reservoirs.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 35-38
Abstract
The geoid model currently used by Australia has been calculated using combination of the global model of OSU91A and the Australian Gravity Information Database published in 1980. Currently, due to the availability of advanced data and more accurate computational methods, Australian geoid accuracy can ...
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The geoid model currently used by Australia has been calculated using combination of the global model of OSU91A and the Australian Gravity Information Database published in 1980. Currently, due to the availability of advanced data and more accurate computational methods, Australian geoid accuracy can be improved. In 1998, the Australian Research Council allocated a budget for a group project to seek a new generation of gravimetric geoid model for Australia. While presenting some of the research that is currently in its final stages, this paper discusses providing new data, selecting the most appropriate global model that the new Australian geoid will be based on, and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) to calculate the effects of the Earth on geoid. Improving the geoid model makes it possible for field surveyors to implement high-precision topographic mapping with the aid of GPS on the basis of Australian elevation (Oustralian Height Datum-AHD) while decreasing required time and cost. First-hand reports and experiences suggest that the use of gravimetric geoid with along with GPS, as an option for immediate alignment, can bring about save of time and cost in a range between 100% and 300%.
Ali Haj Agha Ahmadi
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 35-42
Abstract
Lake Mazandaran is one of the largest and most interesting lakes in the world and the most important fish and oil-rich mass of water in the world. The area of the lake is about 436,000 square kilometers and its volume is equivalent to 77,000 cubic km. Its form and level of salinity have changed many ...
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Lake Mazandaran is one of the largest and most interesting lakes in the world and the most important fish and oil-rich mass of water in the world. The area of the lake is about 436,000 square kilometers and its volume is equivalent to 77,000 cubic km. Its form and level of salinity have changed many times in the history of geology, and it has finally become isolated and independent from other seas and gained the present form at the end of the Pliocene period.The Flora and Fauna study of this sea and examination of its biological, physical and chemical conditions have begun since the end of the eighteenth century in terms of heat and salinity changes and the amount of food products; these studies reached their climax in the late nineteenth century and numerous articles on this case have been published by Russian researchers.
The animals and plants of this sea have different origins and patterns of dispersion; its endemic animals are the remains of organisms that lived in the Tethys Sea, and after the separation of the Caspian Sea from that sea they were confined there, but the great part of migratory beings came to this sea from the northern frozen seas or adjacent freshwater areas by rivers, and added to its limited aspects. Eventually a large number of the Black Sea and the Azov Sea creatures arrived and, gradually adapted to the new environment.Some of the plants of this sea live in the lower reaches of the sea, and some are suspended in water either motionless or with independent movements. Among the plants, especially those that are small and simple, there are many that have organs specifically for swimming, and can swim independently. Generally, three kinds of animals and plants live in this sea as follows:-Benthos: animals and plant that live at the bottom of the sea.- Nekton: animals with full swimming organs, such as fish.- Plankton: animals and small plants suspended in water.What follows in this summary is a glimpse into the origin of the plants and animals of this sea and how they evolved during the Pliocene and the fourth period.
Masoud Mo'ayyeri
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 35-44
Abstract
There are more than thirteen thouasand volcanos on the surface of earth. Any volcanic crater or set of craters close together are called a volcanic system for past eruptions.
Volcanic manifestations can be identified as Magma, which has been formed during volcanic activities and then gradually cooled ...
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There are more than thirteen thouasand volcanos on the surface of earth. Any volcanic crater or set of craters close together are called a volcanic system for past eruptions.
Volcanic manifestations can be identified as Magma, which has been formed during volcanic activities and then gradually cooled down. In some cases, these activities have continued for centuries, like the Etna Volcano in Italy, and in other cases they lasted only for a few hours, like the Niracongo in Zaire in 1977.
Lain Nicolson
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 35-37
Abstract
The Solar System is exposed to collision with rocks that have remained since the formation of the planets. Asteroids and meteorites are examples of this group of rocks. The first known asteroid was discovered by the Italian astronomer Giusepppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801, and was called “Ceres” ...
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The Solar System is exposed to collision with rocks that have remained since the formation of the planets. Asteroids and meteorites are examples of this group of rocks. The first known asteroid was discovered by the Italian astronomer Giusepppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801, and was called “Ceres” after the goddess of plants in ancient Rome. This asteroid is located at an average distance from the Sun of less than 2.8 AU (Astronomical Unit) (2.8 times the distance of the Earth to the Sun) and it takes it 4.6 years to traverse its orbit around the sun. The largest asteroid has a diameter of about 1000 km. Its mass is supposed to be about 30% of the total mass of all asteroids. Three asteroids of Ceres, Vesta and Pallas have a diameter of 500 km, and it is estimated that there are at least 100,000 asteroids with a diameter of about one kilometer, but there are more than 200 asteroids whose diameter is about 1000 km. It was once thought that asteroids are the pieces produced by the “efforts” of a former planet. But if we bring all asteroids together in a single unit, this unit will equal about 5% of the mass of the Moon, and this amount of matter can only form a body with a width of 1500 kilometers. Most astronomers now believe that asteroids are objects that whose formation goes back to the time of formation of planets, namely 4,500 million years ago. These pieces could never come together to create a single planet.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 35-41
Abstract
Map is the basis of all decisions and plans of development, and the need for its availability and preparation is not questioned by anyone. One of the main problems of our country is the lack of access to new and up-to-date coverage maps from all over the country. Coverage maps are a set of overlapping ...
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Map is the basis of all decisions and plans of development, and the need for its availability and preparation is not questioned by anyone. One of the main problems of our country is the lack of access to new and up-to-date coverage maps from all over the country. Coverage maps are a set of overlapping maps on the same scale that together cover the entire lands of a country. Such maps are usually needed on different scales.
At present, coverage maps for the entirety of Iran are available on two scales of 1: 250,000 and 1: 50000. Unfortunately, the information on these maps is very old and belong to years ago, so that there is no indication of the current situation in most residential areas due to recent growth and development. On the other hand, many efforts have been made by the two major planning agencies, namely the Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces and Iran National Cartographic Center, to prepare and keep up-to-date coverage maps. The main problem is that it is not possible through traditional surveying tools (aerial photography, photogrammetry and ground-based geodesy) to produce maps at such speed and breadth to make certain that new and up-to-date maps are always available.
Mojtabaa Ghadiri Ma'soum; Soheila Irandoost Khanghah
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 36-43
Abstract
Rural environments are a part of human society. Sustainable and integrated national development depends on sustainable development in regional, urban and rural level. In this regard, the second, third and fourth economic, social and cultural development plan introduces rural construction as one of its ...
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Rural environments are a part of human society. Sustainable and integrated national development depends on sustainable development in regional, urban and rural level. In this regard, the second, third and fourth economic, social and cultural development plan introduces rural construction as one of its goals and considers issuing residential ownership document as an executive solution. Since ground is the main context of material wealth and treasures. Moreover, it is economically valuable and has different applications in satisfying needs of human society (like construction). Accordingly, rural houses and buildings are among capital interests of rural societies and their owners need to feel secure in regard to their possessions. On the other hand, the need for ground-related information as a basis for development and control of ground resources results in the priority of document issuance for each building.The present article investigates the historical trend of issuing documents and especially developmental programs in Iran after the revolution.
Gholam Reza Latifi
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 36-42
Abstract
Developing a regional network strategy to build city-village interactions is a guide for further research on providing an appropriate policy with an emphasis on Indonesia. In this paper, we try to solve the problem of chronic non-communication between rural and urban development theories and plans by ...
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Developing a regional network strategy to build city-village interactions is a guide for further research on providing an appropriate policy with an emphasis on Indonesia. In this paper, we try to solve the problem of chronic non-communication between rural and urban development theories and plans by introducing a regional network strategy that considers the existing analyses of the issues of continuity and interdependence between villages and cities. To illustrate this strategy a number of examples concerning Indonesian regional conditions are presented.
Hamid Bahira'ee
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 36-41
Abstract
Lorestan is a mountainous and vast region with many characteristics and customs, cultures and traditions, natural features and ancient and historical works. This province, with its lush valleys, numerous springs and landscapes and other potentials has not yet been as widely known as it deserves. Of course, ...
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Lorestan is a mountainous and vast region with many characteristics and customs, cultures and traditions, natural features and ancient and historical works. This province, with its lush valleys, numerous springs and landscapes and other potentials has not yet been as widely known as it deserves. Of course, in some textbooks information is provided (albeit brief) for students, but there are peoples living around this age-old country the study of whose culture, customs, monuments and environmental features of residences can have a great influence on understanding the manifestations of the culture and civilization of this country.
Siavush Shayan; Gholam Reza Zare; Shahram Amiri
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 37-45
Abstract
The science of Geomorphology is the study of ground surface unevenness. Geomorphology provides the best basis for classifying the ground. One of the outcomes of the work of Geomorphologists is the preparation of geomorphologic map, which is the result of long-term research efforts. The preparation of ...
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The science of Geomorphology is the study of ground surface unevenness. Geomorphology provides the best basis for classifying the ground. One of the outcomes of the work of Geomorphologists is the preparation of geomorphologic map, which is the result of long-term research efforts. The preparation of these maps always follows certain principles and methods. Obviously, in recent years, geomorphologic maps have been developed using new techniques and computer manipulations such as GIS. The important issue of geomorphologic maps is the standardization, which has been remarkable, and some action has been taken in this regard. The purpose of the preparation of geomorphologic maps is to record the information on landforms, materials, soil and rock, ground processes and, in some cases, the age of the landforms. In this way, they provide a basis for ground-based assessment that is useful in many environmental issues. Therefore, geomorphologic maps are not only a scientific and research basis for different researchers, but regarded as a tool for sustainable development and advancement. Familiarity with it, the way of drawing and its developments, the necessity and the aspect of its applicability are of significant importance.
Sayyad Ashari Sareskanroud; Saleh Asghari Sareskanroud
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 37-40
Abstract
In urban geomorphology, the important factor of urban areas’ development is considered to be the artificial change and transformation of the ground’s crust and the effect of human activities on the crust, as well as natural factors. Consequently, the daily growth of cities caused by the population ...
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In urban geomorphology, the important factor of urban areas’ development is considered to be the artificial change and transformation of the ground’s crust and the effect of human activities on the crust, as well as natural factors. Consequently, the daily growth of cities caused by the population growth and migration has led to unplanned constructions and vast changes in the spatial structure, specially the physical development of city in unfavorable natural locations, which calls for conscious guide and major organization.
Unbridled and inconsistent development of urban areas due to human activities with the aim of urban development, directly changes vast areas of ground crust in a very short period of time, which is apart from the long- geomorphologic effect and its natural process. These facts lead to the appearance of dangers that are, according to experience, sometimes hard to predict and accompanied by life and property losses. Accordingly, in this paper the deficiencies and natural dangers in the city of Hashtrud are displayed through geomorphologic examination.
Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar; Saeed Azadi Ghatar
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 39-42
Abstract
With the development of cell phone technology, especially third generation and IP mobile technology (G3), the computational capacity of cell phones has increased and became more powerful. This technology provides us with a new method for solving problems in oil fields, which takes advantage of real time ...
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With the development of cell phone technology, especially third generation and IP mobile technology (G3), the computational capacity of cell phones has increased and became more powerful. This technology provides us with a new method for solving problems in oil fields, which takes advantage of real time GIS data, and its dynamic capability, while it does not require field operations. The present article studies J2ME platform technologies, SVG (scalable vector graphics), and mobile data transfer technology thoroughly and proposes a framework for GIS mobile services in oil fields and also a plan for key technologies which altogether creates the technical foundation for building oil fields.
Hamidreza Varesi; Sadif Eslami Parikhani
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 40-46
Abstract
During the last decades, uneven urban growth and development and wrong urban policies have resulted in the depression of urban textures especially residential textures. This urban texture has been devastated more than ever, due to the socio-economic changes and formal and applied inconsistencies which ...
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During the last decades, uneven urban growth and development and wrong urban policies have resulted in the depression of urban textures especially residential textures. This urban texture has been devastated more than ever, due to the socio-economic changes and formal and applied inconsistencies which have happened as a consequence of the development of neighboring residential spaces. Moreover, penetration of business land uses, reservoirs and industrial workplaces into the depth of these texture and its overlap with the residential area have resulted in the isolation of residential blocks. This process has gained such diverse dimensions that question civil identity and life in this urban spaces as a place for human growth and development. While, old textures can provide an appropriate and vital context for the life of citizens. Regarding the issues facing old residential textures, restructuring and renovating these textures will gain more importance. Some of the advantages of renovating old residential blocks include: reducing number of housing applicants, preserving previous urban identity, saving building materials, helping the economy and avoiding any disturbance in social communications of the residences.
The present article seeks to focus on the necessity of renovating old neighborhoods and residential blocks. Descriptive-analytic research method is used. Library and on-line references were used to collect necessary data and information. The goal of the present article is to consider issues in old and residential urban textures of Iran and to focus on the necessity of renovating and reconstructing these urban textures.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 41-42
Abstract
There is no need to take important and risky measures to obtain highly accurate geographic data using the GPS. Entry into this new technology requires careful observation during the examinations of the costs, and correction of errors. The main motive behind the development of the GPS (Global Positioning ...
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There is no need to take important and risky measures to obtain highly accurate geographic data using the GPS. Entry into this new technology requires careful observation during the examinations of the costs, and correction of errors. The main motive behind the development of the GPS (Global Positioning System) is the need for highly precise navigational tools, which in fact determine the location, speed and time with very high precision. The U.S. Ministry of Defense plays a major role in the development of the GPS system. The main motive behind the development of this system is the urgent need for equipment that can easily assist the deployment of military and war machine and determine the position of individuals, planes and long-range missiles during training and military operations. This system has caused a transformation in the science of positioning. The GPS technology easily determines extremely tiny points at very high precision regardless of weather conditions, during the day or the night. It is also used to collect and access a wide range of geographic data.
Saied Olfati; Khadijeh Moradi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 43-45
Abstract
Gully formation is always accompanied by erosion and land transformation which produce a significant amount of sediment, cause land degradation, destruction of roads and irrigation networks and dam overflow. Climatic situation of the area is one of the most influential elements in formation of gullies. ...
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Gully formation is always accompanied by erosion and land transformation which produce a significant amount of sediment, cause land degradation, destruction of roads and irrigation networks and dam overflow. Climatic situation of the area is one of the most influential elements in formation of gullies. The present article seeks to investigate gully erosion and formation of gullies in Dire basin in Gilan-e gharb which is one of the main agricultural centers of Kermanshah province. In this regard, 5 climatic indicators are applied. These indicators include hydrothermal coefficient, Ws coefficient or the amount of humidity in formations, Sepaskhah model, Arnoldos model, and second model of Fournier. Hydrothermal and Ws coefficients indicate high sensitivity and very high potential in gully formation. Moreover, the other third models which apply climatic factors to estimate the amount of produced sediments indicate that 27.24818 ton erosion has happened across the area. This volume of erosion plays a significant role in gully formation.
Isma'il Shahkou'ii
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 44-47
Abstract
Diffusion means dissemination, expansion, dispersion and mixture. Hagerstrand considers the six factors of domain or environment, time, subject, origin, destination, and the path of the origin of phenomena and innovations as the main factors in Percolation Theory’s analysis of the process of geographic ...
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Diffusion means dissemination, expansion, dispersion and mixture. Hagerstrand considers the six factors of domain or environment, time, subject, origin, destination, and the path of the origin of phenomena and innovations as the main factors in Percolation Theory’s analysis of the process of geographic space. The study of geographical distribution of the Prophetic traditions can help us understand the conditions of origin and the quality of distribution of these traditions in time. The widespread dissemination of the Islamic Message, the Prophet's traditions and the life-style of the Prophet of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula and then in other parts of the world in the early centuries of Islamic civilization are considered by Muslim and non-Muslim geographers as a unique cultural phenomenon.
Ali Shama'ii; Mohammad Ein Shahimirza; Javad Malekan
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 45-50
Abstract
Following the industrial, economic and social changes in recent decades, rural emigration to urban areas have increased and development of urban areas have caused different social damages. Nowadays, social damages are among the most important threats to the security of metropolises. Growing increase ...
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Following the industrial, economic and social changes in recent decades, rural emigration to urban areas have increased and development of urban areas have caused different social damages. Nowadays, social damages are among the most important threats to the security of metropolises. Growing increase in the number of criminals in metropolises, especially in developing countries is the most important concern of urban managers. Considering the security, economic, social requirements of this issue, identifying effective factors in increasing urban crimes is the most important part of urban planners’ agenda. The present article seeks to identify factors affecting crimes and social damages as a mean for preventing and controlling them. Suburban areas are an important context for social damages and their development results in an increase of social-economic insecurity. Results indicate that instability of humanistic values can easily increase due to different damages and crimes (either in the form of deviation or sickness or disorder). Social and economic injustice and specifically slow cultural development have resulted in many urban crimes. Cultural and economic poverty is the most important factor in the development and growth of urban crimes and results in urban texture worn out. The present article investigates social damages theoretically and conceptually, while classifying effective factors in the occurrence of crime and damages in suburban environment into three different groups of social-cultural, economic and physical factors.
Reza Farhadi
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 45-51
Abstract
The plate tectonics is a new model for classification of sedimentary environments and lithofacies. Based on this model, Iran is divided into several different units, and each unit has its own sedimentary basins of lithofacies and, as a result, specific mines. The rift birth process in the Central Iranian ...
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The plate tectonics is a new model for classification of sedimentary environments and lithofacies. Based on this model, Iran is divided into several different units, and each unit has its own sedimentary basins of lithofacies and, as a result, specific mines. The rift birth process in the Central Iranian Plateau crust and during Infra-Cambrian has been associated with formation of iron, nickel, cobalt, copper and magnesite mines. The Alborz orogenic belt is the result of closure of the Tethys Sea and is considered to be the site of collision of the Iranian Plate with the Turan Plate. In this belt, foreland basins are the site for the formation of coal reserves. Volcanic activities of the third era have brought about mines of volcanic and vein type in the Alborz. The Zagros orogenic belt has been formed and is still dynamic due to submergence of the crust of the New Trthys Ocean under the micro-continent of Iran and during the collision of this micro-continent and the shield of Arabia. In this orogenic belt, Khuzestan plain and the folded Zagros belt are the focus of massive reserves of hydrocarbons. High Zagros ophiolites are sites of chromite reserves. Sanandaj-Sirjan area is a fore-arc basin, and the Isfahan-Malayer mineral belt in this area contains countless indices of lead and zinc sedimentary volcanic mines. Finally, the volcanic belt of Urumieh-Dokhtar is considered as the volcanic arc of the shell subduction system of the New Tethys Sea, and it is known in Iran as the copper belt. The Lut block is part of the Iranian micro-continent, and the Diorite granite masses of Zahedan - Dehslam and Bazman are considered to be products of active continental margin, have been formed with the opening of the New Tethys Sea and contain tin and tungsten minerals. Plutonic volcanic belt at the southern edge of the Lut block is considered as a volcanic arc caused by submergence of the crust of the New Tethys Sea. This volcanic belt is a great source of copper and molybdenum copper deposits. The lithofacies complex of Iran’s eastern mountains is the product of the opening of the basin between continental parts. This basin was accompanied by formation of oceanic crust, and its ophiolites have high potentials for chromite. Magnesite and asbestos ore mines are also among the characteristics of these ophiolites. Study of dispersion of mineral reserves in tectonic units and different lithofacies is considered as an appropriate guide for seeking mineral resources.
Hassan Gharahnejad; Fereshteh Behjat
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 47-50
Abstract
Isfahan has been known for Zayandeh Rood, its “Maadees” (special ditches) and gardens from distant past, so that for the better utilization of this river, Sheikh Bahaee reformed the old regulations and its result was lushness and daily increasing prosperity since Safavid times to this day. ...
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Isfahan has been known for Zayandeh Rood, its “Maadees” (special ditches) and gardens from distant past, so that for the better utilization of this river, Sheikh Bahaee reformed the old regulations and its result was lushness and daily increasing prosperity since Safavid times to this day. Consequently, in every corner of this mythical city various gardens have been developed that are popular in the country and in the world. For many reasons, including the physical and spatial uniformity of cities with their heterogeneous and abnormal natural texture and the increasing mental pressures and environmental noise pollution, city residents have made decisions on leisure time spending.
In this article, the gardens of Isfahan during the history have been studied, and this research is based on the assumption that the gardens of Isfahan have a key role in attracting domestic and foreign tourists.
Seyyed Nematollah Rashidifard; Arman Gheysvandi; Mohammad Mohit; Seyyed Samad Daneshi
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 48-53
Abstract
In urban areas, harmful influences of natural disasters include a combination of physical destructions and disruption in functions of urban elements. Destruction of structures and residential buildings, route networks and access points like bridges and communication roads and basic installations like ...
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In urban areas, harmful influences of natural disasters include a combination of physical destructions and disruption in functions of urban elements. Destruction of structures and residential buildings, route networks and access points like bridges and communication roads and basic installations like water reservoirs, power plants, telephone lines, electricity, water pumps, gas, etc. are among these physical destructions and disruptions. Transportation network is the most important element in helping people and saving their lives after earthquakes. Optimal functioning of transportation network can decrease direct and indirect influences of crisis. This shows the importance of time and decreasing delay time in helping victims. Optimizing traffic allocation and finding the best place for fire stations in Dehdasht city are among goals and objectives of this study. It analyzes urban transportation network using GIS. A map is produced to show optimal places for building fire stations in Dehdasht city in regard to the situation of the present stations and also considering limitations and problems, weak and strong points.
Reza Mo'menzadeh
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 50-57
Abstract
This research studies the trend of political development of Islam in one of the most sensitive points, namely Balkan. The main question we deal with here is this: how can the interests of Islamic World be fulfilled in this area, considering potential and actual facilities of Muslims and the political ...
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This research studies the trend of political development of Islam in one of the most sensitive points, namely Balkan. The main question we deal with here is this: how can the interests of Islamic World be fulfilled in this area, considering potential and actual facilities of Muslims and the political developments recently affecting Muslims in this area?
The Balkan Peninsula is one of the crisis-prone areas of today’s world. The crises of this area have different roots and in will be a mistake to ascribe all of them to the conflict between the West and Islam. This research does not look for roots of all crises, but limits itself to Islamic development and the crises emerged due to this phenomenon.
The complexities of this task are clear to any researcher and student, because if we don’t consider different aspects completely and through a systematic approach, the study’s results and conclusion will be certainly wrong. Consequently, it has been tried in this research to present a brief description of geographic and historical conditions of the area; this provides us with information concerning the process of entrance of Islam to this area and people’s reaction to it, and thus makes our systematic analysis concerning Balkan crises easier and helps us predict future crises in the area and find answer for the main question of this research.
Reza Kheirkhah
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 53-59
Abstract
Tourism in today's world is being pursued with various goals and purposes such as the exchange of information and culture, pilgrimage, increasing knowledge, awareness of past societies and spending leisure time, and it daily rises in importance in everyday economic, social and international structures. ...
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Tourism in today's world is being pursued with various goals and purposes such as the exchange of information and culture, pilgrimage, increasing knowledge, awareness of past societies and spending leisure time, and it daily rises in importance in everyday economic, social and international structures. One of the important branches of tourism, which is nowadays very much considered, is geotourism. In fact, geotourism or geographic tourism is one of the special fields of ecotourism that introduces geological and geomorphologic phenomena and features to tourists and preserves their local identity. Due to the availability of sufficient resources, both natural and human, salt pans (kavir) can be considered as one of the focal points of geotourism in each region, and in addition to strengthening the ecotourism dimensions of the area, they can balance the economic growth around them. Having two large Markazi (central) and lout salt pans, Iran has one of the richest ecotourism and geotourism potentials in the Middle East. One of the most beautiful areas of Iran's salt pan is Maranjab area, located on the western border of Kavir Plain in Aran and Bidgol. This area has a diverse nature of desert and salt pan, many beautiful phenomena and numerous attractions. Among the geotouristic attractions of this area are: Maranjab inn, salt lake, Sargardan (wandering) island and sandy hills. The purpose of this article was to investigate the potentials and capabilities of geotourism in the Maranjab area and the type of study was descriptive-documentary. In preparing this paper, secondary sources including books, research reports and dissertations have been used and the results of field surveys, observations, etc. have been used to complement it with practical data. Finally, the author, based on the presentations, concludes the discussion and proposes appropriate strategies for developing the tourism industry in the Maranjab region, which can be generalized for other kavir districts.
Ali Zangiabadi; Farahnaz Abolhasani
Volume 22, Issue 86 , June 2013, , Pages 63-73
Abstract
System using GIS and RS performed one of the newest methods in land evaluation and land preparations are projects. Therefore, to inform users the full capabilities and limitations of the GIS and RS tools in preparation programs and land management in order to avoid inaccurate assessment will be necessary. ...
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System using GIS and RS performed one of the newest methods in land evaluation and land preparations are projects. Therefore, to inform users the full capabilities and limitations of the GIS and RS tools in preparation programs and land management in order to avoid inaccurate assessment will be necessary. This study assessed agricultural land management using GIS and RS tools was conducted in Isfahan. Methods “descriptive” of the quantitative models used. Population of the study, including the city of Isfahan province Be. And finally to provide part of the information needs agricultural sector, estimated level of agricultural lands and preparing map Isfahan province using GIS has been drawn. The results show that, the city of the province in terms of area of agricultural lands were classified in four levels that city (Isfahan), Located in the First level, Naeen, Khomeini Shahr, Lenjan Khansar in the Fourth level and other. Cities are located between these two levels.
