Abdalkarim Gharib
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 18-23
Abstract
Due to the relative ease of movement in different areas and direct observation of various cases, the study of dry lands has so far made great progress, and almost all dry lands have been examined and valuable and almost comprehensive information have been achieved on the Earth’s layers, strata, ...
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Due to the relative ease of movement in different areas and direct observation of various cases, the study of dry lands has so far made great progress, and almost all dry lands have been examined and valuable and almost comprehensive information have been achieved on the Earth’s layers, strata, minerals, land features (the lay of the land), history and changes. But, it is almost only half a century since the beginning of marine geology, and this field is only taking first steps in its examinations. There is no information on the depths of the oceans and their beds save a little information recently obtained.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 19-24
Abstract
The limitations of the resources and documents related to the sphere of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental and important issues concerning the space technology and ...
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The limitations of the resources and documents related to the sphere of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental and important issues concerning the space technology and space activities of the country, examine the specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the main topics discussed in this paper.
Faranak Seifoddini; Musa Panahandekhah
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 19-24
Abstract
Land and its assignment to various urban activities such as residence, work, leisure, etc., in other words, land use planning has always been a major activity in urban life. The land use planning during the history of urban development and urban civil engineering, especially in the last century, has ...
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Land and its assignment to various urban activities such as residence, work, leisure, etc., in other words, land use planning has always been a major activity in urban life. The land use planning during the history of urban development and urban civil engineering, especially in the last century, has had different approaches and perspectives. Each of these perspectives, in turn, has affected this science and fulfilled some of its goals, but the last view that seems to satisfy all the objectives of land use planning for residents is the perspective of stable development, since it has a comprehensive view of urban land use (economic, social, physical, and environmental) and thus can be successful in establishing an efficient and correct relationship between all aspects of urban life. In this article, after introducing different perspectives on the land use system and their impacts, the notion of sustainable development in land use planning will be described and in the following, identification of policies and strategies that will help to achieve stability in relation to planning process will be addressed.
Ali Shakur; Raf'at Shokri; Morteza Zera'ati
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 19-24
Abstract
City is considered as one of the human-made phenomena in the environment, created with the aims of settlement, livelihood provision, social and economic relations and so on, but these are not considered as urban aims. The man has provided his own environment and has begun to live in it. Cities should ...
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City is considered as one of the human-made phenomena in the environment, created with the aims of settlement, livelihood provision, social and economic relations and so on, but these are not considered as urban aims. The man has provided his own environment and has begun to live in it. Cities should be based on the role and responsibilities they have in their region, and be developed in all aspects in a manner that minimizes their negative effects. Therefore, urban planning needs to be implemented in such a way that settlements and organizational patterns and the type of human activities be looked upon as a large community. Therefore, the main goal is based on the principle that urban planning be coherent. The urban hierarchy, according to a definition, is the classification of cities located in a geographical area based on population indices and the importance of their official functions, so that they can be categorized into different groups by calculation and measurable order. As we know, urban hierarchy is uneven in many provinces of our country, and there are many differences between cities in terms of ranking according to indicators. The cities of Fars province do not have regular hierarchies, and certain causes and factors have lead these hierarchies to be problematic. In this research, the urban hierarchy of Fars province has been studied based on three different patterns, the results have been compared with each other, and its hierarchy has been determined and some strategies to improve its ranking have been presented.
Bahman Kargar
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 19-25
Abstract
Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects ...
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Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects and suffer from every kind of conflicts and irregularities have led to appearance of all-out damages, so that they seem unable to supervise and control irregular behaviors and make human environments safe for different social groups in any of social, cultural and economic aspects. This is why they are basically considered unsafe environments
In this regard, urban security is one of the important scientific, technical, practical and official matters that is now examined as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive field in terms of urban sociology, laws, geography and police-security sciences, and deals with the destiny of the body of citizens, the totality of social and economic system of the country and the city, and specially the large-scale security issues.
Tehran, the two-hundred-year-old capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has assumed a multi-lateral character in political, cultural and economic terms through various historical stages. This has led to heavy concentration of population and economic and cultural activities, as well as vast physical development.
This situation has caused lack of coordination among activities, population, space, infrastructures and security equipment, so that Tehran has become the hotpot of urban crimes and insecurity among all the cities of Iran. The increasing growth and vertical and horizontal extension of Tehran, especially after the Revolution, as well as initial migrations after Iran-Iraq war, caused to the emergence of social, economic and housing issues that led to a major gap between the police’s limited potentials and the increase and breadth of crimes and new criminal equipment.
Concentration of crimes is not the same at all twenty two districts of Tehran. In this paper, the city of Tehran and the security issues concerning the daily-increasing physical and demographic development of this city have been studied, and the Ozgol 164 police station and its area of activity, which includes districts 4, 5, 6, and 10, have been investigated as a case study.
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Nima Tabarifard
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 19-23
Abstract
Flood, as one of the most important natural disasters, has always been considered by human being, and in recent years the need to pay more attention to it is felt by the development of population, industrial and agricultural centers and increase of damage caused by flood. In this study, through a statistical ...
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Flood, as one of the most important natural disasters, has always been considered by human being, and in recent years the need to pay more attention to it is felt by the development of population, industrial and agricultural centers and increase of damage caused by flood. In this study, through a statistical survey and using the conventional statistical distribution in hydrology, it has been tried to estimate the magnitude and time of occurrence of flood in the watershed of Mohammad Abad in Gorgan with more accuracy. For this purpose, using the Smada software, the maximum daily flow rate in different return periods for each month was determined using appropriate statistical distribution. Estimates have shown that the appropriate statistical distribution is the Log Pearson Type 3. Floods with a return period of less than 25 years are more likely to occur in May and floods with long return periods, namely 25 to 200 years, in November. Furthermore, by determining the capacity of the Mohammad Abad River passage, it became clear that the village located at the downstream of the basin with floods with a return period of more than 25 years suffers from flood concentration and damage. Therefore, flood management plans need to receive greater consideration in these months in order to minimize the life and financial losses due to potential flood occurrences.
Hamid Reza Varesi
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 19-23
Abstract
The planning of new cities in the world over the last century has been used in response to changing social and economic conditions and national planning priorities, and each country, in the context of its development, has planned and practiced the construction of new cities, and has used it as a means ...
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The planning of new cities in the world over the last century has been used in response to changing social and economic conditions and national planning priorities, and each country, in the context of its development, has planned and practiced the construction of new cities, and has used it as a means of addressing urban and regional problems, or as a motivation for economic revitalization of regions that have suffered from economic recession as well as for development of less developed areas.
New cities in Iran have been entered the urban planning system and constructed under various headings over the last three to four decades. Increasing urban population and the need to create new urban centers that can accommodate the extra population is one of the effective factors in construction of such cities. These cities are built to prevent the spread of large cities and metropolitan areas which are faced with numerous problems such as rising rents, high prices of land and housing costs. The experience of building new Iranian cities and their positive and negative points is of special importance. In this paper, we tried to study the status of new cities and their positive and negative points as one of the experiences of urbanization, and it is hoped that its results could be effective.
Ali Akbar Najafi Kani
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 19-21
Abstract
The Internet is one of the new technologies that can accelerate the progress of developing countries through the approach of developmental communication. The history of these countries testifies to the fact that the transfer of technology without its adaptation with the host country's economic, social, ...
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The Internet is one of the new technologies that can accelerate the progress of developing countries through the approach of developmental communication. The history of these countries testifies to the fact that the transfer of technology without its adaptation with the host country's economic, social, cultural and political conditions will only lead to disruption of their internal order and balance, and eventually pushing them towards becoming an unbalanced country whose various parts are not subsystems of a national super-system. Therefore, employment and development of Internet services in these countries requires care, expertise and study, so that while considering the general conditions of the host country and the causes hindering the impact of this new technology, the scientific process of adaptation and provision of grounds be conducted in such a way that society will ultimately benefit from its advantages and undertake its guidance.
Utilization of the Internet in developing countries has grown rapidly in recent years, but this expansion is mostly an urban phenomenon, and the majority of rural communities still cannot sufficiently use the services existing in their neighboring urban communities. Therefore, relevant organizations such as FAO should lead the development and expansion of the Internet in order to meet the needs of rural and farmer communities, and the comprehensive strategy of FAO should: - Provide grounds for regional policy-making and coordination with the aim of employment of the Internet in the service of rural development. - Make the users in developing countries familiar with relevant information services available on the Internet and FAO. - Support innovative Internet applications and information services for rural development.
Abdolazim Ghanghermeh
Volume 6, Issue 22 , August 1997, , Pages 19-22
Abstract
Caspian Sea is the largest lake on earth and its normal surface is lower than the free water level of oceans. It is surrounded by the five countries of Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Therefore, this sea is of special economic and political importance for these ...
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Caspian Sea is the largest lake on earth and its normal surface is lower than the free water level of oceans. It is surrounded by the five countries of Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Therefore, this sea is of special economic and political importance for these countries as well as other countries of South Asia. Currently, what has concerned these countries about their coastal lines is the advance of water toward their shores since 1977. In this regard, it has been tried to provide a brief discussion about the fluctuating behavior of the sea to determine whether there have been examples of this behavior with such strength in the past, or it is an exceptional state of water surface behavior. Do these fluctuations follow the rules of cyclical behavior common to other phenomena in the nature?
It is hoped that in this way a solution will be found for problems in coastal protective and preparatory planning. In this article, the relationship between climate change and fluctuating behavior of sea level is examined, and then a pattern for describing this behavior in historical periods is proposed.
Masoud Mo'ayyeri; Ali Jowzi Khomslouei
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result ...
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This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result of fossil fuels and land use changes, and these are linked to an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface during the last decade of the twenty-first century. However, the analyses carried out by Ruddiman, which take the Holocene era and the urban community into consideration, have unprecedentedly compared changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases with that of glacial records of the past four hundred thousand years. During this period, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH4) have increased, and this increase is probably due to the beginning of agricultural activities and land clearing in Eurasia. These and other changes in land use resulting from agricultural and rural activities may cause poor climatic change and prevent land’s temperature fall, or maybe due to natural forces. Although the early evidence supports the theory of Ruddiman, forestry and agricultural activities during the period of urban community may have exerted an impact on the climate equal to at least eight thousand years of the past.
Farideh Azimi; Ali Torabpour
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 20-22
Abstract
The centers in which most human activities and fumes from pollutants, cars, and … are accumulated and appear as nodes in urban environments, form thermal islands. The heat generated by these islands, in addition to increasing energy consumption due to cooling, causes pollution in the atmosphere, ...
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The centers in which most human activities and fumes from pollutants, cars, and … are accumulated and appear as nodes in urban environments, form thermal islands. The heat generated by these islands, in addition to increasing energy consumption due to cooling, causes pollution in the atmosphere, including production of ozone gas and increase of other harmful compounds of carbon and sulfur. Considering the mentioned issues, the present study attempts to introduce and recognize the pollutants in the Ahwaz city environment, examine their effect on the creation of thermal islands and also explain and propose strategies for their prevention, such as specialization of urban planning, prevention of mass construction, etc.
Ahmad Taghdisi; Bijan Rahmani; Mas'ud Mahdavi; Rahmatallah Monshizadeh
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 20-27
Abstract
The experiences of developed and developing countries indicate that establishment of industrial districts and settlements and small industrial workshops near rural areas have always created many socio-economic, physical-spatial and environmental changes on small and large scales. Based on this, the ...
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The experiences of developed and developing countries indicate that establishment of industrial districts and settlements and small industrial workshops near rural areas have always created many socio-economic, physical-spatial and environmental changes on small and large scales. Based on this, the creation of industrial areas and settlements in the city of Shahreza, which has been formed in the vicinity of its villages, has also caused natural, human, economic, spatial and environmental changes that were examined in this study. Based on this, in order to understand the effect of workshop industries in rural areas, it seems necessary that, while introducing the concept of small workshop-based industries and the factors affecting them, the implications of the establishment of these industries in rural areas in a social and economic assessment be evaluated. Therefore, we determined to examine the social and economic consequences of the creation of workshop-based industries on rural development by conducting a case study in 5 industrial districts and settlements within Shahreza, and discuss the most important strengths and weaknesses of the establishment of workshop industries in order to achieve the goals of sustainable rural development, in which regard the following hypotheses were elaborated:
1- Establishment and development of workshop industries in the vicinity of rural areas of Shahreza as complementary to and supporting agricultural sectors will increase the employment and income sources and attract more workforce than mere agricultural activities in rural areas. 2. Further improvement of the social, economic and spatial situation of villages in rural areas of Shahreza city is possible only through the investment of local villagers (through the participation of villagers accompanied by bank credits and urban partners)
Hosein Asakareh
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 20-24
Abstract
No region is independent from the point of view of climate, and the dominant climatic pattern in one region affects other regions, because there is a systematic atmospheric relationship between them in spite of climatic disparities between different regions; for instance changes occurring in tropical ...
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No region is independent from the point of view of climate, and the dominant climatic pattern in one region affects other regions, because there is a systematic atmospheric relationship between them in spite of climatic disparities between different regions; for instance changes occurring in tropical regions cause atmospheric differences between the areas of mid-latitude and other areas.In general, there is always a completely distinct relationship between dominant weather conditions in high latitudes and those of low latitudes. Therefore, the earth's atmosphere works as a single system, in such a way that the change of air circulation from an area of the northern hemisphere to other parts affects the upstream or downstream of that region (Busher, translated by Qaemi, 1994).
The purpose of this paper is to present the variable state of air circulation, help provide a relative knowledge of climate change and unusual situations of pressure and air flow in the North Atlantic. The behavior of pressure systems in the Atlantic Ocean affect each other, and on the other hand they can also affect the climate of Iran directly or indirectly (Alijani, 1987). Hence, the knowledge of the status of these systems will be a basis for understanding the origin of some climatic behaviors in Iran. In order to understand the synoptic patterns generated from different phases of the North Atlantic oscillation, pressure distribution and abnormalities on the surface of the earth and in the Atlantic Ocean have been considered.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 20-23
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Ramin Kiamehr
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 20-23
Abstract
Today, proper management of water resources without accurate information about them is impossible. On the other hand, utilization of existing traditional methods in estimating the amount of water resources in snow catchment areas (basins mostly filled with snowfall), in addition to practical problems ...
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Today, proper management of water resources without accurate information about them is impossible. On the other hand, utilization of existing traditional methods in estimating the amount of water resources in snow catchment areas (basins mostly filled with snowfall), in addition to practical problems and high costs, is unable to provide with sufficient precision due to hardships in access to areas difficult to pass. The news of surprising floods over the past decade are examples of this inability to estimate these resources and the consequent loss of human and agricultural resources. Considering the dynamic nature of snow basins, technology of remote sensing has been introduced as a much better tool compared to traditional methods in terms of up-to-date information, accessibility and reasonable cost, and has found vast applications in management of water resources. In this paper, the method of estimating the two important parameters of level and depth of snow basin through combination of information from remote sensing images and new aerial laser systems (airplane and helicopter) using GPS satellite positioning methods and new technique of DGPS are proposed and described.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted.
There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement. The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues.
Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Firma Onera
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 20-24
Abstract
Anyone who has not seen photos of astronauts in suspended state on their spaceships is aware that many biological, chemical or medical experiments (for example, on the Spacelabs) have been carried out in a weightless state. Specifically, this weightlessness occurs at the point of the center of gravity ...
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Anyone who has not seen photos of astronauts in suspended state on their spaceships is aware that many biological, chemical or medical experiments (for example, on the Spacelabs) have been carried out in a weightless state. Specifically, this weightlessness occurs at the point of the center of gravity (i.e., only one point inside the spaceship); in other points there is a small and measurable acceleration relative to this point. This is caused by gravity of the earth. In fact, satellite gravimetry is the measurement of relative acceleration. The goal of gravimetry is to measure gravity on the earth with such measurements in the spaceship.
Aliasghar Sepahi Gerou (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 20-23
Abstract
A variety of igneous rocks originating from the earth’s mantle contain primary diamond sources, which are the main host rocks for diamonds, kimberlites and lamproite. Primary diamonds or fake (graphite in place of diamonds), and also alkaline basalts and peridotites of Alpine Cumminsky type (1984) ...
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A variety of igneous rocks originating from the earth’s mantle contain primary diamond sources, which are the main host rocks for diamonds, kimberlites and lamproite. Primary diamonds or fake (graphite in place of diamonds), and also alkaline basalts and peridotites of Alpine Cumminsky type (1984) have been found in some lamprophyres; however, significant amounts of diamonds have not yet been found in these stones. Secondary diamond deposits come from these original source rocks affected by weathering and transportation. These deposits are usually rich in high quality diamonds. Examples of these include the Ural Mountains (the former Soviet Union), Namibian sea deposits and the West African, Brazilian and Venezuelan river sediments. The determination of rocks that have potential for these deposits is not possible through mineralogy of the existing debris phases. The nature and origin of secondary diamond deposits are not the subject of this discussion.
Javad Khoshhal; Hamid Nazaripour
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
In this study, data of eleven climate variables (wind direction, wind speed, dry temperature, wet temperature, relative humidity and station atmospheric pressure) for 9:00 GMT, which is equivalent to 12:30 in Iran, and the minimum temperature, maximum Temperature, total precipitation, evaporation and ...
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In this study, data of eleven climate variables (wind direction, wind speed, dry temperature, wet temperature, relative humidity and station atmospheric pressure) for 9:00 GMT, which is equivalent to 12:30 in Iran, and the minimum temperature, maximum Temperature, total precipitation, evaporation and sunny hours of Tabas station during the years 1985-2004 were examined. Due to its proximity to the climatic middle of the day, it is a better representative of the weather conditions of a day. Therefore, we only used the data of this hour. In addition to examining the studied time, 3825 days had complete data for the variables mentioned. The matrix (3825 × 1150) was standardized, and then, a cluster analysis was carried out on this matrix, the length of which was the number of days and the width of the variables, and finally three synchronous weather types were obtained.
Hasan Heidari Sharifabadi
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
Most countries need maps of 1: 50,000 or smaller scales, such as 1: 100,000 and 1: 250,000: 1, for use in civilian constructions and military activities. In design of ground military operations, most of the maps used are of 1: 50,000: scale, and for this reason, these maps should be accurate, up-to-date, ...
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Most countries need maps of 1: 50,000 or smaller scales, such as 1: 100,000 and 1: 250,000: 1, for use in civilian constructions and military activities. In design of ground military operations, most of the maps used are of 1: 50,000: scale, and for this reason, these maps should be accurate, up-to-date, reliable and timely (prepared instantly). Throughout the world, the main source of data for preparation of 1: 50,000 topographic maps are up-to-date photographs. Due to a number of technical problems and other issues described in the paper, the production of linear analogue or digital maps of 1: 50,000 directly and by using aerial photographs in appropriate scales is not practiced in Turkey. Instead, first analogue or digital linear maps are produced on a scale of 1:25,000 using aerial photographs, and then topographic maps of scale 1: 50,000 are derived from 1: 25,000 maps using the generalization technique. It is also possible to produce topographic maps of 1: 50,000 scale directly using Mono or Stereo photographs with good resolution available in the market. In this research, the methods of production of topographic maps of 1:50,000 scale from aerial photographs in appropriate scale and Spot Satellite’s panchromatic stereo images have been compared and examined in terms of time and speed of production, the main components related to cost, the ability to discover and interpret 330 different features existing in the standard for preparation of 1: 25000: 1 and 1: 50,000 maps the results’ accuracy, comprehensiveness and interpretability and the need for ground completion of the results obtained from the two methods.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Majid Mokhtarani
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for information obtained through remote sensing of the web has been greatly increased due to its high resolution for environmental analysis and topographic and local maps. Recent satellite techniques such as SPOT and TM, which are Landsat and based on electronic scanning, ...
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In recent years, the demand for information obtained through remote sensing of the web has been greatly increased due to its high resolution for environmental analysis and topographic and local maps. Recent satellite techniques such as SPOT and TM, which are Landsat and based on electronic scanning, can produce images with resolutions of 10 to 30 m.
For the first time, scanned data on ground scale of each pixel equal to 5 meters can be expected from the mission of MOMS-2 and the newer SPOT and TM systems. Over the past decade, great progress has been made in the use of colored and black and white images taken by the Soviet Union's remote sensing department. The result of the research shows that the highest resolution was for a vast area used for updating maps of 1: 25,000 by KAF-1000 and MK4 cameras.
During the 17th ISPRS conference (Washington, 1992), it was announced for the first time that satellite images taken with the third generation of space-shooting cameras with a resolution of 1-2 meters will soon be used for local applications.
Gholamreza Latifi; Mohammad Hosein Kazemi Andaryian
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 22-26
Abstract
The present article proposes land transformation model which consists of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This model applies varied political, social and environmental models as predictive variables. The study introduces a version of LTM model for Grand Traverse ...
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The present article proposes land transformation model which consists of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This model applies varied political, social and environmental models as predictive variables. The study introduces a version of LTM model for Grand Traverse basin in Michigan gulf and shows how factors like roads, highways, and local streets, and rivers, coastlines in large lakes, entertainment facilities, inland lakes, agriculture density and landscape quality can affect urbanization pattern in coastal basin. GIS is used for understanding local patterns of development, estimating predicting capacity of the model from artificial neural network, spatial expansion of predicting stimulators, and spatial analysis. Finally, the contribution of each predicting variable is estimated and presented on a spatial scale. Landscape quality was the strongest predicting variable on the smallest scale. Multi-scale impacts of land use changes are analyzed using the relational impacts of the site (like landscape quality, local streets) and position (like highways and roads between different regions) on different scales.
Hassan Ali Faraji Sabokbar; Saeed Azadi Ghatar; Abdol Ali Reza'ii
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 22-29
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 22-28
Abstract
The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of ...
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The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of the country, examine specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.
Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Rahman Jahani Dowlat Abad
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 22-28
Abstract
The focus of the present article is on the effects of globalization on the structure of the cities of Islamic countries, and in particular the social, economic and physical structure of these cities. In this paper, after presenting an introduction to the process of globalization and its characteristics, ...
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The focus of the present article is on the effects of globalization on the structure of the cities of Islamic countries, and in particular the social, economic and physical structure of these cities. In this paper, after presenting an introduction to the process of globalization and its characteristics, the effects of this process on each of the above dimensions have been studied. One of the most important effects of globalization on the social structure of cities of the Islamic countries referred to in this article is the separation of the sacred space (Lahuti) from the unholy space (Nasuti) in the Islamic cities and, consequently, the loss of the integrity and unifying quality of these cities. The effects of globalization in the economic structure of Islamic countries can be summed up in issues such as dependent economics, an unequal relationship of the center- around type to the metropolitan western cities, single-product economy, dual economy, and severe class inequality. Changes in the physical structure of Islamic cities through the process of globalization have also been examined in general in two separate categories: the changes that have taken place in the natural elements and environment of these cities and the changes that have been made in its built and man-made environment. Therefore, in the author's view, the effects of globalization in the structure of Islamic cities have generally been unpleasant and, on the whole, seriously damaged these cities economically, socially and culturally, and led them toward an unsustainable development. However, it is also important to note that globalization is an epidemic and unavoidable process, and it is never possible to find solutions to the problems created in the structure of the cities of Islamic countries in isolation and avoidance of this process, but rather in considering the globalization of cities together with the native identity and qualities of societies as a possible and desirable solution and the necessary way to the realization of sustainable urban development. This is the challenge that continues to confront the urban policymakers until reaching executive solutions.
Hasan Heydari (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 22-29
Abstract
The deployment and growth of commercial geographic information systems in the scientific community has led to widespread use of climatic spatial data in various applications. This paper examines the role of geographic information systems in climatology and meteorology. It discusses the methods used to ...
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The deployment and growth of commercial geographic information systems in the scientific community has led to widespread use of climatic spatial data in various applications. This paper examines the role of geographic information systems in climatology and meteorology. It discusses the methods used to conclude and determine spatial data of climate, and apply the conventional applications of the GIS and climatic spatial data series in agriculture, ecology, forestry, health, weather forecast, hydrology, transportation, urban areas, energy and climate change.
Roghiyyeh Golvari (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 22-24
Abstract
The global positioning system (GPS) has been developed for military purposes, such as single-point position determination and navigation. The first civilian GPS applications were for geodetic purposes including baseline measurement using differential methods.When tall structural systems are controlled, ...
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The global positioning system (GPS) has been developed for military purposes, such as single-point position determination and navigation. The first civilian GPS applications were for geodetic purposes including baseline measurement using differential methods.When tall structural systems are controlled, we can introduce GPS technology as a method of measuring displacements.In this paper, two experiments were performed to evaluate the accuracy of measurements using GPS. In addition, an assessment of the GPS capability to measure the smallest movements of the Stuttgart television tower and the high industrial chimney of the Opole power plant due to weak winds has been presented.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 22-25
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. Measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. Measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted. There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement.
The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues.
Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Hossein Mohammadi
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 23-27
Abstract
The statistical sample used in this research was the seasonal and annual temperature in Iran during the period of 35 years (1960-1995). In this regard, among 110 synoptic and climatologic stations, synoptic stations of Isfahan, Ahwaz, Bandar Anzali, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz, Khorramabad, Zahedan, Mashhad ...
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The statistical sample used in this research was the seasonal and annual temperature in Iran during the period of 35 years (1960-1995). In this regard, among 110 synoptic and climatologic stations, synoptic stations of Isfahan, Ahwaz, Bandar Anzali, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz, Khorramabad, Zahedan, Mashhad and Yazd, whose temperature data are complete during 35 years and need not to be reconstructed have been selected. The annual temperature series of selected Iranian stations were evaluated in terms of analysis of periodic variations by factor and non-factor tests. Based on series examinations, temperature series of Ahwaz, Bandar Abbas, Khorramabad and Mashhad follow the patterns of periodic changes, and the rest of the stations were without periodic variations. The series with periodic variations were analyzed and predicted by percentage change method. Considering the analysis and prediction of periodic changes in temperature of the stations, the northeastern, southern and southwestern parts of Iran have periodic changes, and the central, northern and northwest of Iran do not follow the periodic variation patterns.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 23-25
Abstract
Over the past decade the need for elevation information in the city has risen enormously. This includes controlling vertical deviations of buildings, recording the 3D status of service facilities such as water supply networks, sewage network and electricity transmission lines, as well as creating precise ...
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Over the past decade the need for elevation information in the city has risen enormously. This includes controlling vertical deviations of buildings, recording the 3D status of service facilities such as water supply networks, sewage network and electricity transmission lines, as well as creating precise urban 3D models for urban planning purposes. The question dealt with in this paper is how to expand the scattered 3D data by adopting an economical and cost-effective method. The author of this paper presents his examinations based on the experiences gained in Stockholm.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 23-41
Abstract
At first look it seems that the color of starts is of no consequence, but these colors are indeed very meaningful. They show the temperature of the surface of stars and sometimes the state of their atmosphere as well. The temperature of the surface of stars contain implications about conditions of their ...
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At first look it seems that the color of starts is of no consequence, but these colors are indeed very meaningful. They show the temperature of the surface of stars and sometimes the state of their atmosphere as well. The temperature of the surface of stars contain implications about conditions of their depths, and can help us measure related distances. The color can also reveal the position of a star in its group.
Modern technology has opened a new window to the universe, and has made precise observation of stars possible.
The new method provided by photography has led us to new ideas about stars and galaxies and has given a new life to the science of star photometry. There are serious contradictions between the measurements of quality and quantity of stars’ light based on records and what can be seen in images.
Faramarz Khosh Akhlagh; Ali Hanafi; Saeed Ahmadi
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important natural hazards that works in a slow and creeping way. This phenomenon is due to climatic processes, and its severity and frequency depend to a certain extent on the geographical position of the site, which happens every few years as a result of falling precipitation. ...
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Drought is one of the most important natural hazards that works in a slow and creeping way. This phenomenon is due to climatic processes, and its severity and frequency depend to a certain extent on the geographical position of the site, which happens every few years as a result of falling precipitation. In order to study and assess the droughts and wet years of Khoy station, the precipitation data of 32 years (1976-2007) were analyzed using standard distribution index and SPSS and Excel software, and it was found that the most severe drought in Khoy station has been in 1995 with an SPI coefficient of more than -1.6, and in 2001 with an SPI coefficient of more than -1.4, while its highest rate of wet year has happened in 1982 with an SPI coefficient of more than 2.8. Of noteworthy points about the continuity and sequence of droughts is the occurrence of severe droughts during the years 1995-2001 with varying degrees in this station. In order to predict the climatic condition of the Khoy station in the long run, the Markov chain model was used, which suggested that the probability of droughts was 43% and the probability of occurrence of wet years was 42.7%. In other cases, meaning 14.3% of the time, the normal condition of precipitation is prevailing. Similarly, the likelihood of droughts in the long run in winter, spring and autumn was estimated 41.8, 30.5 and 57.3 per cent, respectively.
Ahmad Javaheri; Ali Mohammadpour
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
Today, numerous active and inactive sensors are busy taking information from objects and ground features, and produce varied information from objects at different wave-lengths and with different resolutions. Potentially, each one of these pieces of information can be utilized as one of the sources of ...
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Today, numerous active and inactive sensors are busy taking information from objects and ground features, and produce varied information from objects at different wave-lengths and with different resolutions. Potentially, each one of these pieces of information can be utilized as one of the sources of supplying triple spectral, textural and geometrical (structural) components. Owing to the ability of LIDAR sensor to provide with geometric information as well this sensor’s recent advent, we have examined the potentials and different behaviors of this sensor in detecting various ground features.
Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar; Morteza Zera'ati
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 24-31
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster, but in practice, the flood is one of the most terrible natural disasters in the world in both terms of mortality and financial losses. Between 1988 and 1997, around 390,000 people were killed in natural disasters around the world, 58% of whom were ...
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Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster, but in practice, the flood is one of the most terrible natural disasters in the world in both terms of mortality and financial losses. Between 1988 and 1997, around 390,000 people were killed in natural disasters around the world, 58% of whom were related to flood, 26% were affected by earthquake, and 16% victims of hurricanes and other disasters. Total damage over the past 10 years was about $ 700 billion, of which 33, 29, and 28 per cent were related to flood, storm and earthquakes, respectively. In this regard, a worrying issue has been the increasing trend of mortality and flood damage in the world in recent decades. The phenomenon of flood in Iran is considered as the most harmful natural disaster whose damages account for more than 70% of the whole natural disasters. Increasing population and assets in floodplains, hydrosystem changes and destructive effects of human activities have been among the main reasons for this trend. Today, with the development of information technology, much emphasis has been put on the use of GIS to model and assess the dangers and damage caused by floods. The high speed and precision of these systems, their vast coverage and multi-aspect nature, and their ease of use and low cost have made them more and more utilized in managing the flood crisis. In this paper, we tried to use the GIS technique in managing the flood risk crisis in Kashan area.
Esma'eil Shahkouei
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 24-30
Abstract
Geography is a science that is of interest to all human beings; enthusiasts of geography are people who intend to leave isolation and consider their surroundings. They want to know their lives and have a human and constructive relationship with that environment and its people.If the sun did not set in ...
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Geography is a science that is of interest to all human beings; enthusiasts of geography are people who intend to leave isolation and consider their surroundings. They want to know their lives and have a human and constructive relationship with that environment and its people.If the sun did not set in the British Empire for several centuries, it was because the British kings had to learn seamanship and geography of the world and lands very well. The secret of the continuity of colonialism and dominance over colonies around the world was in these two points.Therefore, in order to increase information of the people of our community about different places in the country, we have decided to present some data concerning the natural status and characteristics of Golestan province to our dear readers. It is hoped that this act will be a step towards making our people more and more acquainted with natural potentials of our land, and an attempt in line with ever-more efforts and utilization of facilities for realization of independence and self-sufficiency of the country in all fields.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 24-26
Abstract
Raster-based processing seems to be a powerful tool for land use planners. Collection of information, processing and visualization are much easier in this system in comparison with other vector systems. All visual maps, plans and drawings can be precisely scanned and shaped into desirable forms. Grid-based ...
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Raster-based processing seems to be a powerful tool for land use planners. Collection of information, processing and visualization are much easier in this system in comparison with other vector systems. All visual maps, plans and drawings can be precisely scanned and shaped into desirable forms. Grid-based modules of GIS software packages include commands by which the user is able to perform various examinations according to needs. The only problem is that the user must be familiar with GIS software modules in order to be able to use this system. Users’ possibilities are also developing. Therefore, the Grid-based analysis is great news for planners who have been waiting for more than twenty years for computer tools to help advance their tasks.
This paper includes a method based on grid for expansion of computer applications in land use planning. In this paper, we divide the planning process to a number of stages and present suggestions for utilization of digital information at each stage.
In addition to theoretical examples, one case is described in detail. This project is an analysis of land use implemented by a group of students of the Helsinki University of Technology.
Hamid Bahiraei
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
In order to carry out marine military maneuvers, it is of great importance to have detailed information about what lies on sea’s bed or even lower. Today there is a kind of competition over establishing a type of connection by which the information can be transmitted between ships and the shore ...
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In order to carry out marine military maneuvers, it is of great importance to have detailed information about what lies on sea’s bed or even lower. Today there is a kind of competition over establishing a type of connection by which the information can be transmitted between ships and the shore or between ships themselves in real time (immediately). Experiments conducted on Italian shores using GIS navigational charts proved that utilization of GIS has been very successful.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
In the fourth issue of the Sepehr Magazine, we referred to the earth's situation in space and wrote a few brief articles about the extent of the world and astronomical scales. Since then, there has been a great transformation in the development of general geographic and astronomical information in the ...
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In the fourth issue of the Sepehr Magazine, we referred to the earth's situation in space and wrote a few brief articles about the extent of the world and astronomical scales. Since then, there has been a great transformation in the development of general geographic and astronomical information in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is therefore not irrelevant to allocate the article of this issue to young readers who are interested in the topic of this great development, and this is the establishment of the Planetarium of Tehran, which was officially opened by the Minister of Defense and Support of Armed Forces on May 17th of this year.
The Planetarium is a dome-shaped building made to facilitate astronomical training and is equipped with technically advanced devices with which it is possible to observe what there are in the real sky on a smaller sky (formed by images below the dome of the Planetarium).
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 24-28
Abstract
Our past discussion of the Earth's motion led to the time and history issues, and we saw how the Earth's rotation and revolution movements created such important issues in our daily lives. At this point in the discussion, it would be of relevance to allocate a brief discussion to the Moon that plays ...
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Our past discussion of the Earth's motion led to the time and history issues, and we saw how the Earth's rotation and revolution movements created such important issues in our daily lives. At this point in the discussion, it would be of relevance to allocate a brief discussion to the Moon that plays a significant role in the time and history issues.
Heydar Lotfi; Mahdiyeh Momeni; Azam Zarandi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 25-32
Abstract
Today, tourism industry is one the most important ways by which governments can make money and related organizations and offices try to develop this industry. Regarding its particular geographic situation, Iran possess diverse vegetation and animal life which along with an investment on tourism industry ...
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Today, tourism industry is one the most important ways by which governments can make money and related organizations and offices try to develop this industry. Regarding its particular geographic situation, Iran possess diverse vegetation and animal life which along with an investment on tourism industry can provide beautiful views for visitors. Kavir national park is one of these areas. Due to its particular geographic position, Kavir national park has the potential of turning into an important tourist attraction. Diversity of vegetation, animal life and land forms have changed it into an ideal place for eco-tourists. Moreover, well-known Qasre-Bahram, Ein-ol Rashid caravanserai and its water supplying system have increased the attractions of the park. It is located near Tehran and Garmsar and this is of great value for those people who more than ever need to go into nature and refresh. Those who know Siah-kuh and Qasre-Bahram will never forget the memories of National park nights with that sky full of stars. The present article investigates the opportunities and limitations of the area and suggests completing routes to the area with the cooperation of public and private sections and taking necessary steps to disclose the area for eco-tourists. So that the necessary requirements for developing the area and sustainable development of tourism industry will be provided. Moreover with the introduction of this treasure of the desert, we can increase the number of those interested in the intact nature of Iran.
Hossein Hataminejad; Mohammad Akbarpoor Sareskanrud
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 25-30
Abstract
Pragmatism is an American-originated movement that has profoundly influenced the rational life in the United States and has had increasing influence in the United Kingdom. The philosophical analysis of its origin was carried out in England and Vienna.it was initially addressed in Britain and, recently, ...
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Pragmatism is an American-originated movement that has profoundly influenced the rational life in the United States and has had increasing influence in the United Kingdom. The philosophical analysis of its origin was carried out in England and Vienna.it was initially addressed in Britain and, recently, in the United States it has been a subject of speculations and debates. Pragmatism is especially a method for solving or evaluating rational issues, as well as a theory about the types of identifications we have the possibility to learn and gain. This school, called pragmatism, or the actuality of action, considers a case as a fact that has a practical advantage, and in other words the truth is the meaning created by the mind, by which it struggles to obtain better and more practical results. To find This is a point that has not been explicitly mentioned in any other philosophical school, as its root can be found in Hume's words, where he calls the wisdom the servant of human desires and confines the value of knowledge to its practical aspect. Pragmatist geography is in search of a modification of the human environment through the use of geographic techniques and methods. Therefore, the value of geography is judged to be real only when it has practical aspect.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 25-29
Abstract
The time it takes for the Earth to travel around the sun, or its “orbital period”, is 365 days. The period of one rotation around its own axis is 23.93 hours, its largest distance from the sun 152 × 106 km and the smallest distance from the sun 147 × 106 km. Its diameter is 12,742 ...
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The time it takes for the Earth to travel around the sun, or its “orbital period”, is 365 days. The period of one rotation around its own axis is 23.93 hours, its largest distance from the sun 152 × 106 km and the smallest distance from the sun 147 × 106 km. Its diameter is 12,742 km, its mass 5.97 × 1024 kg and its density 5.5 × 103 kg / m3. The time of the orbital movement of the moon, or the time of its orbital period, is around 27.32 days. The radius of its orbit is 384 × 103 km, its diameter 3476 km, its mass 7.34 × 1022 kg, with a density of 3.3 × 103 kg / m3. The most interesting thing about the Earth is that it has been identified as the only place for intelligent life in the universe. Even without such a strange feature, the Earth still could have been magic (magic for those who might ask questions about it), but let's mention more facts about it.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 26-31
Abstract
Since the avalanche hazard map is a very time-consuming task, our goal is to improve the development of risk mapping models in vast remote areas. This model is based on satellite imagery and digital elevation model at two points of the Swiss Alps. To simulate avalanche hazards, the model (DEM) is programmed ...
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Since the avalanche hazard map is a very time-consuming task, our goal is to improve the development of risk mapping models in vast remote areas. This model is based on satellite imagery and digital elevation model at two points of the Swiss Alps. To simulate avalanche hazards, the model (DEM) is programmed in a computer that includes the determination of avalanche coordinates and parameters in the forest environment. Forests and pastures were classified according to thematic maps (TM) data. So far only a single forest classification has been made. While separating forests, bushes, and areas near the separating lane (the hypothetical line near which no tree grows) creates problems. The classification of small water springs, and the effect of avalanches within the forest was successful. The comparison of Bahman land and land use maps shows that 85 percent of risk and risk areas are correctly categorized. But for scientific applications, the separation of the red and blue lines was not satisfactory, and more needs to be done for operational applications that need to be addressed. The overall policy is very promising and should be led toward our goals, which is to provide more reliable risk maps with better and newer gateways to mutual conversion of snow and forest.
Majid Danesh; Hosseinali Bahrami; Seyyed Kazem Alavipanah; Aliakbar Nowruzi
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 26-34
Abstract
Soil texture and lime can be considered as amongst the most important soil characteristics, which are considered in many agricultural and environmental projects. Today, with the scientific progress and the advent of remote sensing technology, the possibility of exploiting this technology in soil science ...
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Soil texture and lime can be considered as amongst the most important soil characteristics, which are considered in many agricultural and environmental projects. Today, with the scientific progress and the advent of remote sensing technology, the possibility of exploiting this technology in soil science has also been provided. In this study, for the analysis of soil texture and lime in the Pol Dokhtar area, the four-spectral data for September 7, 2007 prepared by IRS-P6 satellite with LISS III sensors were used. Geometric corrections and processes including UNC, SLED, NDVI, PCA, were performed on the main image. Finally, using randomized sampling method and based on PMU, FCC image of the region, 95 points were selected and samples were taken from two depths of 0-5 and 20-5 cm. Finally, using multiple regression, it was found that the lime and clay of samples at the first depth had a significant relationship with the near infrared band with modified R2 =0.73, and in the green band it was 0.72, and also at the second depth, with a red band of 0.54 and a green band of 0.48, of which all relationships were statistically significant at 1% statistical level. Consequently it was found that clay and lime have a significant effect on the spectral reflection from the soil surface in the region, and it is possible to study them in the region using satellite data and auxiliary data (incidental information).
Ali Baratian
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 26-28
Abstract
Throughout history and throughout the centuries, humans and other living organisms have adapted to the climate and environmental conditions of their residence. However, existing estimates indicate that the consequences of climate change and its effects on the environment are noteworthy. Atmosphere pollutants, ...
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Throughout history and throughout the centuries, humans and other living organisms have adapted to the climate and environmental conditions of their residence. However, existing estimates indicate that the consequences of climate change and its effects on the environment are noteworthy. Atmosphere pollutants, acid rain, etc., affect the habitats of the planet, and sometimes leads to the extinction of biological species. The decrease in the ozone layer and increase in the Ultra Violet rays play effective roles in damage to plants and animals and the development of diseases. In addition to all of these, the factors created by natural disasters caused by atmospheres, such as cyclones of tropical regions, droughts, colds, floods, abnormal monsoons and severe El Ninos also affect the biosphere. Climate change occurs in various forms in natural systems: changes in wet and dry areas, hot and cold areas, increase and acceleration of climatic cycles (monsoons, El Niño, droughts, etc.)…, and this changes in turn lead to changes in the biological cycle, which, although not all of these changes are in a negative direction (such as increasing the plant's yield versus increasing the CO2 content of the atmosphere), it nevertheless disturbs the equilibrium in the ecosystems, which cause chaos in it, such as uncontrolled precipitation that increases weeds that dominate the ecosystem and destroy other species.
Bahram Azad Bakht
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 26-27
Abstract
In this article, the effective factor in the process of infrastructural development of roads and the road design using information that is in fact related to the earth's features, which are themselves affected by human’s contact with nature, are studied. Furthermore, the causes of the creation ...
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In this article, the effective factor in the process of infrastructural development of roads and the road design using information that is in fact related to the earth's features, which are themselves affected by human’s contact with nature, are studied. Furthermore, the causes of the creation of land features and raised parts of the land (Geomorphologic), which are also of important applications are considered. Therefore, the primitive and physical form of the land helps design environmental maps, so that with methods such as the use of remote sensing data and the GIS technique the risk of natural hazards on the highways and the cost of road construction in these plans is reduced. This situation was surveyed in West Bengal, India. Another important example of this (applied geomorphology) was Italy, which was implemented with the above designs and structural and infrastructural works on highways.
Seyyedeh Ameneh Sajjadi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 26-28
Abstract
With the increase in industrial activities and the following climate responses, the development of marine oil fields, wars and the change of regional policies, especially the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the American invasion of Iraq, significant amounts of chemical, hydrocarbon and radioactive substances ...
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With the increase in industrial activities and the following climate responses, the development of marine oil fields, wars and the change of regional policies, especially the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the American invasion of Iraq, significant amounts of chemical, hydrocarbon and radioactive substances have entered the seas and the hydrological cycle and have created irreparable damage to the life cycle. In this paper, we carry out a brief overview of each of the cases.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 1993, , Pages 27-27
Abstract
The Geographic Information System (GIS) includes a set of spatial and non-spatial data that is presented based on specific analyses. In designing the mutual communication of such systems with the user, it is necessary to observe various principles in the use of maps, tables and verbal logs. Due to the ...
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The Geographic Information System (GIS) includes a set of spatial and non-spatial data that is presented based on specific analyses. In designing the mutual communication of such systems with the user, it is necessary to observe various principles in the use of maps, tables and verbal logs. Due to the different characteristics of spatial and non-spatial data, demanding a certain task from system requires use of words and tool of reference. This necessitates access to a visual-verbal system of communication to select various subjects on the map.
Hamidreza Varesi
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 28-37
Abstract
The tourism industry is a phenomenon that has been considered by human societies from distant past and has continued its march in time according to different economic, social, historical and other needs. This phenomenon, which has been dramatically developed since the Industrial Revolution, especially ...
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The tourism industry is a phenomenon that has been considered by human societies from distant past and has continued its march in time according to different economic, social, historical and other needs. This phenomenon, which has been dramatically developed since the Industrial Revolution, especially during the recent centuries, has been a source of important knowledge and technology in international relations and socio-economic development of countries. The tourism industry, which is essentially based on travel, contains comprehensive goals about globe-trotting, pilgrimage, etc. Therefore, its field of activity is greater than other economic activities and its investment costs is much lower than other economic activities, because many ancient discoveries, historical monuments and natural landscapes can, by little investment and proper observance of standards of the tourism industry, turn into valuable tourist attractions. Tourism has two forms: internal (Iran-touring) and international (glob-trotting). Iran-touring is a branch of tourism that is often a synonym for spending leisure time. The economic, social and cultural benefits of this branch of tourism can help employment situation, fair distribution of income, increase in the speed of the flow of money, familiarity and understanding among the peoples living in different parts of the country and consolidation of national unity.
Globe-trotting can also be a profitable activity concerning matters such as earning foreign currency, introducing domestic products to world markets and thus increasing production and expansion of exports. But in general, tourism is on the one hand a means of activity in production, distribution and creation of various services, and on the other hand a platform for understanding and friendship among nations. Today in many countries the tourism industry is an institution of cultural identity and one of the key sources of earning foreign currency. Iran, enjoying a variety of important tourist attractions, can also play a very important role both in terms of economic resources and in introducing itself as an independent culture in today's world. In addition to its unique natural landscapes, the land of Iran has important and valuable historical and religious monuments, both pre-Islamic and post-Islamic, many of which are unique in the world. In order to develop and expand tourism and help economic growth and development, increase national income, earn foreign exchange, raise the level of employment, help and develop Iran-touring in order to provide better facilities on the one hand, and o better and better understand the rich civilization and culture of Iran and Islam overseas on the other, the development and expansion of tourism and Iran tourism is inevitable, and inactivity in this regard will cause huge economic and non-economic damages.
