Remote Sensing (RS)
Heshmat Karami; Hadi Abdolazimi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionWetlands are considered valuable resources of the environment. Despite the importance of wetlands, they are currently threatened by intensive water harvesting for irrigation, industrial development, deforestation, construction of dam reservoirs, and changing rainfall patterns. ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionWetlands are considered valuable resources of the environment. Despite the importance of wetlands, they are currently threatened by intensive water harvesting for irrigation, industrial development, deforestation, construction of dam reservoirs, and changing rainfall patterns. Monitoring can determine the changes in the location, extent, and quality of the wetland and therefore plays an important role in the maintenance and protection of the wetland. Ecosystem monitoring with remote sensing methods offers the advantage of difference, frequent and uniform coverage of large areas. The study of effective parameters or up-to-date maps that show spatial and temporal changes in the sub-basin of Horul Azim Wetland is not available. Therefore, considering that currently, this wetland is struggling with various problems to continue its survival, the purpose of this research is to use Google Earth Engine and satellite data to study the process of wetland changes.Materials & MethodsThis study was done on the platform of Google Earth Engine open source system. In this study, the data of water area, vegetation cover, precipitation, evaporation, and surface temperature were coded in the Google Earth Engine system in a standard way and their time series was obtained. Also, the NASA GRACE data analysis tool (DAT) was used for time series of groundwater levels. In this research, the Mann-Kendall test and Spearman's correlation were used in order to evaluate the changes in different parameters. In this research, the period from 2000 to 2022 was considered to investigate the trend of the data according to the available time range of the data. Finally, to check the fact that the changes in the zones were affected by floods, the data of the Global Surface Water of Water Occurrence (GSWE) probe was used.Results, discussion, and conclusion The results of the analysis graph of the water area data trend showed that from 2007 to 2019 the water area trend is increasing, with 2007 being the minimum year and 2019 being the maximum year, and the reason for this was the 90% water withdrawal of the Hor al-Azim wetland in the Iranian part. Also, the reason for the increase in the water area in 2017 is heavy rains that lead to floods and overflowing of the Karkheh dam in the sub-basin of the Hor al-Azim wetland. In 2017 and 2020, 2021, the water area shows a significant increase, which is due to the change in climatic behavior and the occurrence of floods in these years. Finally, the trend of the blue zone will be downward until July 2022. The results of a careful analysis of the data trend by the Mann-Kendall test showed that the trend of the available time period was observed. Kendall's tau value also confirms the increasing trend. It seems that the increasing trend of the water area in the years 2019 to 2021 in this study using the Google Earth Engine system is the result of the floods of the last few years, that Considering only this parameter and these data leads to errors in the study and investigation of the condition of Hor-al Azim wetland. No significant trend was observed in the time series of vegetation cover, but according to the positive Mann-Kendall vegetation cover statistic, one of the causes of the non-significant decrease in the groundwater level could be the increase of pastures and agricultural lands. Kendall's tau value for the surface temperature also showed a negative value (-0.24). According to this result and the sensitivity of the evaporation parameter to temperature, we can point to the role of this parameter in reducing evaporation in the sub-basin of the Hor al-Azim wetland. The northwest and southeast regions have the highest temperature up to a part of the central region of the sub-basin. The western part, which includes the border of the Hor al-Azim wetland, has the lowest temperature, and most of the central part has the lowest temperature, one of the causes of which can be the presence of vegetation and the development of agricultural lands. The time series graph of precipitation showed that the parameter of precipitation in the years 2017 to 2020 had an upward trend, which led to recent floods in the studied area. The results of the Mann-Kendall test for the general trend of evaporation and transpiration parameters, ground surface temperature, and precipitation in the sub-basin of the Hor al-Azim wetland did not show a significant trend. Using the Global Surface Water Explorer (GSWE) data, the occurrence of water, the intensity of water changes, and the seasonal change of water on the wetland were studied for the period of 1984-2021. The study of this dataset confirmed the human interference (creating the Karkheh Dam and draining its lake) and the occurrence and effects of the flood on the sub-basin of the Hor-al Azim wetland. The results of Spearman's correlation test also showed that climate changes such as changes in precipitation patterns and human activities can become factors that affect the surface of the water body of Hor al-Azim Wetland. The results of this research can be used in the management of Hor al-Azim wetland and wetlands with similar conditions.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Omid Faraji; Alireza Gharaghozlou; Hosein Aghamohammadi Zanjirabad; Zahra Azizi; Alireza Vafaeinejad
Abstract
Extended Abstract:Introduction:Undoubtedly, the main motivation of all planning is to achieve sustainable development, regional balance, proper distribution of activities and maximum use of environmental capabilities in the process of regional development. Land is a limited and vulnerable resource, but ...
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Extended Abstract:Introduction:Undoubtedly, the main motivation of all planning is to achieve sustainable development, regional balance, proper distribution of activities and maximum use of environmental capabilities in the process of regional development. Land is a limited and vulnerable resource, but many of its benefits, if not to be abused, are eternal and renewable. In the planning system, the dimension of space is very important and the principles of spatial planning include the principles of sustainability, integrity and comprehensiveness.Developed countries and developing countries both need skills and guidelines in the field of spatial information, methods, frameworks, tools and templates that can use spatial information in timely and accessible decision-making and move forward and to be supportive to sustainable development goals.The purpose of this study is to investigate the applications and political and economic effects as well as the feasibility of using modern technologies such as: Internet of Things - Cloud Computing and Edge Computing - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - Data Mining and Spatial Behavior Mining with the help of Virtual Reality and monitoring Spatial-Temporal changes, all of which are essential to Digital Twin, focusing on land management and sustainable development.Materials & Methods:This article is based on studying the findings and trends implemented in the three leading areas of land administration: The United States, Australia and the European Union and trying to localize those trends in our country.In this research, the comparative study method has been used, which shows a gap of at least ten years between the current situation of spatial information management in our country and what is happening in the leading countries in this field. The study areas include: architecture and structure-political and governance approach-emerging technologies-software- rules and restrictions.The enabler tools used in this research are the complete familiarity with architecture, software, technologies and current instructions in the field of geospatial sciences in the country, and on the other hand, the study of more than eighty articles and more than ten books in the field of the latest global achievements and the review of all reliable portals of the geospatial information and finally a comparative comparison of these two concepts and drawing a road map.Preparation of 2D and 3D cadastral maps of all geographic entities and assignment of legal and ownership information to these entities and then 3D visualization of these combined spatial data in a suitable portal for the preparation of functional spatial analysis are discussed in detail in the implementation method of this research.Results & Discussion:Utilizing the knowledge and technology in creating a Digital Twin platform and adding its powerful tools to the country's national geospatial information infrastructure will lead to maximum productivity and the growth of the economy and social equality, and its highest feedback is the realization of sustainable development in the country.As the Gartner Institute's technology evaluation indexes as well as the CAGR index and the economic impact evaluation reports of the leading countries show, the acquisition of the Digital Twin technology will greatly contribute to the prosperity of the country's economy.In this research, an attempt has been made to mention all the technical and management tools necessary to achieve this infrastructure, and also a prioritization has been done according to the time of achieving the goals.Conclusion:The results of this research show that filling the gap between the current state of the country's spatial information management and the desired state requires investment, culture and serious efforts of those involved in this field, and on the other hand, a positive point can be mentioned that with following the paths taken by developed countries, it is possible to achieve an optimal model and a clear and error-free path to achieve these goals.The localization of global instructions and the development of a conceptual model of action to resolve the existing technology gap will pave the way for the establishment of new technologies in the country, and with the maturity of the technical and operational branches of these models, we will come closer to the realization of sustainable development in the country.On the other hand, without cooperation and coordination between all the governmental bodies involved in the country's geomatic sciences, in addition to the private sector and the society, it seems unlikely to achieve this great achievement, because the creation of such a powerful infrastructure requires a harmonious and coherent national movement.It is hoped that this article will make a small achievement to the formation of strategic thinking in the management of spatial information sciences in the country and provide a complete picture of the dark corners of the development path as well as helping the decision makers in our beloved country.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Asieh Sepahvand; Ali Amiri; Alireaza Sepahvand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an important role in the process of providing security and fighting against the country's threats. In this context, identification of appropriate natural and human factors and criteria in defense-security positioning are important issues in this regard. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study is to analyze the defense-security locating of military bases with emphasis on the Holy Defense period in Kermanshah province. Materials and methodsThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. The tools for collecting data and information are questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population is various military and security experts and experts in specialized fields related to security and political-military issues. Using targeted sampling, 50 experts were selected as samples. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, the exploratory unlimited cointegration rank test and the time series modeler method were used.Results and discussionsIn order to investigate this, the factors and criteria for the defense - security locating of military bases, emphasizing the period of sacred defense, investigated two general categories of natural factors, which included 12 natural criteria, and human factors with 13 human criteria. The results of the research in the field of natural criteria affecting the locating of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that out of the 12 indicators considered for this, six criteria of faulting and seismicity of the region, geographical conditions of the region, topography of the region, unstable lands and occurrence The problems of creep and subsidence, land slope and land type have played an important role in the locating of military bases. In general, the results of the identification of natural criteria showed that the highest level of influence was related to the fault index and seismicity of the region and the lowest level of influence were related to the index of the number of frost days. The results of the research in the field of human criteria affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the 13 indicators considered for human criteria; Six criteria of political and security considerations, the presence of transportation security in the region, distance from urban and rural centers, distance from international borders, lack of settlement in the vicinity of infrastructure and distance from the communication network of main roads play an important role in locating of the military bases. The results showed that the highest level of influence was related to the index of considering military-security considerations in the locating of military centers and the lowest level of influence was related to the index of distance from gas transmission stations and highways.ConclusionFinally, the results of the investigation of the general natural and human factors affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the two groups, the role of the human factor is greater than the natural factor, and the human factors and And human factors and its indicators have been more important in locating military bases in Kermanshah province. Therefore, for the proper locating of military bases, it is necessary to pay attention to the natural and human factors and their criteria so that during the crisis or military attacks, the military bases will suffer the least damage And in order to ensure the security of military equipment and bases and to ensure the security of the entire country, less damage should be done to military equipment and bases. since Kermanshah province is a border province in the west of Iran And the country of Iran has been attacked many times from the region of the western borders, and the most recent one was the war imposed by Iraq against Iran, which is known as the period of sacred defense, Compliance with the principles of defense-security planning is one of the necessities that should be considered more than other non-border provinces.
Geodesy
Seyyed Reza Ghaffari-Razin; Navid Hooshangi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In geodesy, three levels are considered: the physical surface of the earth on which mapping measurements are made, the ellipsoidal reference surface (geometric datum) which is the basis of mathematical calculations, the geoid physical surface (physical datum) which is ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
In geodesy, three levels are considered: the physical surface of the earth on which mapping measurements are made, the ellipsoidal reference surface (geometric datum) which is the basis of mathematical calculations, the geoid physical surface (physical datum) which is the basis for measuring heights. Satellite positioning systems measure the height of points relative to the ellipsoid surface. The geoid is one of the equipotential surfaces of the earth's gravity field, which approximates the mean sea level (MSL) by least squares. Geoid is very important in geodesy as a representative of the physical space or the space of observations made on the earth and also as the base level of elevations. The separation between the geoid and the geocentric reference ellipse is called geoid height (N). Although there is only one equipotential surface called geoid, various methods are used to determine it. These methods include: geometric method, geoid determination by satellite method, Gravimetric methods and geoid determination using GPS/leveling.
Materials and Methods
In this paper, the aim is to estimate the height of the local geoid using machine learning models. To do this, artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference model (ANFIS), support vector regression (SVR) and general regression neural network (GRNN) models are used. The geodetic coordinates of 26 GPS stations in the north-west of Iran along with their orthometric height (H0) and normal height (h) were obtained from the national cartographic center of Iran. In all stations, the difference of orthometric height and normal height is considered as geoid height (N). Therefore, the geodetic longitude and latitude of the GPS stations are considered as the input of the machine learning models, and the corresponding geoid height was considered as the output. In order to test the results of machine learning models, two modes of 4 and 7 test stations are considered. Also, the output of the models is compared with the local geoid model IRG2016 presented by Saadat et al. for the Iranian region and also the global geoid model EGM2008.
Results and Discussion
Due to the availability of a complete set of observations of GPS stations along with orthometric height obtained from leveling in the north-west region of Iran, the study and evaluation of the models proposed in the paper has been carried out in this region. Observations of 26 GPS stations of North-west of Iran were prepared from the national cartographic center (https://www.ncc.gov.ir/). Two modes are considered for training and testing of ANN, ANFIS, SVR and GRNN models. In the first case, the number of training stations is 22 and the number of test stations is 4. But in the second case, by increasing the number of test stations to 7 stations, the error evaluation of the models has been done. It should be noted that the distribution of training and test stations is completely random.
After the training step of machine learning models and choosing the optimal structure, the test step is performed in two different modes (4 and 7 stations). At this step, the value of the geoid height in the test stations is estimated and compared with the value obtained from the difference of orthometric height and normal height as a basis. Two statistical indices of relative error in percentage and RMSE in centimeters were calculated for all models and presented in Table (1) for the first case.
Table 1. Relative error (%) of ANN, ANFIS, SVR, GRNN and IRG2016 models in the test stations considered for the first case
According to the results of Table (1) and comparing the relative error values of all models in the test stations, it shows that the ANFIS model was more accurate than other models. After ANFIS model, IRG2016 model has higher accuracy than ANN, SVR and GRNN models. It should be noted that the IRG2016 local model uses the observations of all Iranian plateau stations to model the local geoid, and therefore it is expected that this model will be more accurate in the study area than other models.
Conclusion
The evaluations show that in the case of 22 training stations and 4 test stations, the RMSE of ANN, ANFIS, SVR, GRNN and IRG2016 models in the test step are 37.32, 19.83, 49.34, 53.82 and 29.65 cm, respectively. However, in the case of 19 training stations and 7 test stations, the error values of the models are 36.63, 58.31, 39.64, 41.29 and 24.68 cm, respectively. Comparison of RMSE shows that ANN model with less number of training stations provides higher accuracy than ANFIS, SVR and GRNN models. The results of this paper show that by using ANN and ANFIS models, geoid height can be estimated and used with high accuracy locally in civil and surveying applications.
Ali Haj Agha Mohammadi
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 25-32
Abstract
Eucalyptus is one of the most important forest trees enjoying a unique fame in the world of plants. It is planted in large scale around the world and forms considerable forest masses.In today's world in which tree has become scarce even as a shade and sanctuary or in terms of landscape beauty due to ...
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Eucalyptus is one of the most important forest trees enjoying a unique fame in the world of plants. It is planted in large scale around the world and forms considerable forest masses.In today's world in which tree has become scarce even as a shade and sanctuary or in terms of landscape beauty due to prolonged and continuous exploitation as fuel or for construction and industrial works, the shortage can be offset by Eucalyptus cultivation due to its species diversity (six hundred species and variety), rate of growth and ecological flexibility.On the other hand, the major and minor products, short period between cultivating and fruition and high economic value of the Eucalyptus tree have attracted the attention of foresters and natural resource officials in different countries toward this plant and have led to its unprecedented rate of cultivation, so that, for example, Brazil has created about one million hectares of Eucalyptus forests, which is equivalent to about half the natural forests of northern Iran.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan (Translation)
Volume 1, Issue 4 , May 1992, , Pages 26-32
Abstract
This paper presents a report by the authors of the paper to show the Earth's Crust subsidence in a Venezuelan oil field by combining GPS observations with accurate levelling. The area is 50 by 50 km2. The mathematical model used is derived from the University of New Brunswick’s method of analyzing ...
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This paper presents a report by the authors of the paper to show the Earth's Crust subsidence in a Venezuelan oil field by combining GPS observations with accurate levelling. The area is 50 by 50 km2. The mathematical model used is derived from the University of New Brunswick’s method of analyzing form change through GPS hybrid observation and precise levelling. Before launching this project, the group had tested their method in a number of Canadian experimental networks (with a range of 0.7 to 30 km) using TI4100, WM101 and Trimble 4000 SX receivers, and by the WM101 receiver in a section of Venezuelan network. To estimate accuracy, the MINQE method, comparison of the determined subsidence with GPS and accurate levelling have been used. The results show that with the C / A receiver code and the geometric arrangement of satellites in the winter of 1989, the altitude component (h) in the short and medium ranges (up to a maximum of 30 km) can be determined with precision of the order of 15 mm in favorable weather conditions, and with precision of 30 mm in hot and humid conditions.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 27-29
Abstract
The extraction of small scale maps from large scale maps requires a generalization process. The authors of this paper describe a system for the automatic extraction of leveling lines which uses the generalization of individual lines based on a natural principle. In order to extract new levels from two ...
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The extraction of small scale maps from large scale maps requires a generalization process. The authors of this paper describe a system for the automatic extraction of leveling lines which uses the generalization of individual lines based on a natural principle. In order to extract new levels from two initial adjacent levels, a middle-axis algorithm has been used. The system has been extensively tested using real data.Visual surveys show that the quality of the generalized levels is very favorable.
Kamal Omidvar
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 30-31
Abstract
North American meteorological advisors implemented the summer plan of cloud insemination in the countries of Guatemala and Honduras. The two countries, as their neighbors in Central America, provide the bulk of their electrical energy from hydroelectric power facilities. The Chixoy dams in Guatemala ...
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North American meteorological advisors implemented the summer plan of cloud insemination in the countries of Guatemala and Honduras. The two countries, as their neighbors in Central America, provide the bulk of their electrical energy from hydroelectric power facilities. The Chixoy dams in Guatemala and El Cajon in Honduras provide more than 50 percent of the electric power consumed in these two countries. Usually the Chixoy dams are filled with water in the summer, but this dam was not filled in 1991 due to a strong case of the El Nino, the fact which led to disruptions in production of hydroelectric power. For this reason, the fertility plan was implemented in the months of October and November, which correspond to the end of rainy season. Opportunities for insemination were limited. A more comprehensive plan was conducted in late May until July and late September until late October, 1992. The goal of this plan was to increase rainfall on the Chixoy River Basin. The preliminary assessment indicated that the possible fertilizing effects during June 1992 was an average of 17% increase in rainfall in several precipitation control stations facing the wind.According to preliminary calculations, the runoff cost potential of this fertility plan was about a few American dollars per Acer Foot. A similar plan was implemented from late August until late November 1993 on the El Cajon River Basin, Honduras. The preliminary analysis of possible effects of this fertility plan is currently in progress.
Reza Soleiman Anoosh; Bijan Anisi
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 34-39
Abstract
Ozone was discovered by Austrian in 1840, and its basic study dates back to the early 20th century. This rare blue gas, composed of three oxygen atoms (O3), absorbs solar radiation in a spectral range of less than 0.29 microns, and in particular it fully absorbs the range between 0.22 and 0.29 microns ...
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Ozone was discovered by Austrian in 1840, and its basic study dates back to the early 20th century. This rare blue gas, composed of three oxygen atoms (O3), absorbs solar radiation in a spectral range of less than 0.29 microns, and in particular it fully absorbs the range between 0.22 and 0.29 microns (full absorption). Although this amount of absorption is not high, ozone is nevertheless a protective sieve that plays an important role in preventing the dangerous ultraviolet (UV) spectra’s penetration to the surface of the Earth. The Ozone’s power of absorbing radiation in wide parts of infrared ranges including the wavelength of radiations by the Earth is significant, and the reason for the rise in temperature of the stratosphere is the heat generated by absorption of ultraviolet radiation. In general, the thermal structure of the stratosphere is controlled by this gas, and its role in the life and survival of the biosphere is so vital that the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1995 was given to three ozone researchers who spent years working to preserve this gas and prevent its destruction, and to make the world aware of its vital role.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 34-37
Abstract
Although our universe and all objects in it are three-dimensional (3D), nonetheless commercial GIS usually reduces spatial data (spatial data) to two-dimensional (2D) due to different data considerations. If the entire range of the known applications of 2D GIS is to become available in a 3D GIS, certain ...
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Although our universe and all objects in it are three-dimensional (3D), nonetheless commercial GIS usually reduces spatial data (spatial data) to two-dimensional (2D) due to different data considerations. If the entire range of the known applications of 2D GIS is to become available in a 3D GIS, certain appropriate topological and geometric information structures become necessary.The author of this article reviews the current problems of access to 3D GIS and provides answers that result from his research efforts.
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 34-39
Abstract
One of the most important contributions by the Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces in the dissemination of geographic information is the production of identity books for villages of the country, which are prepared by competent experts through local study and observation and with consideration ...
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One of the most important contributions by the Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces in the dissemination of geographic information is the production of identity books for villages of the country, which are prepared by competent experts through local study and observation and with consideration of geographic principles, and which form the groundwork for the volumes “The Book of the Country's Villages” (about 60 volumes of which have so far been published). Sepehr magazine plans to publish, at any opportunity, samples of the contents of one of the identity books, which can by themselves be considered as a micro-geographic study. Whatever is presented here is based on the "Shahrestanak” identity book.
Ali Hasanvandi
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 35-37
Abstract
Tourism is a process that has long existed in its certain forms in human societies, and has gradually evolved through historical periods. This phenomenon is generally based on the main factor of travel and movement, which itself is a result of various psychological, cultural, social and economic needs ...
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Tourism is a process that has long existed in its certain forms in human societies, and has gradually evolved through historical periods. This phenomenon is generally based on the main factor of travel and movement, which itself is a result of various psychological, cultural, social and economic needs of man. Over the past years, world-wide tourism and international travel were considered as luxurious even for those who enjoyed high financial power, and were considered as being done merely for fun and entertainment, while today the tourism industry is one of the world's largest industries. Today, in most countries of the world, especially developing countries, in spite of past mistakes and implementation of inappropriate policies in the tourism industry which have led to enormous social and environmental costs, the development and prosperity of this industry is becoming increasingly important, and new trainings and strategies have started to provide inexpensive continental tours which have many enthusiasts (Razavi, 1995). An extraordinary increase in travel to attractive destinations with the goal of optimal use of leisure time has created special infrastructures and facilities and job opportunities for local people in tourist areas. Thus, over time, the tourism industry has been highly regarded by developed and developing countries, because tourism development, especially the increase in the number of international tourists, will boost a wide range of economic activities of the host country or region. Of course, the development of tourism industry is of paramount importance for developing countries, which are faced with such problems as high unemployment, limited foreign exchange reserves and single-product economy (Jame’ii, 1995). In this paper, we try to analyze the role of the tourism industry in rural development. So far, the most attention has been paid to urban areas and natural and cultural attractions. Therefore, considering the importance of rural tourism and the role it plays in rural development is of major importance.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 35-48
Abstract
Two separate types of flights were made in Finland to determine how the position of the aerial camera is determined by the GPS system. The first test flight was conducted for a small block under adverse weather conditions, with the results indicating a high potential for GPS in modifying the block through ...
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Two separate types of flights were made in Finland to determine how the position of the aerial camera is determined by the GPS system. The first test flight was conducted for a small block under adverse weather conditions, with the results indicating a high potential for GPS in modifying the block through the “Bundle Block Adjustment” analytical method. The second flight was a fully functional and justified flight that was performed on an average-level flight block, which, despite the usual issues confronted in this block, the results were very satisfying. Air triangulation carried out by satellite data was very good and satisfactory for preparing maps of 1: 5000 and smaller scale by GPS kinematic method in Finland. On the other hand, the number of control points that can be considered for it is considerably reduced, and this leads us to save money and time compared to the usual classical approach.
Mostafa Mohammadi Dah Cheshmeh
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 36-39
Abstract
Urban development requires a rational thinking system and a philosophic-ideological thinking in the framework of schools, scientific theories, legal context, and efficient policy making for the specific time and space. In this regard, human being has always endeavored to organize all its activities like ...
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Urban development requires a rational thinking system and a philosophic-ideological thinking in the framework of schools, scientific theories, legal context, and efficient policy making for the specific time and space. In this regard, human being has always endeavored to organize all its activities like space arrangement based on ideological and belief principles. Therefore, city as the modern appearance of human civilization, and the center of sacredness, wealth and power is not an independent and self-governing phenomenon. But rather, it is a part of society structure and a conceptualized crystallization of fundamental needs of different social groups living in the city and affected by social, economic, political and ideological situations. It also represent the beliefs of people building the city. However, formation of these ideological propositions is a function of time and place in which these affective foundations are born, to the extent that investigating these views without considering its time and place context will be useless. The present article studies the backgrounds in which Chicago school was formed and reached maturity from the view point of effective factors, principles and approaches, theories and theorists of this school.
Ali Akbar Azizi
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 36-40
Abstract
In this paper, we study routing in urban transport networks. Although urban transport networks are among dynamic networks, but using solutions that are available for static networks, the degree of complexity of these networks can be reduced. There are various algorithms for network analysis that we can ...
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In this paper, we study routing in urban transport networks. Although urban transport networks are among dynamic networks, but using solutions that are available for static networks, the degree of complexity of these networks can be reduced. There are various algorithms for network analysis that we can use in this regard.Amongst these algorithms, Dijkstra is the most popular one, which has several types, including algorithms A and B.The most important problem with the analysis of urban transport networks is the problem of entering traffic information into the algorithm’s analyzer program because traffic information is constantly changing. Different parameters are effective in traffic, and we can not provide a reliable and effective model for urban transport networks due to the unpredictable nature of many of these parameters.In this paper, using the Java programming language in the Internet, a novel and innovative solution is presented to find the best route in urban transport networks.
Abbas Khosravi (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 36-38
Abstract
In Jyderup, a city in the state of West Zealand in Denmark, two water wells of an underground water supply network, set-up about twenty years ago, are less than a hundred meters away from a deserted color factory. Considering the authority of chief officials of the Environmental Organization of West ...
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In Jyderup, a city in the state of West Zealand in Denmark, two water wells of an underground water supply network, set-up about twenty years ago, are less than a hundred meters away from a deserted color factory. Considering the authority of chief officials of the Environmental Organization of West Zealand, a simple question was to be answered: is there a danger of contamination of underground water wells due to chemical substances released by the factory? If so, is there the possibility of removing these contaminations by digging new wells and extracting polluted underground water?
Fariba Karami
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 37-40
Abstract
Human history, from distant past up to the present day, has always witnessed catastrophic natural disasters causing human casualties, financial losses and vast destruction. Geomorphologic hazards are among these phenomena and threaten the lives of millions of people (lives and property) on the planet. ...
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Human history, from distant past up to the present day, has always witnessed catastrophic natural disasters causing human casualties, financial losses and vast destruction. Geomorphologic hazards are among these phenomena and threaten the lives of millions of people (lives and property) on the planet. Their occurrence imposes massive losses on agricultural, livestock and industrial sectors. In fact, these hazards are natural phenomena, but they turn out disastrous when faced with human societies and lead to enormous life and financial losses (Fann Weston, 1998 and Alcantara Ayala, 2002) and become geomorphic disasters. Today, human beings have not had much success in improving living conditions and reducing destructive effects of disasters in spite of the existence of different sources and systems for obtaining ground data and converting this data into knowledge and making use of this knowledge. Of course, the solution to the problem should be sought in increasing the level of knowledge of human being. By correct management of different types of data and information and taking advantage of new technologies such as remote sensing, it is possible to some extent to reduce the aspects and intensity of damages caused by occurrence of geomorphologic disasters.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 37-40
Abstract
The inner layers of the earth are the same as the inner parts of a peach. The deeper layers are denser and are often separated from each other by sharp sections. There are three types of large divisions. 1) Shell 2) Coating 3) Dense core, which is likely to be of iron or nickel (Figure 3-5). As we have ...
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The inner layers of the earth are the same as the inner parts of a peach. The deeper layers are denser and are often separated from each other by sharp sections. There are three types of large divisions. 1) Shell 2) Coating 3) Dense core, which is likely to be of iron or nickel (Figure 3-5). As we have expressed before, there is a shell, brain and holes on the surface of the earth.
Nurallah Shahmaleki
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 37-39
Abstract
Each sensor has a particular mission and application, and it is often desirable for us to have spectral and spatial resolution in an image at the same time, since the amount of information in a picture is limited by the spatial and spectral resolution of the imaging system, and most of common imaging ...
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Each sensor has a particular mission and application, and it is often desirable for us to have spectral and spatial resolution in an image at the same time, since the amount of information in a picture is limited by the spatial and spectral resolution of the imaging system, and most of common imaging systems offer one of these two features, such as the tm, spot, etc. imaging systems. Of course, along with these systems, there are other systems that enjoy both good spatial resolution and considerable spectrum capabilities, like IKonos Kfa, Kvr, etc.)To overcome the problem of systems of the first type, we use different image processing methods with which we will have both of the features (spatial and spectral resolution) in the image, an operation which is called "Image Fusion." In general, Image Fusion is more convenient and economical than the design and construction of an advanced sensor that has both spatial and spectral resolution.
The multi-spectral images provide the necessary information for interpretation of mapping land cover, but their spatial resolution is not enough. Therefore, in order to increase spatial resolution, using various methods of Image Fusion, multi-spectral images are combined with high resolution images so that we can find out more information about our surroundings and capture more details. These techniques are also known as sharpening techniques. Based on the definition of Image Fusion, EARSEL it is a tool for data that come from various sources with the aim of obtaining high-quality information.Here it is important to note that images with different resolutions may not be simultaneously captured and changes in atmospheric light properties cause damage to composite images, and this damage is seen in Landscape, which contains smaller components (details).
Hossein Hajatpour Ghal'e Roodkhani
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 38-38
Abstract
Khun Fousheh cave is located in the geographical position of eastern longitude of 49 degrees, 9 minutes and 54 seconds and northern latitude of 37 degrees 2 minutes and 41 seconds, 930 meters high in the mountain range of Talesh in the southwest of Fousheh in Ghale Rudkhan village that leads on the south ...
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Khun Fousheh cave is located in the geographical position of eastern longitude of 49 degrees, 9 minutes and 54 seconds and northern latitude of 37 degrees 2 minutes and 41 seconds, 930 meters high in the mountain range of Talesh in the southwest of Fousheh in Ghale Rudkhan village that leads on the south to the Brenna heights and the Lase Posh and Tikaw, on the east to the Mate Khani heights and on the west to the highlands of the Dezdebon. The cave was named by the author in 1993 as Ghare Khun ("Blood Cave") after its discovery because it was in the forest area called “Khun” (the blood, the source of the spring in the Taleshi language).
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 38-41
Abstract
The planet Venus is named after the goddess of beauty in ancient myths, though it has been named among various peoples differently. Ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of fertility. For Babylonians this planet was the mistress of gods and the goddess of love, fertility and war. The Chinese ...
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The planet Venus is named after the goddess of beauty in ancient myths, though it has been named among various peoples differently. Ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of fertility. For Babylonians this planet was the mistress of gods and the goddess of love, fertility and war. The Chinese also considered it a beautiful white spot. With these interpretations, we conclude that Venus has been a symbol of love and beauty since the beginning of civilization. The Greeks living on the island of Cythera, who worshiped Aphrodite, often used the term Cytherean, meaning “related to Aphrodite” for referring to planets. This is an adjective that is used instead of the phrase “related to Venus”.
Behruz Sobhani
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 38-44
Abstract
According to new research data, the tourism industry has become the largest source of foreign exchange earnings in some countries in the 21st century. The vast land of Iran, with its diverse climate, beautiful and exceptional landscapes, abundant and famous mineral waters, and its ancient and Islamic ...
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According to new research data, the tourism industry has become the largest source of foreign exchange earnings in some countries in the 21st century. The vast land of Iran, with its diverse climate, beautiful and exceptional landscapes, abundant and famous mineral waters, and its ancient and Islamic culture and civilization rooted in its old history, is one of the ten top countries in the world in terms of historic status and tourist attraction.
Abdalkarim Gharib
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 38-41
Abstract
Scientists who have studied about American Continent believe that the first inhabitants of the New World have migrated there from Asia. Native Americans are one of the great "Mongolian" branches. This has been proved by anthropological and raciological studies as well as study of the artistic works ...
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Scientists who have studied about American Continent believe that the first inhabitants of the New World have migrated there from Asia. Native Americans are one of the great "Mongolian" branches. This has been proved by anthropological and raciological studies as well as study of the artistic works of Native Americans.
The oldest carvings and sculptures that have been made several thousand years ago by Native Americans and today come from numerous explorations show embodiments of people with diagonal eyes and facial lines that are typical of the Mongolian race. Americanists still do not clearly know how many years before Christopher Columbus the first Americans stepped on American soil.
Some scholars have set the history of the villages and civilization in America to be 15,000 years old.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 38-43
Abstract
With GPS, the plane coordinates can be determined 10 to 20 times more accurate than traditional (classical) methods. This high level of accuracy can be achieved by one or two hours of observation and without any need for direct view between the stations. Because of this, GPS is becoming the only means ...
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With GPS, the plane coordinates can be determined 10 to 20 times more accurate than traditional (classical) methods. This high level of accuracy can be achieved by one or two hours of observation and without any need for direct view between the stations. Because of this, GPS is becoming the only means of determining flat coordinates. The only disadvantage of GPS is that it cannot directly determine the altitudes. As the number of GPS users has grown, today a great deal of research is conducted around the world to find ways to determine the altitudes with the help of GPS. In this paper, one of the proposed methods is carefully examined, and hints for writing computer program for this aim will be presented.
In the first part of this paper, we tried to make the necessity of application of 3D GPS in position determination clear. In the second section, existing methods for determining orthometric height are reviewed. Finally, one of these methods and its practical way of application will be explained in detail.
In this discussion, it is assumed that the reader has basic information about principles and method of using GPS in determining position of geodetic points, and that he/she is also familiar with principles of least squares and with the way of applying them on altitude networks.
Ruhallah Owji; Faramarz Khosh Akhlagh
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 39-42
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of the Earth's system is climate change on short and long time-scales which imposes fluctuations in climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation. These fluctuations are severe in some parts of the world and cause disturbances in natural ecosystems. Drought ...
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One of the main characteristics of the Earth's system is climate change on short and long time-scales which imposes fluctuations in climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation. These fluctuations are severe in some parts of the world and cause disturbances in natural ecosystems. Drought is a climate fluctuation that affects many of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world with different intensity. The mountainous region of the west of Iran has severe precipitation fluctuations due to having a semi-arid to semi-humid climate regime, which causes increasing damage in years of drought. In this research, air temperature and rainfall variations in the Middle-west region of Iran were determined using statistical methods and data from synoptic stations in Arak, Ilam, Khorramabad, Zanjan, Sanandaj, Kermanshah and Hamedan, and the frequency of dry and wet years and the statistical relationship between the two phenomena were studied and evaluated. Statistical calculations were made on the monthly and annual rainfall and temperature data of the studied stations. Moreover, according to the results, it seems that on average a four-year fluctuation is predominant in the precipitation regime of the region, and the trend of precipitation changes indicate regular fluctuations in dry and wet years.
Rostam Saberifar
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 39-42
Abstract
The planet is becoming a world of cities, as the twentieth century witnessed a remarkable development of cities, both in terms of numbers and size (Scoru, 1993). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, about three percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. At the beginning of the 20th ...
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The planet is becoming a world of cities, as the twentieth century witnessed a remarkable development of cities, both in terms of numbers and size (Scoru, 1993). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, about three percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. At the beginning of the 20th century, this number reached about 15%, reaching 46% in the late 20th century. In 2000, this increased to 48.2%. Studies show that in 2025, it will reach 62.5%. On this basis, about two thirds of the world's population will by then live in cities (Bradshaw, 1987)A look at the trend of population growth in developing countries is far more worrying than the whole world. For example, in 1960, the share of these countries in the number of metropolitan cities in the world was 9 out of 19 urban areas, while in 2000, this number reached 50 metropolitan areas out of a total of 66 mother cities (Lo, Fu-Chen 2001). However, there are many differences between the third world and the whole world (in particular in developed countries) in terms of the factors that make up urbanization and the consequences this process brings about (Roberts, 1978). The differences in levels of urbanization and growth rate in these two systems reveal the differences in the socioeconomic systems that are rooted in historical, cultural and other processes. In wealthy countries, urban structures are clearly defined. Population growth is minimal and urban migration process is negligible. But for a developing country, applying this city vision and optimistic assessment will be misleading. As it was stated, the earth was for tens of thousands of years empty of any building made by human hands. These settlements gradually became more compact, turned into villages and then towns. Since the last few centuries, cities have become very complex human settlements. Despite the fact that the city has a relatively long history, but widespread urbanization has a history shorter than 200 years.
Seyyed Bahman Zomorrodian
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 39-41
Abstract
Military and civilian flight simulators have progressed vastly over the past ten years. Computer, electronic and robotic advances have made the simulators improve day by day and become more efficient in piloting training, and, given the growing need for them, this industry has become one of the most ...
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Military and civilian flight simulators have progressed vastly over the past ten years. Computer, electronic and robotic advances have made the simulators improve day by day and become more efficient in piloting training, and, given the growing need for them, this industry has become one of the most important industries in the air transport sector, and today we can see that flight simulators are one of the key factors in flight programs.The first simulator was used in the 1920s under the name Link Trainer, nicknamed the Blue Box in the United States. Subsequently, simulators and flight training systems on the ground developed and advanced dramatically, so that the business of the industry was $ 1 billion in 2000, and it is estimated that in 2007 this figure will reach 1.6 billion dollars.
In recent years, only 30% of this amount has been allocated to the private sector in civilian aircraft, but due to the declining investment of countries in military sections and the increased use of air lines following economic prosperity, it is anticipated that private sector will overtake military section and attract more investment.Simulators include three types of systems: full simulators, medium-range flight training tools, and new software applications that work with home computers.
Rostam Saberifar (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 39-43
Abstract
Accurate, reliable and comprehensive spatial-temporal information on land use in cities is a prerequisite for sustainable land management. Remote sensing provides low-cost and effective solutions for the information required by urban planners at micro and macro levels for analyzing land use planning ...
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Accurate, reliable and comprehensive spatial-temporal information on land use in cities is a prerequisite for sustainable land management. Remote sensing provides low-cost and effective solutions for the information required by urban planners at micro and macro levels for analyzing land use planning which ultimately leads to optimal management of urban environment.Better management and more rational use of land requires accurate and timely knowledge of changes in dimensions, nature and balance of space between exploitation and re-production of resources. GIS introduces the best option for integrating various information collections to achieve uniform combination of land development units. By acquiring these units, identifying problematic areas and proposing protective measures become possible.
In urban / regional development planning, it is of great importance to identify different types of critical ecological areas and their orientations for future growth and balance in land use. This kind of planning will be beneficial to improvement of environmental protection of special areas and other sensitive land use types. Therefore, latest information obtained through remote sensing in relation to environmentally sensitive areas is very valuable. This information will be very useful for various institutions, such as those involved in land restoration, soil conservation and forestry as well as planning in these areas, selecting priority areas, allocating funds and implementing revitalizing methods based on scientific principles.
Masoud Taghvaei; Parvin Shafi'ei
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 39-44
Abstract
Study on rural industries is undoubtedly one of the most important economic necessities, because population growth and consequently the reduction of facilities cause unemployment unless some of these deficiencies and problems are reduced and diminished.Therefore, industrialization of villages in its ...
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Study on rural industries is undoubtedly one of the most important economic necessities, because population growth and consequently the reduction of facilities cause unemployment unless some of these deficiencies and problems are reduced and diminished.Therefore, industrialization of villages in its real sense is one of the important functions in terms of employment, raising the income of individuals and ultimately preventing migrations from villages to cities, because the villagers' departure from villages will not only not solve the problem of villages but indeed intensify them. Considering that rural industries are complementary to the agricultural and animal husbandry sectors, we intend to examine this issue and, in general, define rural industries and their characteristics, classify them and study the importance of development and support methods, the problems of establishing these industries, the difference between urban and rural industries and the position of these industries in Iran's economy.It is hoped that this effort will show a way forward for the future and the authorities to stop the continuous rural migrations by developing rural industries and creating employment.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 39-43
Abstract
While everyone can witness and perceive that surface of the earth has an irregular and complicated shape, and it's a clear and definite fact, there are nevertheless many problems in modulating this irregular surface, as well as doing any kind of calculations in connection with it.For our practical applications, ...
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While everyone can witness and perceive that surface of the earth has an irregular and complicated shape, and it's a clear and definite fact, there are nevertheless many problems in modulating this irregular surface, as well as doing any kind of calculations in connection with it.For our practical applications, we need a regular and uniform shape that would be very close to the topographic surface of the earth. Remember that even the topography of the Himalayas Mountains, which are 8 kilometers high, appears as a thin layer in comparison to the 6400-kilometer radius of the earth; in other words, if it is shown in the global topography, it will have a radius of 2 meters, which means that its height cannot exceed 21.2 mm.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 39-43
Abstract
Aerial triangulation is not the only major branch of photogrammetry, but all the stages of preparation of aerial images and their conversion into maps are conducted by photogrammetry. Therefore, the triangulation method is usually required by other applications of photogrammetry as well. Modification ...
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Aerial triangulation is not the only major branch of photogrammetry, but all the stages of preparation of aerial images and their conversion into maps are conducted by photogrammetry. Therefore, the triangulation method is usually required by other applications of photogrammetry as well. Modification and control of aerial triangulation system has finally become practical by the help of aerial techniques. This paper explains a software system for automatic aerial triangulation.The Pilot projects from the customary photogrammetric block as well as digital photography from the 3-Line CCD cameras using this software have also been introduced.
Hasan Ma'soumzadeh
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 39-44
Abstract
With the introduction of satellite technology into geodetic sciences, a great development has occurred regarding access to valuable information about the shape and size of lands. Although utilization of satellite images can be very helpful in preparation and revision of linear and thematic maps, but ...
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With the introduction of satellite technology into geodetic sciences, a great development has occurred regarding access to valuable information about the shape and size of lands. Although utilization of satellite images can be very helpful in preparation and revision of linear and thematic maps, but employment of these images is not limited to geodetic applications; from the geoscience experts’ point of view, the information extracted from satellite images can be very useful for identification of mineral resources on the surface of, and within, the earth.
The paper presented here indicates a part of major applications of interpretation of satellite images in exploration of mineral resources in Copper and Gold mines of Brazil; it is hoped that it will help those interested in remote sensing to acquire more acquaintance with applications of satellite images in mineral explorations.
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 39-43
Abstract
We thank the great God Almighty, with whose help and boons, and with the help of the enthusiasts and endeavors of Sepehr staff, three periodicals (twelve issues from 1 to 12) in the field of surveying, remote sensing and geosciences have been published.
Undoubtedly, the publication of the scientific ...
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We thank the great God Almighty, with whose help and boons, and with the help of the enthusiasts and endeavors of Sepehr staff, three periodicals (twelve issues from 1 to 12) in the field of surveying, remote sensing and geosciences have been published.
Undoubtedly, the publication of the scientific and technical journal in line with the holy goals of the glorious Islamic Revolution will require the help and guidance of hardworking, committed and faithful scholars.
We thank all the scholars and researchers who have contributed to the productivity of the journal through twelve issues by presenting research papers, translations of scientific works, technical reports, and guidance. We hope that you will continue to benefit us from your help, and so aid us publish works of ever greater benefits and quality, with the aim of excelling the knowledge of surveying and geosciences in the country.
Hamid Reza Varesi; Asghar Nowroozi Avargani
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 40-46
Abstract
Visitation of nature has always existed in soul and mind of mankind, and it is rooted in the nature of human love of beauty. On the other hand, the contemporary man in the continuation of his machine-ridden and tedious life seeks relaxation and freshness in the light of attention to the nature. ...
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Visitation of nature has always existed in soul and mind of mankind, and it is rooted in the nature of human love of beauty. On the other hand, the contemporary man in the continuation of his machine-ridden and tedious life seeks relaxation and freshness in the light of attention to the nature. Choghakhor area with a delightful nature, pleasant, cool and mild climate, vegetation and colorful charming woodlands, landscapes and orchards, clear fountains and the sound of a stream of roaring creeks with a magnificent landscape of Choghakhor wetland, wildlife and birds native and immigrant, on the slopes of the sky-tall mountain range of Kalar (3832 m high), is 60 km from Shahrekord (center of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province) and 45 km from Borujen (county center) in the central part of the beautiful Zagros, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province And is a complete gallery that can fulfil a wide range of expectations of people tired of urban life. The Chaghakhor area is one of the areas with high potential for tourism and recreation in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, due to the presence of valuable natural and environmental attractions and potentials, so that visiting this province without seeing the Choghakhor wetland and the beauties of the area that attracts tourists intending to visit, namely ecotourism , is incomplete. In this paper, which is a documentary-field study with a comprehensive view, while describing the natural features of the Choghakhor area, we introduce the most important attractions and potentials of the region's ecotourism, including the Choghakhor wetland, mountains and heights, springs and jungles, gardens and resorts, religious and historical-cultural centers, etc. Finally, the negative effects of ecotourism development along with strategies and suggestions for optimal utilization of environmental resources of the region are presented.
Mohammad Hossein Saraei
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 40-45
Abstract
The urban and rural networks in the geographic areas have a complex system in their interaction with each other, whose result is the settlement system. The study of the housing system in the regional development process is one of the key issues. Yazd province, with its unique geography, is the heir to ...
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The urban and rural networks in the geographic areas have a complex system in their interaction with each other, whose result is the settlement system. The study of the housing system in the regional development process is one of the key issues. Yazd province, with its unique geography, is the heir to the primitive life pattern that, due to natural difficulties, has over time survived as discontinuous residential centers. However, its urban areas, following the national economy and regional necessities, have been subject to more rapid development, so that the organic linkages of the urban and rural communities of the province have been gradually weakened and the conditions for the decline and desolation of villages and, finally, instability of settlements have been provided. As a result, the settlement system of the province has shifted, not through a logical process, from a highly dispersed rural model towards a largely concentrated urban one. Desolation of more than 43 villages in the province and the concentration of about 60% of its urban population in the city of Yazd are evidences of this claim.
Rahmat Mohammadzadeh
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 40-48
Abstract
The development of economic support policy of Turkish governments has underscored elimination of regional inequalities in economic growth, but these policies have failed in many provinces. There are a number of major reasons for this failure. One of the main reasons for this issue is the ineffective ...
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The development of economic support policy of Turkish governments has underscored elimination of regional inequalities in economic growth, but these policies have failed in many provinces. There are a number of major reasons for this failure. One of the main reasons for this issue is the ineffective and inconsistent implementation of programs without sufficient investment that, if major investments in development projects - either through domestic investment or, in particular, from the European Community - and efficient organization according to regional needs of the country are provided, Turkey will head towards a balanced regional economic growth.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 40-43
Abstract
This paper describes the determination of the weighted matrix of observations through variance and co-variance matrices. In this paper, a new method is proposed that can solve the design problem of a "suitable criteria matrix". This method is similar to the least squares adjustment of surveying observations ...
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This paper describes the determination of the weighted matrix of observations through variance and co-variance matrices. In this paper, a new method is proposed that can solve the design problem of a "suitable criteria matrix". This method is similar to the least squares adjustment of surveying observations and, based on objectives of control networks, it can create the required precision under practical conditions, that is to provide the precision of design with minimum of facilities or safe design with required precision and minimum facilities.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 40-43
Abstract
The Global Positioning System (GPS) currently has seven active satellites of block 2 and six satellites left over from the block, and provides the possibility of good geodetic positioning for several hours every day (with more precision than what is possible with today's surveying tools.). Since GPS ...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) currently has seven active satellites of block 2 and six satellites left over from the block, and provides the possibility of good geodetic positioning for several hours every day (with more precision than what is possible with today's surveying tools.). Since GPS does not require direct observation between stations, geodetic control points can be set at a fraction of the cost of traditional methods. It is interesting to know that in 1986, in the United States, winners of more than 600 tenders (calls for bids) to create control points have been companies with GPS receivers. For this reason, it is believed that having information on the cost of working with GPS can be useful for all the companies and institutions involved in surveying projects.
Mojdeh Ebrahimikia; Hamid Enayati
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 41-46
Rostam Saberifar (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 41-46
Abstract
Generally, great ideas are simple ideas. However, the specific analysis of any matter of importance is necessarily accompanied by complexity and difficulty. The fundamental concepts that lie behind a powerful paradigm are relatively understandable; opinions and beliefs that influence millions of people ...
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Generally, great ideas are simple ideas. However, the specific analysis of any matter of importance is necessarily accompanied by complexity and difficulty. The fundamental concepts that lie behind a powerful paradigm are relatively understandable; opinions and beliefs that influence millions of people and guide the politics of nations (in the field of social sciences) should be accepted by all ordinary people of the community, not just the elite. Only such ideas form institutions from local to world level and become part of human heritage, that is, the principles and framework in which our life is defined. In the early part of the second half of the 20th century, there was such a concept of development. At that time, the meaning we already assume for development was rarely observed. The imperialist and colonial structure that dominated the world in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did not provide much opportunity for social and economic progress in the regions today called developing countries. The colonial territories only served as the main supplier of cheap raw materials and labor, including supply of slaves (in the middle of the nineteenth century). In the richest countries of Europe, North America and Japan, economic growth was largely based on goals such as advancement and modernization. On the other hand, little attention was paid to issues such as equality and social justice. Fatal poverty, weakness and lack of social security system in Europe and the United States during the Great Depression showed that even in these countries, politics (and planning) is not in line with the needs of the public. At the end of the Second World War, collective understanding of issues and policies has evolved. The improvement of economic and social conditions for the majority became the main concern of states, and by eliminating the system of colonial relations, this situation was extended to poorer nations as well. Economic development with its social and institutional attachments in politics and theorization, as well as the Cold War between the two capitalist and communist poles assumed important positions, as a great historian of economics, has stated: "Economic Development in the contemporary meaning of the word did not exist until the 1940s. This concept, with reference to what is already assumed by it, refers to areas and countries that have developed less than others. On this basis, it is commonly believed that these countries should develop by some way if they are not to become poorer than they are, compared with other countries".
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 41-44
Abstract
Archeology deals with historical and prehistoric study of people by analyzing their remnants, especially the remains discovered through excavation. Archeological exploration studies the evident historical monuments of early societies. The existence of these places is often known through historical documents. ...
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Archeology deals with historical and prehistoric study of people by analyzing their remnants, especially the remains discovered through excavation. Archeological exploration studies the evident historical monuments of early societies. The existence of these places is often known through historical documents. Particularly important is the interpretation of aerial photograph in determining places not mentioned in history. Surface and subterranean features significant for archeology are identified by using aerial photo interpretation. Surface features including ruins, gates, stone columns and other surface signs can be directly seen. Examples of visible ruins are:
Rocky buildings such as Stonehenge (England), castles (across Europe), and Indian residences in the southwest of America; gates including bird-shaped and snake-shapes; circular wheels such as the Big Horn Drug Wheel in Wyoming, and other superficial signs including Indians’ pictures in Peru. The image (2-31) shows the Nazca lines. It is estimated that they were formed at least 1500 years ago and have a region of approximately 500 square kilometers. Many geometric shapes, along with narrow straight lines that are 8 km long have been found. Apparently they have been built up through removal of millions of stones to show the lighter earth tones of the ground below. Stones removed, the lines were piled up around the outer boundaries.
Ali Jahani
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 41-42
Abstract
Civil engineers, due to the required accuracy and detailed information, have always faced numerous limitations in collecting data including time consuming nature of the process of such activities. The daily increasing abilities of space technology which have brought about many applications in various ...
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Civil engineers, due to the required accuracy and detailed information, have always faced numerous limitations in collecting data including time consuming nature of the process of such activities. The daily increasing abilities of space technology which have brought about many applications in various sciences and technologies, have led civil engineers consider satellite systems and utilize them in provision of part of their needs for information. In this paper, satellite data abilities and their benefits for civil engineers have been discussed and one of the projects containing relevant experiences has been mentioned as an example.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 41-43
Abstract
The basis of this new semi-automatic levelling method is to replace active mires with a linear measuring system instead of ordinary mires. These mires have a movable target that is fitted along the axis of vision by levelling operator and with the help of a wireless control system. The target place can ...
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The basis of this new semi-automatic levelling method is to replace active mires with a linear measuring system instead of ordinary mires. These mires have a movable target that is fitted along the axis of vision by levelling operator and with the help of a wireless control system. The target place can be adjusted with great precision, and its position on the measurement table can be measured and recorded by an automatic system. After correction, these measurements are transmitted to levelling device for further processing. The features of this new design include collecting and automatically recording information, instantaneous analysis and display of collected information, accuracy at the level of first-rate levelling, and increase in the speed of measurement.
Mehrangiiz Rezaei; Homa Rostami
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 42-45
Abstract
The Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) of the Japan Aerospace Research Agency has prepared and published high-resolution image data map of precipitation dispersion at almost real time (about 4 hours after observation) on the Internet. The map is obtained by measurements carried out by land observation ...
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The Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) of the Japan Aerospace Research Agency has prepared and published high-resolution image data map of precipitation dispersion at almost real time (about 4 hours after observation) on the Internet. The map is obtained by measurements carried out by land observation satellites, including TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission). The hourly-updated Image data also makes it possible to view animated images of precipitation dispersion over a 24-hour period. A× JA uses the data collected by the TRMM Microwave Imaging (TMI) set on the Aqua Satellite and the sensors on the Meteorology Satellite (DMSP, Defense) and other ground-based meteorological satellites. Based on rainfall spatial variation information in cloud images provided by ground-based meteorological satellites, estimating the amount of precipitation per hour using image data becomes possible. Another program of A ×J A is to use this system to predict flood, which can be very effective in reducing flood damage in developing countries and other areas, and also in predicting the occurrence of tropical cyclones (3) and measuring the amount of precipitation caused by them.
Faramarz Khosh Akhlagh; Gholamreza Roshan
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 42-46
Abstract
In this paper, drought in three stations in Fars province has been investigated based on the three indicators of SIAP, PNPI and RAI. After calculating the coefficients of drought indices for the three stations, considering the growth rate of the indices, the coefficient of variation, correlation and ...
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In this paper, drought in three stations in Fars province has been investigated based on the three indicators of SIAP, PNPI and RAI. After calculating the coefficients of drought indices for the three stations, considering the growth rate of the indices, the coefficient of variation, correlation and trend rate of the indices, each of the indices has been compared among the stations, and each of the indices is evaluated at the stations. The results of the growth rate showed that there is a close relationship between the growth rate of the SIAP and the PNPI indices in Shiraz station and between the PNPI and RAI indices in Abadeh station. Regarding the dispersion coefficient, it can be stated that the least dispersion is in the RAI index in the Abadeh station. But the lowest dispersion in the SIAP and PNPI indicators are in Shiraz Station. Regarding the coefficient of correlation among the indicators and the statistical period, the situation is the same, so that the highest correlation is between the RAI index and the years in question at Abadeh station. However, the highest correlation exists between SIAP and PNPI indices with the years of statistical period in Shiraz station. Finally, the results of the general trend of the indices in the three stations are relatively the same.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 42-46
Abstract
On March 13, 1781, an amateur musician and astronomer, William Herschel, discovered the planet of Uranus at night. First, he didn’t understand what he had discovered and confused it with a comet. Herschel accidentally succeeded in discovering a dim and unusual star when he was exploring the sky ...
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On March 13, 1781, an amateur musician and astronomer, William Herschel, discovered the planet of Uranus at night. First, he didn’t understand what he had discovered and confused it with a comet. Herschel accidentally succeeded in discovering a dim and unusual star when he was exploring the sky with his 15 cm reflecting telescope. When he raised the magnification degree of his telescope, this unusual object appeared larger. When Herschel could believe observing this object in the sky, the stars that were in the vicinity of this object were still undefined points of light in the sky. He was able to gain more clues and information during other nights when this planet slowly passed through the stars. The luminosity of this body, which was part of the solar system, was less than a star, and most of its features indicated that it was a comet. Herschel presented his discovery to the Royal Institution of Great Britain under the title "Describing a Comet".
Hasan Afrakhteh
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 42-45
Abstract
One of the major goals of development is provision of needs and wishes which lead to the improvement of people’s quality of life, and one of the main needs of such kind is housing and suitable place of living. Proper house is a certain social right of people. This paper focuses on case study regarding ...
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One of the major goals of development is provision of needs and wishes which lead to the improvement of people’s quality of life, and one of the main needs of such kind is housing and suitable place of living. Proper house is a certain social right of people. This paper focuses on case study regarding villages at the foot of mountains in west of Gilan. It is aimed to clarify the level of agreement between native houses and architecture and needs and wishes of inhabitants as well as achievement of balanced development. For this purpose, first the rules and conditions of suitable house are reviewed. Next, these rules are applied to rural houses in the studied area. Finally, conclusions are made and certain suggestions are presented.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 42-45
Abstract
Geographic information systems have gained increasing importance in environmental planning, examination of environment’s effects and landscape planning. The main reason for this fact is the need for environmental planning in order to perform comparison of different sets of data related to an area ...
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Geographic information systems have gained increasing importance in environmental planning, examination of environment’s effects and landscape planning. The main reason for this fact is the need for environmental planning in order to perform comparison of different sets of data related to an area with the aim of achieving a description of natural resources and their sensitivity to different effects, because it is possible to use GIS for adapting data produces about an area with its real characteristics. GIS is considered a very efficient tool for these types of planning.
Environmental studies require prediction of the environment’s effects. Consequently, risk analyses should be entered into the GIS technology.
This paper describes some methods of application of geographic information system. Application of GIS in connection with models of attitude are elaborated in this paper through mentioning the following examples:
The EIA Study of traffic increase issues in the Wurm Valley in southern Munich;
The impact of the new Munich II airport on the region, urban development issues and increase of traffic;
The environmental management in border areas of Bohmerwald (Sumava) forests in Muhlvertiel in northern Austria.
The selected examples have been obtained through landscape planning and study of environmental effects using GIS and its modeling potentials. Different topics have been raised and assessed for either project based on GIS system of project’s information.
Mojdeh Ebrahimikia; Hamid Enayati
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 43-48
Abstract
Nowadays, energy use has increased dramatically in Iran. Gas is one of the most important energy resources. Gas use will grow in future and its pipe lines are quickly developing. The length of this gas distributing network reaches thousands of miles, so validating and timely defect detection in each ...
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Nowadays, energy use has increased dramatically in Iran. Gas is one of the most important energy resources. Gas use will grow in future and its pipe lines are quickly developing. The length of this gas distributing network reaches thousands of miles, so validating and timely defect detection in each part of pipe line is important and essential. The present article reviews current technology of leakage detection in pipe lines and points out the role of remote sensing and aerial methods in this detection.
In the first section, different leakage detection methods applied on gas pipe lines are shortly reviewed and the second section focuses on optical methods and applying remote sensing and aerial methods with the aim of decreasing costs and time of leakage detection in vast areas. Finally, different methods of leakage detection are compared in the conclusion.
Nasrallah Mowla'ei Hashjin
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 43-46
Abstract
Rural development planning is a purposeful process based on participation of villagers with the result of realization of comprehensive economic, social and cultural development.In this paper, using sources of information as well as experiences, and after defining concepts of development planning, rural ...
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Rural development planning is a purposeful process based on participation of villagers with the result of realization of comprehensive economic, social and cultural development.In this paper, using sources of information as well as experiences, and after defining concepts of development planning, rural planning, rural development and rural development planning and providing sum-ups about them, the necessity of rural development planning is explained.
