Masoud Taghvaei; Parvin Shafiei
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 44-48
Abstract
Ardestan (located in Isfahan province) is one of the counties whose population has always faced fluctuations during the past years. Considering the low population growth rate in Ardestan, it is expected that in 2016 its population will reach about 411 thousand people. Immigration is one of the important ...
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Ardestan (located in Isfahan province) is one of the counties whose population has always faced fluctuations during the past years. Considering the low population growth rate in Ardestan, it is expected that in 2016 its population will reach about 411 thousand people. Immigration is one of the important causes of population fluctuations in this city.
Morteza Tavakkoli; Amangaldi Sherafat Seyyed
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 44-47
Abstract
Tourism and tourism economics are becoming one of the pillars of the world's commercial economy. In addition, many planners and policy makers consider tourism industry as the main pillar of sustainable development. Travelers and globetrotters are important sources of foreign currency, and governments ...
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Tourism and tourism economics are becoming one of the pillars of the world's commercial economy. In addition, many planners and policy makers consider tourism industry as the main pillar of sustainable development. Travelers and globetrotters are important sources of foreign currency, and governments are working day by day to expand the tourism industry and its new options. In this regard, ecotourism is a kind of tourism that, while preserving natural resources, maintains the well-being, comfort and values of the local people. In this paper, ecotourism and its developmental issues and tourist attractions are described, and ecotourism is considered as a desirable option for the development of tourism in the world as well as in Iran, and it is generally inferred that due to the position of Iran among the first five countries benefiting from the broadest climatic variation in the world, conditions are favorable for any ecotourism investment in Iran. The present research is theoretical and descriptive, conducted through the review of secondary sources and Internet search. In this article, we describe the ecotourism and its concepts, attractions of nature tourism, as well as the ecotourism attractions of Iran.
Bahman Kargar
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 44-52
Abstract
Urbanization is considered as one of the main causes of formation of tourism. The evolution and concentration of cities has created certain predicaments and constraints for its inhabitants, and continuation of such a process makes people look for an escape to free themselves for some time from the troubles ...
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Urbanization is considered as one of the main causes of formation of tourism. The evolution and concentration of cities has created certain predicaments and constraints for its inhabitants, and continuation of such a process makes people look for an escape to free themselves for some time from the troubles of urban life, and spend some time on entertainment and recreation and renew their exhausted energy. Residents of cities have been forced to make decisions on spending their free time for various reasons, including physical and spatial uniformity of cities, their heterogeneous and unnatural texture, as well as various types of mental disturbances and stresses and environmental and noise pollution.
After the eighteenth century and the Industrial Revolution, a great transformation in the growth, development and emergence of cities arose and various factors such as the transformation of transportation and the speed of exchanges, the emergence of specialization and division of labor, progress in medical sciences and hygiene, and as a result the increase of the population combined with decrease in mortality, expanding immigration, development and concentration of industry and commerce, as well as rising level of income, diversity of businesses, emergence and expansion of mass communication and ... led to the expansion of urban settlement. Subsequently, huge changes occurred in social, economic, environmental and occupational systems, mental stresses increased, noise contamination, neurological disturbances, unruly behaviors and conditions and … appeared. Following the disclosure of the negative aspects of urban life, leisure planning was at the forefront of urban priorities, which led to the birth of tourism and globe-trotting. Tourism (or globe-trotting) is a phenomenon that has existed with its particular forms in human societies from time immemorial, and has gradually evolved along with historical developments to the present age. This phenomenon is generally based on travel and displacement, which is itself the result of various mental, cultural, social and economic needs of mankind.
Bahram Najafpour
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 44-46
Abstract
Geography has been defined as the study of the mutual relationship between human being and environment. The concept of “human” is not clear in geography. This fact has caused ambiguities concerning the essence and the range of study of geography. Many other sciences such as psychology, economics, ...
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Geography has been defined as the study of the mutual relationship between human being and environment. The concept of “human” is not clear in geography. This fact has caused ambiguities concerning the essence and the range of study of geography. Many other sciences such as psychology, economics, politics, etc. discuss about humans. The concept of human in geography is different from those of other sciences. The importance of human being in geography lies in is his/her activities. Considering the concept of human in geography, this science can be defined as follows: “Geography is the study of mutual relationship between human activities and environment”. Isolation of human being in geographic studies is the great danger which threatens the science of geography.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 44-51
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 44-47
Abstract
The compression of current geodetic networks by the vectors of the Global Positioning System (GPS) addresses issues that are not commonly found in normal networks. These issues are encountered in the process of adjustment accompanied by iteration (guidance concerning their resolution has been presented ...
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The compression of current geodetic networks by the vectors of the Global Positioning System (GPS) addresses issues that are not commonly found in normal networks. These issues are encountered in the process of adjustment accompanied by iteration (guidance concerning their resolution has been presented here). The proposed method in this paper has been used to write a practical computer program.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi; Hamid Sadeghi; Hamed Sadeghi
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 45-47
Abstract
One of the important issues in the field of surveying or military affairs is to determine the coordinates of the points on the earth, from which the distances, angles and other parameters of a point compared with the target or any other point can be measured, for which there are many methods including ...
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One of the important issues in the field of surveying or military affairs is to determine the coordinates of the points on the earth, from which the distances, angles and other parameters of a point compared with the target or any other point can be measured, for which there are many methods including photogrammetry and land surveying, especially effective for short distances. But, due to lack of direct vision, these methods are not efficient enough for very long distances, such as thousands of kilometers between the continents. In this case, space and astronomical objects should be used because of the insignificance of the intercontinental distance compared to it, as well as the simultaneous view of the two stations and the space mass in a constant time. The present study describes the method of determining the location using the received waves from anonymous space objects.
Batul Bahak
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 45-48
Abstract
Noise pollution is one of the most common environmental problems in the major cities of the world, including the metropolis of Tehran, which has been paid less attention than other problems, while this type of pollution is one of the most important environmental pollutants in Tehran metropolis. Noise ...
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Noise pollution is one of the most common environmental problems in the major cities of the world, including the metropolis of Tehran, which has been paid less attention than other problems, while this type of pollution is one of the most important environmental pollutants in Tehran metropolis. Noise damages not only the hearing system but also all physiological systems in the body. Tehran's metropolitan area is critical in terms of noise pollution. The entrance of a huge number of worn out and non-standard vehicles, lack of attention to suitable urban design systems, the lack of balance between urban transport network and the number of cars, decay and over-crowding in the city's central areas, narrow and winding passageways, lack of organized laws dealing with offenders, cultural factors and technology, construction operations, development and repair of transportation networks, gas supplying system, telecommunication, intrusive industries within the city and ... have caused many Tehran citizens to be exposed to harsh noises and the consequent psychological and physical harm caused by this problem. Scientific research on the causes of this phenomenon and factors affecting it and its effects is of particular importance in planning and designing urban spaces and in controlling its results. In this study, the data on noise pollutants in some areas of Tehran was obtained and compared with ideal and appropriate conditions. The results of this study show that the main cause of noise pollution in Tehran are vehicles, especially automobiles and motorcycles, because there is no appropriate combination of communicative functions with social and cultural functions in the physical system of communication networks in service and even recreational centers of this city, so that many areas, neighborhoods and roads face the problem of noise pollution.
Sohrab Askari
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 45-51
Abstract
The Persian Gulf is a semi-closed sea with eight countries on its borders. Iran has the maximum length of coast and it can be said that more than half of the Persian Gulf coast belongs to our country. This beautiful aquatic zone has special natural and political conditions. The Persian Gulf has an aquatic ...
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The Persian Gulf is a semi-closed sea with eight countries on its borders. Iran has the maximum length of coast and it can be said that more than half of the Persian Gulf coast belongs to our country. This beautiful aquatic zone has special natural and political conditions. The Persian Gulf has an aquatic relationship with the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz and the Oman Sea. The Persian Gulf bed is considered as totally continental shelf, which, according to the excavations, has huge hydrocarbon resources, a significant portion of which is discovered and is being extracted. The Persian Gulf states contain the largest reservoir of the world's energy resources. More than 65 percent of the world's oil and more than 38 percent of the world's gas belongs to this geopolitical area. Currently, more than 28 percent of the world's oil is currently supplied from this region. Considering the depletion of oil in other parts of the world, the importance of Persian Gulf oil will increase and its contribution to future world oil production will rise. More than 80 percent of the oil produced in the Gulf region is carried by giant oil tankers and through this aquatic area. The environment of the Persian Gulf is being destroyed by this state of affairs. There are other issues, such as change of beach physics, releasing urban and industrial sewage and removing sand which intensify the environmental degradation of the sea. Southern coastal countries are making changes in the coasts irrespective of the natural conditions of the Persian Gulf, causing further contamination as well as legal problems in the future. The expansion of the phenomenon of urbanization and population growth also cause more environmental problems for the Persian Gulf. This paper tries to describe the factors affecting the environment while describing the geographical situation of the Persian Gulf.
Jalil-al-Din Sarvar
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 45-54
Abstract
The present paper is a summary of the "Siahrood-Rudbar Basin" research project, of which I am one of the managers and advisors, and producer of its physiographic and erosion-sedimentary section. Other sections of the study (geology, climate, vegetation, soil, socioeconomic status) were carried out by ...
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The present paper is a summary of the "Siahrood-Rudbar Basin" research project, of which I am one of the managers and advisors, and producer of its physiographic and erosion-sedimentary section. Other sections of the study (geology, climate, vegetation, soil, socioeconomic status) were carried out by a number of colleagues for Jihad-e-Sazandegi Organization of Gilan province. In this regard, the content presented here is a summary of all reports, which amount to more than a few hundred pages. I hope it will be useful for students and colleagues.
Hushmand Ata'ii; Mandana Basaatzadeh Karandi
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
In this paper, while introducing a brief overview of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, the most important zoning method (Terjung) has been discussed using parameters of temperature, relative humidity, sunny and windy hours in 8 synoptic and climatological stations during a statistical period of 40 ...
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In this paper, while introducing a brief overview of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, the most important zoning method (Terjung) has been discussed using parameters of temperature, relative humidity, sunny and windy hours in 8 synoptic and climatological stations during a statistical period of 40 years. Next, bioclimatic zoning maps were prepared on a seasonal scale.
In order to achieve these maps the Terjung method, statistical-graphical software, elevation gradient, and especially the buffering of AutoCAD map and ArcView were used. Data analysis during this period revealed the ecological groups of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. In winter, due to the dominance of external climatic factors, only one bioclimatic region (K2) is discernible throughout the province; in the spring, the combined effect of external and local factors create three bioclimatic types (W2, M3, C2) and in the summer season the effect of local factors create two bioclimatic types (W4, H5). By change in the effective factors in the autumn, the bioclimatic types (C2, C3, K2) are dominant in the Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province during this season.
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 46-52
Abstract
From the late fifth century and the first half of the sixth century on, Turks infiltrated the northern parts of Central Asia and became neighbors with Iran. At the time of Khosrow Anushirvan, the Turks reached the area beyond the Syr Darya, but stopped there. In the time of Parviz, wars between Iran ...
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From the late fifth century and the first half of the sixth century on, Turks infiltrated the northern parts of Central Asia and became neighbors with Iran. At the time of Khosrow Anushirvan, the Turks reached the area beyond the Syr Darya, but stopped there. In the time of Parviz, wars between Iran and Turks led to the defeat of the Turks. The Turks during the Sassanid era enjoyed the support of the Roman Empire (Byzantium). During the Abbasids, the Turks slowly entered the Abbasid apparatus due to the support they received. Mo'thasim, son of Ma'mun, whose mother was a Turk, provided a platform for the infiltration of the Turks. During the Samanids, the Turks served the Samanid emirs. However, the Syr Darya River was an obstacle to the arrival of the Turks and the Ghuzz, and the city of Utrar (Faraab) was one of the major fortifications to prevent the Turks from penetrating.
Ahmad Pourahmad; Seyyed Majeddin Zandavi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 47-55
Abstract
Since the nineteenth century, suburbs were chosen for the living of the rich and middle-class families due to the inadequacies and pollution of the old part of the cities; the development of transportation technology has led urban families to prefer living in the countryside and away from the central ...
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Since the nineteenth century, suburbs were chosen for the living of the rich and middle-class families due to the inadequacies and pollution of the old part of the cities; the development of transportation technology has led urban families to prefer living in the countryside and away from the central part of the city. Access to the countryside is becoming ever easier with the help of vehicles that travel faster day by day. Currently, suburban residence is the predominant way of life in the United States. But with all this, the suburban settlement has many disadvantages, as this way of life has become outdated from the point of view of urban planners and other thinkers, and they have been thinking about other patterns for the settlement of population surpluses in cities, one of the most important of which is that of creating New Cities, proposed by Ebenezer Howard. Although the creation of new cities has a long history in human annals, in the new centuries the suburban area is prior to new cities, in a way that the problems of cities and suburban residents caused by suburbanization encouraged planners to the creation of new cities.
Ali Shakour
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 47-52
Abstract
As long as rural development planning is not aligned with other projects of regional planning taking place in rural areas, it can not be very effective, because rural development planning inherently influences the region's economy and its prospects. On the other hand, in the process of planning for rural ...
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As long as rural development planning is not aligned with other projects of regional planning taking place in rural areas, it can not be very effective, because rural development planning inherently influences the region's economy and its prospects. On the other hand, in the process of planning for rural development, the recognition of the structural characteristics of the levels of development and awareness of the potential and environmental abilities of each region is of great importance. In the present study, using 23 indicators and variables required to recognize rural development, various economic, social and service grounds have been identified and analyzed using Morris model. The results of the study show that there are many differences in levels of development, and if this trend continues, it is necessary to lessen the inequalities through the implementation of useful rural development plans. The result of the research also show that the level of development of rural areas is not homogenous and villages are in a low level in terms of development; therefore, it is desirable that rural development planners focus their attention more on increasing dimensions of development.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 47-52
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 47-52
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
Read More
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Hasan Beikmohammadi
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 47-53
Abstract
In recent decades, Iran has undergone a number of changes and transformations due to migrations from rural areas and consequent increase in the number and size of cities, resulting in inconsistencies in distribution of urban centers, intense concentration of population in some cities, imbalance in urban ...
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In recent decades, Iran has undergone a number of changes and transformations due to migrations from rural areas and consequent increase in the number and size of cities, resulting in inconsistencies in distribution of urban centers, intense concentration of population in some cities, imbalance in urban system and network, and finally imbalance in the urban hierarchy system. Therefore, in order to prevent the many economic, social, hygienic and ecological problems of big cities, quantitative and qualitative study of these centers and the need to review their planning is of great importance. it is clear that while the role of environmental factors and natural conditions as the geographic context can not be neglected in the emergence of this imbalance and inconsistency, the impact of political and economic issues should be considered as well.
Hamid Enayati; Mohsen Hasanzadeh Shahraji
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 48-53
Abstract
Availability of spatial information and decision making based on the analyses performed by geographic information system are among the fundamental components of sustainable development. For this purpose, an organization or more is responsible for the production of spatial information in different countries. ...
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Availability of spatial information and decision making based on the analyses performed by geographic information system are among the fundamental components of sustainable development. For this purpose, an organization or more is responsible for the production of spatial information in different countries. In recent years and in the era of information technology and public access to internet, creating a platform for providing spatial information in cyberspace is considered to be much more important. As a result, the new generation of spatial information products have the capability of being presented and disseminated in the cyberspace. Some organization have proceeded and not only pioneered for dissemination of spatial information in the Internet, but also have provided users with the possibility of performing some basic spatial analyses. In developed countries, these possibilities are available and spatial information is being provided in cyberspace. In order to take advantage of developed countries knowledge and experience in producing and disseminating spatial information, it is necessary to evaluate the procedure of producing spatial data in these countries. USGS in United States of America and Survey Ordnance in UK are responsible for producing spatial data. Therefore, the present article investigates the procedure of producing spatial information.
Hossein Hatami Nejad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaii
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 48-54
Abstract
Geography, as a cross-disciplinary science, has greatly benefited from the social and philosophical sciences during its evolution. Functionalism is one of the influential ideas in geography and especially in urban planning as one of the subcategories of this science. In this study, considering ...
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Geography, as a cross-disciplinary science, has greatly benefited from the social and philosophical sciences during its evolution. Functionalism is one of the influential ideas in geography and especially in urban planning as one of the subcategories of this science. In this study, considering functionalism as an essential activity for social life, we have dealt with the key elements of this theory that helped to the life and survival of city. After studying the history and concepts of this theory and its relation with geography based on evidence and secondary documents, we have examined the position of this theory in the urban system and urban planning. What can be said as the result is as follows: The validity of this theory in geography has been most accepted during the period 1920-1960 as the peak and flourishing period of its application after the formation of the Charter of Athens and the prevalence of comprehensive planning. The period from 1960s onwards has been the period of decline and inefficiency of the theory due to the prevalence of a systematic approach and the strategic structural patterns.
Ali Akbar Sabzi Parvar; Zohreh Merianji; Abbas Karami
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution of drought in Hamadan province, statistics of eleven of province stations for a period of 27 years was used, and after performing validation and homogeneity tests, it was normalized with drought by the Gibbs and Mohr method, and SPI index for years ...
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In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution of drought in Hamadan province, statistics of eleven of province stations for a period of 27 years was used, and after performing validation and homogeneity tests, it was normalized with drought by the Gibbs and Mohr method, and SPI index for years of drought occurrence in the province was determined. According to this, in the years 1996 and 1999 the most severe drought has occurred. After the dry years were determined based on the Gibbs and Mohr method, the related maps were drawn up to determine its dispersion across the province, and finally, using the ranking of these indices, the final map was drawn according to which the intensity of droughts decreases from east to west, namely, the eastern and central regions have been more susceptible to drought in comparison with other parts of the province.
Sadegh Ahadian
Volume 6, Issue 22 , August 1997, , Pages 48-51
Abstract
One of the ways studied in different countries of the world, especially the United States, to lessen the problems facing in ground transportation of goods, is the hydraulic transportation of agricultural and industrial products. Certain discoveries since 1950’s led the scientists to gradually realize ...
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One of the ways studied in different countries of the world, especially the United States, to lessen the problems facing in ground transportation of goods, is the hydraulic transportation of agricultural and industrial products. Certain discoveries since 1950’s led the scientists to gradually realize that if chemical substances are present in a liquid in two different phases in terms of chemical compounds so that they cannot be merged, they can be transferred together through a pipe from one place to another. Later, vast research was conducted on this subject, and in recent years the related research has been mainly carried out at the Missouri State University in the United States, with the result that by certain floating containers made through a special method, it is possible to transfer agricultural and industrial products through pipes. In the following, a summary of research and modeled examples of the above-mentioned system, carried out by two Iranian and Chinese researchers, Nikdeh and Li in the Missouri State University is presented.
In the second section of this paper, transfer of materials without energy is examined.
Abdolkarim Gharib (Writer); Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia (Report)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 48-49
Abstract
On October 13, 1995, we went to the province of Semnan to visit the caves there. At the Islamic Azad University of Shahrood we heard of a cave located in Zardabieh district, and, accompanied by Dr. Ahmad Nakhli (top advisor of Atomic Energy Organization) and Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia (professor of ...
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On October 13, 1995, we went to the province of Semnan to visit the caves there. At the Islamic Azad University of Shahrood we heard of a cave located in Zardabieh district, and, accompanied by Dr. Ahmad Nakhli (top advisor of Atomic Energy Organization) and Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia (professor of geology at Shahrood University), we went to study the cave but unfortunately we could not find this cave in our explorations. Fortunately, Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia later succeeded in discovering the Zardabieh Cave along with Dr. Hashem Fayyaz, a University professor and four geology students at Shahrood University, on the November 6, 1995. The following is a report from Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia.
Ali Nouri Kermani
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
In this article, we first briefly describe the concepts and history of the emergence of new cities in the world, the historical-theoretical foundations of modern Iranian cities from the beginning to the Constitutional Revolution, and then the mechanism for its development until the Islamic Revolution. ...
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In this article, we first briefly describe the concepts and history of the emergence of new cities in the world, the historical-theoretical foundations of modern Iranian cities from the beginning to the Constitutional Revolution, and then the mechanism for its development until the Islamic Revolution. Next, considering the strategy of formation of new cities in the Islamic Republic era, such as the measures of the Cabinet and major policy of Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, the main goals of the establishment of new cities, the general policy of locating new cities and the most important location criteria have been addressed.
The turning point of this paper are the analysis of factors influencing functions of the new Iranian cities such as geographical location and spatial situation, our comparison among the cities and the quality of their impact on the neighboring new cities, parameters such as people's beliefs, population and income, quality of urban services, rival lands, etc. based on a comprehensive perspective of urban geography, and eventually making general suggestions for organizing and improving the functions.
Fatemeh Behforouz
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 48-64
Abstract
In this study the newly independent republics of Central Asia including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan have been examined in terms of population and human resource issues. The major ethnic-national groups of these republics include Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz and ...
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In this study the newly independent republics of Central Asia including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan have been examined in terms of population and human resource issues. The major ethnic-national groups of these republics include Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, who follow the religion of Islam. Other population groups include the Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Karakalpaks, Tatars, Uighurs, Dungans, Armenians, Jews, Koreans and ….
In order to examine the human resources of these countries in terms of their quantitative and qualitative aspects, certain population, social, cultural and economic issues have been studied and relationship with these newly independent states have been discussed. Separate survey of quantitative and qualitative demographic characteristics of each of these republics will be presented in near future.
Mahmud Jalali; Esmaeil Nasiri
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 49-50
Abstract
One of the most fundamental factors in the structure of the earth is the climate, and undoubtedly nature, man and all manifestations of life are greatly affected by climatic conditions.Climatologists have come to the conclusion that climate can change over time at every aspect. Climate change is the ...
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One of the most fundamental factors in the structure of the earth is the climate, and undoubtedly nature, man and all manifestations of life are greatly affected by climatic conditions.Climatologists have come to the conclusion that climate can change over time at every aspect. Climate change is the result of interaction of complex and less-known factors. Some of these factors act outside the earth's atmosphere, and some others are in human control. Increase in amount of pollutants in urban areas intensifies the instability of urban ecosystems Accumulation of pollution, together with interactions of processes, cause climate instability. In this paper, the impact of human activities on climate issues and urban warming is studied.
Karamatollah Ziari; Mohammad Hossein Janbabanejad
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 50-56
Abstract
The idea of healthy city is an idealistic plan. Although the plan is not more than a few years old, yet its historical roots are very long and vicissitudinous. In fact, 1984 was a turning point in which endeavors of people like professor Dehel, Dr. Eshton and immense supports of World Health Organizations ...
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The idea of healthy city is an idealistic plan. Although the plan is not more than a few years old, yet its historical roots are very long and vicissitudinous. In fact, 1984 was a turning point in which endeavors of people like professor Dehel, Dr. Eshton and immense supports of World Health Organizations led into introducing and sometimes enforcement of new patterns and policies so that now after more than two decades the idea of healthy city has turned into a global movement.After the Industrial Revolution, different changes in cities resulted in many problems and issues entangling cities. Therefore, cities faced numerous problems like population explosion, growing growth density, limited housing, poverty problems, breakdown of the city - nature relation, air and noise pollution, unhealthy slums, decrease in healthy level of social life and etc. According to WHO predictions, by 2005 more than 60 percent of the world population will be among urbanites. This urban population will intensify the present problems. Since cities are alive, dynamic and human-centered, planning a healthy city based on its standards and principles is necessary in long term. The present descriptive-analytic article seeks to understand standards and principles of healthy city.
Asadollah Haghighat; Rahim Sarvar; Mehran Rezaii
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 50-53
Abstract
Since the launch of the first satellite to determine the global situation, more extensive use and the need for more accuracy is constantly increasing. Particularly one of the navigator concerns is the need to the continuous determination of status through using wireless network with a higher degree of ...
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Since the launch of the first satellite to determine the global situation, more extensive use and the need for more accuracy is constantly increasing. Particularly one of the navigator concerns is the need to the continuous determination of status through using wireless network with a higher degree of confidence in urban areas. Unfortunately, the blind areas of the city are the opposite pole to precision in the positioning system because they are out of satellite's range of detection and reduce the precision of positioning. To overcome such problems, the use of pseudo-satellites as a complement to the GPS system can be effective in eliminating the weak signal reception and the ambiguity of the phase, and in achieving full accuracy and increasing the productivity of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Pseudo-satellites are ground-based devices that transmit waves that are similar to GPS waves, and can increase the efficiency of receivers as a complement. This tool is an additional observational factor to address the above mentioned disadvantages. But due to expenses and environmental problems, the number of pseudo-satellites that can be installed is limited. More importantly, to reduce the multi-path error of pseudo-satellite signals it is necessary to determine the position of the antenna and pseudo-satellite device with accuracy. In general, this paper focuses on the development of a satellite simulator system and its proper economic appraisal to cover the blind spots of the GPS system in urban areas, using precise information of satellites and 3D maps.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 50-57
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Mehri Azani; Zohreh Mehdizadeh; Sabaholkhair Hajnabian
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 51-56
Abstract
Cities, as the largest collection of human traces, contain different elements, components, spaces, functions. Nowadays with the population increase in large cities and problems caused by limited space in those cities, urban engineers and experts have decided to build new towns to settle population overflow ...
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Cities, as the largest collection of human traces, contain different elements, components, spaces, functions. Nowadays with the population increase in large cities and problems caused by limited space in those cities, urban engineers and experts have decided to build new towns to settle population overflow and decrease problems. Yet unfortunately, these urban engineers have ignored a crucial issue which is the city inhabitants and their need to create an identity, to feel survival and attachment. Imitating “aesthetic principles” of others, they have constructed an artificial environment and resulted in alienation and identity crisis. This has caused some problems for the settlement in new towns. Specifically in Iran, population settlement plans in new towns have not been successful and people do not show any tendency for living in these towns unless they do not have any other choice. Today, these cities have turned into a sort of dormitory without any functional and social interaction. New towns not only failed in attracting population overflow of metropolis, but also they failed in attracting emigrants due to lack of a defined identity and function. The present article seeks to provide solutions for dynamizing the environment of new towns, attracting larger population, creating an environment in which people feel comfortable, safe and emotionally attached. Descriptive-analytic method is used and data collection is performed in the form of documentary, secondary research. The findings of the research includes the physical structure of city and creating an identity in new towns, changing urban plans with the aim of bringing people closer and increasing their interactions and encounter.
Rashid Ahmadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 51-56
Abstract
Mass movements are all the movements that occur on mountain sides because of the gravity of earth. These movements are divided into different types such as falls, slides, creeps, solifluction, flows, etc.
In some areas these movements and their consequent erosion play greater role in sedimentation and ...
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Mass movements are all the movements that occur on mountain sides because of the gravity of earth. These movements are divided into different types such as falls, slides, creeps, solifluction, flows, etc.
In some areas these movements and their consequent erosion play greater role in sedimentation and changes in shape of slopes than other types of erosion. Although human casualties caused by such movements are not vast, but these movements inflict colossal damages on the country’s lands and infrastructures every year. For example, these movements bring about one billion dollars of damage to national lands and infrastructure in the United States every year. In our country, the share of mass movements in annual damages have been estimated as about five hundred billion rials (Ministry of Interior’s National Committee on Natural Disaster Reduction,1994).
On the other hand, identification and study of these movements requires equipment and implementation of certain methods. One of the best and simplest tools for such aims is aerial photography.
Esmaiil Shahkoubi
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 52-57
Abstract
In this article, we try to determine the position of climate and geography in sustainable development of the province in relation to the tourism industry and its role in regional planning. It is tried to form such a link between the natural and historical powers of the province with climate and tourism, ...
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In this article, we try to determine the position of climate and geography in sustainable development of the province in relation to the tourism industry and its role in regional planning. It is tried to form such a link between the natural and historical powers of the province with climate and tourism, so that in addition to the Iranians, the attention of the newly independent countries of Central Asia, including Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan be attracted toward enjoying this unique natural wealth. Golestan is the "treasure of ecotourism".
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 52-54
Abstract
Prior to 1941, the Axis Powers were at height of their power. Almost all of Europe was occupied by Germany. The fate of Moscow and Stalingrad changed as a result of a small threat. Rommel (the German commander during the Second World War) was freely advancing in North Africa. The Japanese, with quick ...
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Prior to 1941, the Axis Powers were at height of their power. Almost all of Europe was occupied by Germany. The fate of Moscow and Stalingrad changed as a result of a small threat. Rommel (the German commander during the Second World War) was freely advancing in North Africa. The Japanese, with quick and simultaneous invasions in eight regions, achieved an astonishing position and, with this success, a new power emerged in Asia. The Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor forced the Americans to fight against the Axis states. The American forces first entered the battle at the end of 1942 in North Africa. In the Battle of KASSRIN-PASS, the German Air Force, which was weaker than the US forces in terms of number of forces and equipment, carried out such heavy attack against them that led to their defeat. By analyzing this failure, the Americans came to the conclusion that their main mistake was lack of unity in command and control, as well as their lack of attention to multiple air forces controlled by numerous commanders, including many ground-force commanders. Command and control play very important roles in almost all societies. The advantages and disadvantages of their absence are well known. Command is assigned by commanders and applies to specific resources that usually include human resources. A person who is senior to a commander in terms of hierarchy, can monitor and control the resources that are under that commander’s authority. Therefore, control can be exercised by various organizations within an organizational hierarchical structure, depending on the task assigned to each of them, but command is only imposed by the official commander.
Mohammad Ja'far Zomorrodian
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 52-64
Abstract
There has always been a profound and unbreakable link between geographic knowledge and map and surveying techniques, confirmed by many reasons and evidence. This relationship, which is similar to the relationship between brain and head, is so deep that, until recently, the terms “cartography” ...
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There has always been a profound and unbreakable link between geographic knowledge and map and surveying techniques, confirmed by many reasons and evidence. This relationship, which is similar to the relationship between brain and head, is so deep that, until recently, the terms “cartography” and “geography” were used in place of one another, and the geographer also performed cartographic tasks. In confirmation of this, one can notice the definition of geography in the book of Ptolemy. Geography is the introduction of all known parts of the earth and its graphic display.
Seyyed Ali Ebadinejad; Hamid Panahi; Mohammad Sahebdel Alijahani
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 53-56
Abstract
All events, including security and police incidents, are somehow introduced with their geographic position. A commander (or police planner) is forced to make decisions that require knowledge, awareness and information about his environment (Molavi and Farajzadeh, 2001: 126). In other words, environmental ...
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All events, including security and police incidents, are somehow introduced with their geographic position. A commander (or police planner) is forced to make decisions that require knowledge, awareness and information about his environment (Molavi and Farajzadeh, 2001: 126). In other words, environmental decision makers and policy makers, including NAJA, need spatial and geographical information (Ebadi-Nejad, 2003: 121. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the incidence of crime and characteristics of the place of occurrence (Pourahmad, Guidance and Police, 2003: 81), and each crime occurs in a specific place and geographic position. For example, the concentration of crimes in the central part of cities varies with residential districts. In such a situation, the GIS will be fully responsive to the needs of the police, because this system is basically compatible with positional information. In other words, its main task is to make a reference for information.
Elham Ghasemifar; Somayyeh Naserpoor
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 54-60
Abstract
Zoning by climatic elements and factors is one of the most crucial issues which is of interest due to its importance in agriculture and architecture. Climate is the result and function of dominant elements and factors in the area. In this article, zoning is performed based on monthly temperature and ...
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Zoning by climatic elements and factors is one of the most crucial issues which is of interest due to its importance in agriculture and architecture. Climate is the result and function of dominant elements and factors in the area. In this article, zoning is performed based on monthly temperature and precipitation average in 16 synoptic stations of Zagros area using 4 analytical methods - analyzing the main component, seasonal Z-score of temperature and precipitation, standard deviation of monthly and seasonal temperature, and climatic coefficients (De Martonne’s aridity index and Peggy climogram). These selected stations possess the most complete statistics since establishment in 2005. Z score results were verified using variance analysis. In the first 3 methods, zoning was performed using Ward’s method. 3 main components and 5 areas were identified which justify 91.84 percent of variable variances. Z score shows 5 areas in spring and autumn, and 4 areas in summer and winter for rainfall, and 4 areas in summer and 3 areas in other seasons for temperature. Variance analysis test proved the hypothesis (inequality of the areas). 5 main areas were reached based on the temperature data. Applying De Martonne aridity index and Peggy climogram, 3 and 4 areas were verified respectively. Finally, maps of precipitation and temperature areas of Zagros were produced by Inverse Distance Weighted method in GIS environment.
Fatemeh Behforuz
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 1993, , Pages 54-64
Abstract
BITNET is an electronic communications network for higher education. The general characteristics of the network, the services, the availability to academic geographers and their utilization of the system have been tested here. Although more than 80 percent of geography professors in the United ...
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BITNET is an electronic communications network for higher education. The general characteristics of the network, the services, the availability to academic geographers and their utilization of the system have been tested here. Although more than 80 percent of geography professors in the United States and Canada are now included in organizations provided by BITNET, a survey of the heads of the specialized department of the Association of American Geographers suggests that the actual use of BITNET by geographers is relatively low.
Seyyed Hasan Ghoreyshi; Saeid Asgari
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 58-64
Abstract
Historical geography of Shia has attracted attention of many. The special importance and benefit of this dimension of social-historical discussions is considering the geography of different classes of Shia population while investigating its historical evolutions. This is especially important since it ...
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Historical geography of Shia has attracted attention of many. The special importance and benefit of this dimension of social-historical discussions is considering the geography of different classes of Shia population while investigating its historical evolutions. This is especially important since it provides researchers with a better and more precise understanding regarding social position and situation of Shia in the Islamic world and its influence on social, political and cultural changes in the Islamic world. The present article will focus on this issue considering Shiit countries throughout Islamic history.
Mansoor Azizi; Ali Movahed; Farzaneh Sasanpoor; Nemat Kordeh
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 60-69
Abstract
Poverty is one of the most important issues of the world and an important internal problem of all societies of the world, no matter poor or rich. According to the statistics, poor communities in Asia, Africa and Latin America form 60 percent of world population, while possessing only 12 percent of the ...
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Poverty is one of the most important issues of the world and an important internal problem of all societies of the world, no matter poor or rich. According to the statistics, poor communities in Asia, Africa and Latin America form 60 percent of world population, while possessing only 12 percent of the world income. Moreover, the issue of poverty is even present in rich communities as an acute social and economic issue. Poverty has always been a global issue, but it has gained more importance in the finishing years of the 70th decade and especially beginning years of 80th decade. Because in these years and after the acceptance of structural reform program, liberation and privatization in many countries of the world, poverty and supporting vulnerable groups gained more attention. Poverty and poverty alleviation are a global issue which include Iran. Many scholars believe that implementing economic plans affect low-income groups and increase poverty. Therefore, we seek to investigate poverty in Mahabad city and its influence on the city and urban management and provide necessary solutions. The study applies descriptive-analytic research method and questionnaires. Results indicate that a significant number of residents in Mahabad have an inappropriate economic situation. According to the research results, unemployment dilemma, limited manufacturing potential, weak economic foundations are some of the issues which have resulted in distorted distribution of resources and growth in poverty level in Mahabad and thus have increased social inequalities.
Hosein Shokri Komsari
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
This paper shows a state of art of production of vertical photomaps in semi-automatic manner from satellite and aerial images. First, the basic foundation and geometry of the vertical photomap are set, and then a revision of the means used to produce vertical photomaps is considered, and finally the ...
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This paper shows a state of art of production of vertical photomaps in semi-automatic manner from satellite and aerial images. First, the basic foundation and geometry of the vertical photomap are set, and then a revision of the means used to produce vertical photomaps is considered, and finally the practical methods are taken into account. The expected accuracy and image quality of final products will be explained. In the final section, applications of photomaps as well as advantages and disadvantages of photo production using KAF-1000 satellite images will be discussed.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
In January 17, 1995, five hours after occurrence of the greatest earthquake that crushed the city of Kobe (a coastal city of Japan), photographic airplanes flew over the damaged areas. They took about two thousand aerial photos from an area of about five thousand square kilometers including Kobe, Awaji ...
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In January 17, 1995, five hours after occurrence of the greatest earthquake that crushed the city of Kobe (a coastal city of Japan), photographic airplanes flew over the damaged areas. They took about two thousand aerial photos from an area of about five thousand square kilometers including Kobe, Awaji and Osaka.At the same time (right after occurrence of earthquake in Kobe), a group was formed and led by Dr. Okamoto in earthquake research committee of the Geotechnical Association of Japan which started supervision and direction of identification and obtainment of data from the region using photos prepared by photographic airplanes from the area before and after the earthquake. The duty of this group was to design and propose a new system for area’s assessment and surveying that would carry out the area’s zoning, aerial triangulation, measurement and surveying, digital photography, system of receiving three-dimensional ground data and combination of archived infrastructural data. Using 117,000 photos taken by stereoscopic method as well as a hundred photos taken through direct photography from an area of about twenty-five thousand square kilometers, the photos of rebuilding information system were combined and this system was thus prepared.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
Stars have incredibly long life spans by human standards, but they are not eternal. The sun is a middle-aged star (in the middle part of its lifetime). Previous generations of stars have lived and died, and new stars are still born in our galaxy. The stars are formed by the collapse of gas clouds due ...
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Stars have incredibly long life spans by human standards, but they are not eternal. The sun is a middle-aged star (in the middle part of its lifetime). Previous generations of stars have lived and died, and new stars are still born in our galaxy. The stars are formed by the collapse of gas clouds due to gravity. The cloud will only collapse if its density is sufficient, and it should be sufficiently cool and bulky so that the gravity can overcome its internal pressure. For this reason, the most favorable condition for the formation of stars is molecular cloud. Dense-shaped gas clouds have very high number of molecules and are covered with dust that keeps them cool. If part of this cloud or the whole of it finds internal interactions due to gravity, it is likely that it decompose into smaller entities, each of which becomes a star. Hence the formation of stars takes place in batches. The Parvin (Pleiades) star cluster, for example, consists of a group of stars that have been formed around 50 million years ago.
Seyyed Mohammad Haadi Ayazii
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 64-73
Abstract
According to UN studies, "Unofficial Settlement" will be the main challenge of the third millennium and it has been predicted that by 2020, the total number of inhabitants of the world's unofficial settlements will increase to almost 1.4 billion. The rapid expansion of cities around the world has been ...
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According to UN studies, "Unofficial Settlement" will be the main challenge of the third millennium and it has been predicted that by 2020, the total number of inhabitants of the world's unofficial settlements will increase to almost 1.4 billion. The rapid expansion of cities around the world has been accompanied by the rapid growth of unofficial settlements. The haphazard growth of these settlements, while disturbing urban furniture and degrading the environment, has caused many social and cultural problems, especially in the context of social anomalies. The solutions presented in this regard have been diverse, from elimination and destruction to the improvement and empowerment of these settlements. Some consider them as a social problem and believe in their destruction or abandonment. Some other experts believe that, despite the fact that these settlements have many problems and issues, today they are recognized as a to house a group of poor people, and their destruction in the world and Iran are neither practical nor human, and with accurate and coherent planning it is possible to use the capacity and potentials of these settlements in order to empower them. Recent experiences in this area suggest that the concept of empowerment and attention to community-based programs in the face of unofficial settlement problems are now prevalent. In this view, the basis is the participation of residents, especially local leaders and influential people, in the planning and implementation of programs. This facilitates collaborations and division of efforts, and provides the ground for an initiative to overcome the problems of the local community. This increases the quality of life and reduces the social problems of unofficial settlements. In this article, we tried to study the empowerment program in unofficial settlements of Metropolitan Tehran, based on community-based approaches.
Ali Movahed; Mansur Azizi; Nemat kordeh
Volume 22, Issue 86 , June 2013, , Pages 87-99
Abstract
Urban land use and spatial distribution - its location, is one of the main functions in order to optimize for using urban space. Subject land and how to use it is always the main topic of urban planning And the ultimate fate of the urban development plans and monitoring of land use determines ...
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Urban land use and spatial distribution - its location, is one of the main functions in order to optimize for using urban space. Subject land and how to use it is always the main topic of urban planning And the ultimate fate of the urban development plans and monitoring of land use determines how the intervention And has always been one of the fundamental issues of social -economic and physical form of the urban contemporary category. Core practice of urban planning, land use planning, which not only expresses the purpose of a community is about land use, but also to give guidance for urban development. Nowadays, because of development of cities and the growing imbalance in the distribution of land, urban land use regulation is of considerable importance. Urban land use and spatial distribution - place them one of the most important functions for optimal use of urban space. The main aim of this research is studing the creation and recognition of existing land use of urban land uses , including residential, commercial, medical , religious , etc. Find and compare with the standard capitation rate for each member of the lack of be specified . In this study , using descriptive - analytical and survey the land has been studied and modeled using SWOT strengths and weaknesses of each of these uses have been studied .
Seyyed Abolfazl Masudian; Reza Ebrahimi; Monireh Mohammadi
Abstract
One of the major factors that affect Iran’s climate, is its location in different geographical latitudes and variety of uneven lands on one hand, and entering of diverse synoptic systems during the year on the other hand. One of the main parameters that determinesthe climate of each region is temperature, ...
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One of the major factors that affect Iran’s climate, is its location in different geographical latitudes and variety of uneven lands on one hand, and entering of diverse synoptic systems during the year on the other hand. One of the main parameters that determinesthe climate of each region is temperature, especially degree-day (DD).
DD is the difference of the threshold temperature relative to the average daily temperature, and the temperature thresholds are also selected according to the objectives of the research. In this study, the sum of the average numbers of the country's annual and seasonal heating and cooling degree-day was calculated through the temperature thresholds of 25.11 and 25.14 respectively.The daily temperature data was extracted from the Asfazary database. The databases include the daily average temperature in 41 years from 1961 to 2002 on the 15x15 km. cells throughout the country. Thus, the average daily temperature in Asfazary database is an array of 15992x7187 dimensions in which the rows represent the time (day) and the columns represent the location (cells). The results of the research indicate that the highest cooling degree-day (CDD) is from the 11 degrees temperature threshold in the summer and is about 600-750 related to the coasts of Oman sea and the plain of Khuzistan, and the lowest is from the 25 degrees temperature threshold for the entire Iran in winter corresponding to a zero CDD. Regarding the amount of heating required, the highest is from the temperature threshold of 14 in the winter which is related to the Northwestern area and the heights with a CDD of 600-750 and the lowest is in the summer related to the whole country with a temperature threshold of 14 degrees corresponding to a zero CDD.
Esmail Nasiri
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 92-99
Abstract
Basically, solid waste management system is one of the most important items in controlling production, saving, consuming, and also in waste collecting and disposal. The main goal of urban solid waste management is to create an effective and sanitary collecting system which responds to citizens’ ...
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Basically, solid waste management system is one of the most important items in controlling production, saving, consuming, and also in waste collecting and disposal. The main goal of urban solid waste management is to create an effective and sanitary collecting system which responds to citizens’ needs. On the other hand and due to the importance of sustainable development in urban societies, solid waste management is now one of the latest sciences which can decrease the influences and damages caused by consumerism to a considerable degree. Abundance of solid waste is the inevitable result of development and consumption, while lack of management is one of the most important factors in creating environmental pollutions. In addition to the costs of burying wastes, costs of collecting waste have also increased and most of waste management costs are related to collecting urban solid wastes. There are different plans for collecting urban waste, based on the type, composition and amount of produced waste, social and cultural features and urban priorities. According to the World commission of Environment and Development, sustainable development satisfies the present generation’s needs, without damaging the future generation’s capability in satisfying their needs. Not only physical resources, but also human resources must be maintained in development. Sustainable development begins with people and their cooperation; which are crucial in maintaining sustainability in economic, social, ecological and political stages of development.
Ezzatollah Ghanavati; Mohammad Reza Sarvati; Reza Mansouri; Samira Najafvand
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Urban streams have great potential for building a green space network for an entire city. In essence, urban streams have great potential to function as a key part of an urban green infrastructure providing valuable ecosystem services to urban residents. Urban stream organizing ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Urban streams have great potential for building a green space network for an entire city. In essence, urban streams have great potential to function as a key part of an urban green infrastructure providing valuable ecosystem services to urban residents. Urban stream organizing has one of the key topics in water management and land use planning in Iran. There are still ongoing controversies associated with organizing plan. Vegetation is one of the key components of urban stream restoration to increase its natural and esthetic attributes. However, formulating and maintaining planting/vegetation is not easy because it requires consideration of not only the usual factors for general open space design such as ground-level ecological capacity and residents’ preference, but also plants’ hydrophilic aspects. To be selected for stream basin vegetation, plants and vegetation should not be easily washed away during flooding and have a high survival rate even with extended submergence. One of the situations that concerns the applied geomorphologist, is that geomorphological events have a direct impact on man. The irregular development in Tehran, over the past half-century, in addition to the destruction of parts of a coherent historical context and cultural assets and historical heritage surviving the cause is a large part of the natural heritage of floodways.
Materials and Methods
Farahzad stream is one of the floodways in the North of the metropolitan Tehran. Farahzad basin in terms of geological structure is part of Central Alborz and has semi-dry climate. By organizing floodways, urban landscape, walkways and recreational confines as well as environmental and urban landscape conservation sustainable development will be realized. In the urban areas, sections of society play an important role in organizing the floodways. Farahzad basin witha geographical longitude of 51ْ19´ 00 to 51ْ 22´ 00 E and a geographical latitude of 35ْ45´ 00 to 35ْ 53´00 N with an area of 28 square kilometers is located in the North of Tehran city (North of Tehran Province). The maximum amount of rainfall in the area is more than 600 mm with an average of 422 mm per year.
This study aims at assessing the organizing appropriateness of the Farahzad city’s floodways with the geomorphological factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, precipitation, soil, land use and land cover (vegetation), distance from liner features (such as fault, river, road), and overlying of them, with emphasis on organizing floodways using geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and AHP. Methods based on analytical - descriptive, library studies using geographical Information system (GIS) software and analytic hierarchy model in Expert choice software over the map of organizing proportion of Farahzad city-floodways based on the geomorphological factors have been proposed.
Among layers used in this study, the most weight was allocated to elevation. The next layer in order of importance includes: slope, aspect, rainfall, vegetation, soil, distance from streams, faults and roads. Among the factors and layers used in this paper, the lowest relative weight was assigned to the layer distance from the road.
Results and Discussion
Knowledge of key geomorphological processes is an integral part of understanding the evolution of any landscape. Results of this study show that most organized floodway areas of geomorphological factors is considered as a very low and low status proportion (44 per cent). Also, 33 per cent of the area has been organized highly and very highly to fit the situation with the geomorphological factors. The results show that no attention has been paid to the morphological parametersin environmental management and urban planning.
Conclusion
In this paper, the Farahzad Basin was studied using topographical maps with 1:50000 scales and geological maps with 1:100000 scales, Landsat satellite imagery with high resolution and the overlying and weighed methods. The Landsat ETM+ satellite image analysis during 2005 and 2010 (before and after the organization) and their comparison revealed that Farahzad floodways vegetation had grown 26 per cent after the organization with respect to the previous year’s organization. Also, hazards such as landslides, slope instability and even protection of the environment, were affected by landforms and geomorphological parameters.
Hadi Babapour; Mahdi Mokhtarzadeh; Mohammad Javad Valadanzoj; Mahdi Modiri
Abstract
The importance of spatial-referenceddata in all developmental and research affairs is not overlooked. Among the methods for the preparation and production of spatial data, the photogrammetry method has a unique position due to speed, cost-effectiveness and above all, the lack of need to direct human ...
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The importance of spatial-referenceddata in all developmental and research affairs is not overlooked. Among the methods for the preparation and production of spatial data, the photogrammetry method has a unique position due to speed, cost-effectiveness and above all, the lack of need to direct human presence on the site. In photogrammetric method, airborne cameras play a key role in the success and achievements of other stages, as the main means of providing input data and the first operational loop. Today, technological advances have led to the presentation of high quality digital cameras that promise the provision of the required spatial information by photogrammetric method with high accuracy, speed and efficiency. Given the emergence of new digital cameras and the variety of construction and technology used in these types of cameras, the need for their calibration is recognized as a primary requirement. Considering the high costs and executive problems with performing laboratory calibration, the use of self-calibration equations is considered as one of the most useful solutions in this field. For this purpose, in this paper, the use of Fourier equations with optimal terms derived from the genetic algorithm was proposed, and was evaluated and compared with previous models on the simulated data. Based on the results, this model is able to model multiple distortions with minimal dependency. The accuracy presented for modeling multiple distortions in simulated images of the Ultra Cam digital camerashows an about 30% improvement in modeling accuracy with the least dependency,compared with other additional parameters.
Soroush Ojagh; Ali Asghar Ale sheikh; Mohammad Reza Malek; Mohammad Fallah Zezoli
Abstract
Nowadays, we are observing a huge revolution in the use of mobile equipment in all aspects of human life. They greatly facilitate our daily life by their numerous capabilities such as powerful processors and various embedded sensors. Reviewing the history of Geographic Information Science (GIS),one can ...
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Nowadays, we are observing a huge revolution in the use of mobile equipment in all aspects of human life. They greatly facilitate our daily life by their numerous capabilities such as powerful processors and various embedded sensors. Reviewing the history of Geographic Information Science (GIS),one can clearly recognize that real time spatial processes have been the most important concern over the years. On the other hand, data gathering phase is the most time and cost consuming phase in most practical projects. Using traditional way to perform data gathering phase, not only causes some noticeable problems such as: the difficulty of carrying paper maps, inevitable human made mistakes; but also create a deep gap for hitting the main goal of performing a real time spatial process. In this study, by developing a context-aware mobile information system that takes advantage of distributed architecture, we try to deal with those problems. Our ultimate goal is to replace our developed system by traditional methods for gathering spatial and descriptive data about nuisance jobs in Kermanshah, Iran. We assess and compare our system with traditional methods by comparing their results for collected data in 4 districts in a city by different groups of users. Statistical tests prove our developed system has more reliability and efficiency compared with traditional methods. At the end, the tendency of about 92% of user to use our system compared with traditional methods is another measurethat indicates our success in achieving the ultimate goal of this study.
Mohammad jokar; Kamran Lari
Abstract
Abstract
Tidal field data is very important in coastal engineering researches such as developing the beaches, calibration of Numerical hydrodynamic models, hydrography, sediment transport and other things.The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate numerical hydrodynamic modeling by using field ...
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Abstract
Tidal field data is very important in coastal engineering researches such as developing the beaches, calibration of Numerical hydrodynamic models, hydrography, sediment transport and other things.The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate numerical hydrodynamic modeling by using field measurements of tidal measuring stations and to find a level tidal model in the Persian Gul. Therefore, bathymetry and coastline data and one year data of ten tidal measuring stations in the Persian Gulf and the wind field GFS were used for this purpose.Tidal currents were simulated using FM[1] software MIKE21 with irregular mesh structure and considering the astronomical forces, and verified by the results of the station measurements. In the next step, the tidal components were extracted. The simulation of the Persian Gulf's tidal current with the MIKE model was very well adapted to the field data of the tide measuring stations.In the final stage, the values provided by the FES global model were extracted using Matlab software. The results of the tidal analysis derived from the global oceanic tide model were evaluated and compared with the results of the tidal analysis derived from the modeling (results from the tide measuring stations). Based on the results in the study area, the tidal components obtained from the global oceanic tide model in the coastal and shallow zones, showed a low correspondence and accuracy with the tidal components of the tide measuring stations. This is despite the fact that less difference was observed between the corresponding components in deep areas.
1- Flow Model
Kazem Rangzan; Nazanin Ghanbari; Mostafa Kabolizade; Poria Moradi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Energy is one of the essential components for industrial activities and the need of all people, therefore, its supply and demand is continually increasing in human societies. Population growth, its expansion and distribution, along with the ever-increasing human need for ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Energy is one of the essential components for industrial activities and the need of all people, therefore, its supply and demand is continually increasing in human societies. Population growth, its expansion and distribution, along with the ever-increasing human need for new and more efficient energy, have forced man to turn to natural renewable energies. The sun is considered to be the largest energy source in the world, which can be used in many ways. Being non-polluting, clean, free and accessible, are the important features for using renewable solar energy. Solar energy is one of the best and most economical renewable energy in Iran, which not only reduces many human concerns, such as environmental pollution, energy exhaustibility, energy conversion, etc., but also considering the climate of Iran, it can well develop in Iran. Despite the great potential of using solar energy in the country due to the intensity of radiation as well as a very good area for installation and use of solar energy, it is possible to install photovoltaic panels. Regarding the climate of Ahwaze city in terms of radiation intensity (According to the statistics of the New Energy Organization, about 4.5-5 kWh / m 2 / day) and sunny days and on the other hand, due to the establishment of important factories and large industries in the city, it faces the problem of energy and pollution caused by fossil fuels. Therefore, the study of solar energy and its potential for using solar energy to plan for the use of this energy seems necessary. Since no significant steps have been taken in this regard, this study focuses on this important issue, so that by designing a Web GIS system, one can take a step in the direction of data management and decision-making to improve the status quo. Materials and methods The present research seeks to exploit renewable solar energy using solar technologies. The spatial distribution modeling of this renewable resource was performed using GIS analyses and computational intelligence. For this purpose, during the implementation of the survey, Solar Analyst Model available in ArcGIS software was used to estimate the solar radiation in the region. Also, in order to prioritize the region based on having the required potential to exploit solar photovoltaic systems, three categories of effective criteria including environmental criteria, building-density criteria and technical criteria were identified. Then, modeling was done using Fuzzy Inference System. The knowledge of available solar energy and the area of building rooftops are essential components for calculating the potential of electricity generation of photovoltaic systems, but there are technical considerations that must be taken into account in these calculations. In most cases, the calculation of photovoltaic potential requires the consideration of the output capacities of the panels. For this purpose, the technical potential of photovoltaic systems was calculated based on the formulas, the requirement of which is to estimate the geographic potential of the study area. The final stage is the design and implementation of the solar energy Web GIS system. Discussion and Results Estimation of the total radiation received by the earth in the study area using Solar Analyst model, showed the total solar radiation from 0.4 to 1461 kWh per square meter per year. Also, the calculation of the geographic potential of the region and in particular the geographic potential of the rooftops, was performed using Digital Surface Model (DSM) and the results showed that major parts of the region had the potential from 1 to 49 kW per day. Technical potential of photovoltaic systems (Ei) for the roofs, was calculated using the geographical potential and its value varies from 0.1 to 138 kW per day. The results of fuzzy inference system shows that 10 square kilometers of the total area has a medium development priority and 0.7 square kilometers of the total area has a high development priority that form the highest and the lowest respectively. Conclusion Based on what has been stated so far, it can be said that the findings of the present study indicate the success of the integration of two Web GIS and solar energy knowledge in meeting predetermined objectives of the research. Utilizing this process, while providing the opportunity to assist in the decision-making process, provides web-based solar maps using spatial data. In fact, the designed system can be considered as a decision-making tool, if it allows users to view spatial information in the form of a map in addition to providing descriptive information about the region’s potential of energy generation. Users can use this system to identify appropriate locations for installing solar equipment and maximize their benefits.
