Zahra Hejazi Zadeh; Saeed Negahban
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
In this research, we tried to identify the relationship between population areas of Fars province and climatic conditions of different regions of the province. Therefore, at first, different air masses affecting the climate of the province were identified. These masses include the northern, western, ...
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In this research, we tried to identify the relationship between population areas of Fars province and climatic conditions of different regions of the province. Therefore, at first, different air masses affecting the climate of the province were identified. These masses include the northern, western, southern (masses) and local winds. Then, after identifying the type of climate in different regions and analyzing the population dispersion statistics, the relationship between population dispersion and climate conditions was identified. Finally, it was determined that the central regions of Fars province had greater population densities than other areas of the province due to suitable climatic conditions (rainfall, temperature, etc.).
Bahram Azadbakht
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 47-48
Abstract
The district of Bijar is located in Central Iran. This area is located on the urumiyyeh-dokhtar volcanic strip along the northwest-southeast direction. For a brief survey of the geological situation, the district of Bijar is subdivided as follows.
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The district of Bijar is located in Central Iran. This area is located on the urumiyyeh-dokhtar volcanic strip along the northwest-southeast direction. For a brief survey of the geological situation, the district of Bijar is subdivided as follows.
Ahmad Ali Naderi
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 47-55
Abstract
A look at the history of architecture in the world shows that building designers have been consistently making efforts to respond to climatic conditions and its impacts on residential environments. Consideration of climatic conditions is the only reliable guarantee to increase the useful life-span of ...
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A look at the history of architecture in the world shows that building designers have been consistently making efforts to respond to climatic conditions and its impacts on residential environments. Consideration of climatic conditions is the only reliable guarantee to increase the useful life-span of the building, improve the quality of comfort and hygienic facilities and indoor spaces, as well as to save energy in order to adjust and control the comfort conditions.Geographical position and topographic conditions of Iran have shaped different climates over this land. As a result, our ancestors used suitable forms and methods to adapt to climatic conditions and create suitable indoor spaces, and, gradually and in the light of experience and knowledge, they learned the use of environmental potentials in the best way, so the traditional buildings around the country show this amazing harmony and consistency.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 47-50
Abstract
The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network ...
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The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network of observation stations. The longest climatological observations began since 1664 in Paris (Linker, 1992). Climatological observations continued to make progress along with technological advancement. Today, international meteorological networks cover all around the world; climatic elements are observed several times a day and transmitted to national and international meteorological organizations and analyzed there, and relevant statistics and maps are published every year.
Frozen precipitation, especially snow, has received less attention in our country, and comprehensive works on this phenomenon are infrequent. Difficulties of the task and study in mountainous areas which are the main extent for frozen precipitation have constrained research activities in this regard.Snow is one of the important factors in environment and, as a type of precipitation, is a suitable reserve for storing water over long periods (Suruk, 1993). Slow hydrological reaction, avalanche, special micro-climate, intense reflection of solar energy and other factors have made snow as one of the most important and interesting climatic phenomena.
Hamid Ma'soumi (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 48-50
Abstract
The evaluation of the geometric function of a large-scale digital camera (ULTRACAMD) is the main subject of this paper.The concepts of geometric calibration by bundle adjustment method have been described.The additional parameters based on the specific design of the camera are determined and defined, ...
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The evaluation of the geometric function of a large-scale digital camera (ULTRACAMD) is the main subject of this paper.The concepts of geometric calibration by bundle adjustment method have been described.The additional parameters based on the specific design of the camera are determined and defined, and the BINGO group modification software has been upgraded to manage these parameters.The entire calibration process will consist of four steps.In the first step, a set of images is taken from fully-clear targets such that additional observations (with high degree of freedom) are possible. The second step is to measure the coordinates of the image. Automation and accuracy are achieved by image processing techniques utilizing a special form of fully-clear targets.The third step involves processing the semi-automatic adjustment, and the unknown parameters (focal length, principal point coordinates, distortion parameters and additional parameters) are estimated. In the fourth step, we will identify the linear and non-linear parameters. Linear parameters are used to reduce the linear effects of distortion in the camera. This will be achieved by linear transmission of measured coordinates, so that only nonlinear small effects will remain. The remaining effects are then described in a table (Look Up table). The results of a series of full calibration operations, modified parameters and the effects of these parameters were presented. Finally calibration has been confirmed and implemented.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Hushang Sane'ei
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 48-53
Abstract
In the year 1477, in the city of Bologna (Italy), for the first time, a Geographic Atlas, consisting of twenty-seven maps prepared by Claudius Ptolemy was published. With the information available, it seems that this atlas has been the oldest publication of its kind. Ptolemy, a scientist and astronomer ...
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In the year 1477, in the city of Bologna (Italy), for the first time, a Geographic Atlas, consisting of twenty-seven maps prepared by Claudius Ptolemy was published. With the information available, it seems that this atlas has been the oldest publication of its kind. Ptolemy, a scientist and astronomer from Alexandria, edited and completed a handwritten Greek book (Geographia, 120 A.D.) describing preparation of geographic maps with comprehensive annotation. This was the way in which the science of preparation of maps started a revival and became a necessary science. Immediately, major printing companies began to produce numerous copies of it not only in Italy, but this time in Germany. These maps were practically limited to Europe-Asia-the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa (the known world at that time). Until the mid-sixteenth century A.D. the content and documents of Ptolemy’s geographic book remained unchallenged, with the difference that Sebastien Munster for the first time printed this Atlas as one integrated volume instead of separate maps, and wood artists and woodcutters also came to his aid, and by decorating and illustrating its texts and margins, they presented a unique and extremely elegant, beautiful Atlas.
Mohammad Purkamaal
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 48-49
Abstract
The first fully-covering map of Turkey in 1:200000 scale was prepared in 124 leaves in 1925. The map series, although tailored to meet the urgent needs of the time in terms of design and study, had nevertheless defense and military concerns of that time as their prevailing point in the process of preparation. ...
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The first fully-covering map of Turkey in 1:200000 scale was prepared in 124 leaves in 1925. The map series, although tailored to meet the urgent needs of the time in terms of design and study, had nevertheless defense and military concerns of that time as their prevailing point in the process of preparation. This series of maps was gradually abandoned with the start of the 1:25000 project, and compilations of small scales of 1:800000, 1:500000, 1:250000, 1:200000 and 1:100000 were derived using the new 1:25000 series from all over Turkey.
Maryam Ahmadpour (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 49-53
Abstract
Our present knowledge regarding artificial increase of precipitation has a definition as follows: application of appropriate fertility materials at the right time and place that makes changes in clouds, so that clouds behave in a different and predictable way and satisfying results are achieved. The ...
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Our present knowledge regarding artificial increase of precipitation has a definition as follows: application of appropriate fertility materials at the right time and place that makes changes in clouds, so that clouds behave in a different and predictable way and satisfying results are achieved. The technology of cloud fertilization is developed with the aim of providing the means and facilities for achieving this kind of interference in cloud processes and thus uses scientific considerations in its implementation. According to our knowledge, nature produces rain in very diverse cloud conditions through two different major processes, and if we seek useful results, the technology mentioned above should be applied with the exact knowledge of real and natural processes. On the other hand, the current state of the physics of clouds is such that at best it can provide guidelines, rather than detailed instructions, for implementation of technology in accordance with different cloud conditions.
Compared to some of the existing approaches to cloud modification, which require "engineering", this scientific effort is the main branch of ongoing research activities. It is better to admit that the principles of technology discussed in the following have relatively limited scientific bases, and their implementation is only carried out in the light of a clear understanding of the ambiguities that still need to be explained. Cloud fertilization technology includes two important components:1- Application of suitable fertility strategies.2- Fertilizing materials’ production technology.
Parviz Rad
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 49-56
Abstract
In a systematic and comprehensive approach, the two categories of village and city should not only be analyzed as a whole (integrally), but the development of either one depends on the development of the other. As long as rural management system is not aligned with urban management system, and until ...
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In a systematic and comprehensive approach, the two categories of village and city should not only be analyzed as a whole (integrally), but the development of either one depends on the development of the other. As long as rural management system is not aligned with urban management system, and until the necessary social, economic and physical preconditions are not prepared by coherent rural management at the rural settlement level, it will be only too optimistic if we suppose that by converting village into city the broad rural problems will be solved. The present paper seeks to provide with a basic introduction of the effects of the transformation of village into a based on the 1986-1996 census of the Iranian settlement system in order to introduce optimum conditions and criteria for a relative success of this policy at the national level.
Mohammad Sharifi (Translator); Mohsen Hadi (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 50-53
Abstract
The mid-Holocene coasts have radical differences with the early and late Holocene coasts both in terms of process and form. To understand this difference, this paper has compiled the calculations in recent studies of sea level changes and coastal evolution between 7800 to 4400 years ago. (Approximately ...
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The mid-Holocene coasts have radical differences with the early and late Holocene coasts both in terms of process and form. To understand this difference, this paper has compiled the calculations in recent studies of sea level changes and coastal evolution between 7800 to 4400 years ago. (Approximately 7000-4000 years ago, measured by carbon 14). The average sea water level during this period has basically changed by increase in water drainage due to the melting of ice planes at the northern hemisphere, while the role of Antarctica in this change is insignificant. This paper deals with the eustatic changes in the mid-Holocene, namely, the study of age-height and then patterns of coastal development.
Ali Movahhed (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 50-52
Abstract
In Japan, where the earthquake occurs frequently, natural disasters are important in urban planning. However, it is clear that the cities of Japan, with the exception of a few, have not been designed without providing any clear picture of urban safety definition based on previous studies on natural hazards. ...
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In Japan, where the earthquake occurs frequently, natural disasters are important in urban planning. However, it is clear that the cities of Japan, with the exception of a few, have not been designed without providing any clear picture of urban safety definition based on previous studies on natural hazards. For the Japanese people who are plagued by many earthquakes throughout history, it is necessary to provide an image of the future of the city's form in terms of urban safety. On the other hand, recent computer technology has been able to improve the real-time control system after the Northridge earthquake in 1994 and that of Kobe in 1995. In this paper, a method of analyzing and designing a city based on urban safety perspective is emphasized. This method is called the MUSE, based on the Lynch’s 1961 theory of urban appearance, and some of the city's physical elements are defined as part of an organic system. Using the 3D Arc / View analysis, we can easily simulate the city in a visual fashion, and this is the action that took a long way to go through by the previous models. The authors have created vulnerable functions. (Moreau and Yamazaki, 1999) and proposed a method for assessing the risk of building collapse. (Moreau and Yamazaki, 2000). The use of these methods of urban safety assessments with MUSE is useful for risk assessment system. However, combination of MUSE with recent technology will be realized in the future.
Mahdi Nurbakhsh
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 50-52
Abstract
In a simple definition, the runoff coefficient is the percentage of the water falling through precipitation that flows over the surface. This coefficient depends in each basin on the level of interception, infiltration and evapotranspiration. Runoff is a result of the difference between the rate of precipitation ...
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In a simple definition, the runoff coefficient is the percentage of the water falling through precipitation that flows over the surface. This coefficient depends in each basin on the level of interception, infiltration and evapotranspiration. Runoff is a result of the difference between the rate of precipitation and infiltration, so that whenever precipitation overtakes infiltration there will be runoff. The detention coefficient refers to that part of precipitation which turns into infiltration, impoundment storage of interception and evapotranspiration. The amounts of runoff and detention are both parts of total precipitation and have contrary trends.There are several methods for calculating the runoff and detention coefficients which depend on type of soil, land’s terrain and slope, vegetation and intensity of precipitation. Unfortunately, in many parts of Iran such studies are nonexistent or seriously incomplete. In this paper, it has been tried to present a method for calculation of detention and runoff coefficients which does not need such information while still providing acceptable precision. In this method by calculating hydrological reduction values, that part of precipitation which is not turned into runoff is determined; in other words, the amount of water which is initially kept and later disappears through evaporation or infiltration is calculated. In this way, the detention and runoff coefficients are obtained.
Mansur Badrifar
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 50-58
Abstract
In geographic studies, attention to the geographical position of each place, which determines its status in relation to other important centers in different political, economic, military, and cultural dimensions, as well as its mathematical position on the surface of the earth, are of special importance. ...
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In geographic studies, attention to the geographical position of each place, which determines its status in relation to other important centers in different political, economic, military, and cultural dimensions, as well as its mathematical position on the surface of the earth, are of special importance. The mathematical position of any place on the earth's surface is constant and does not change over the course of history, but geographic position, which is the relationship of each place with political-economic and military centers and areas, might change over time in terms of its value and importance on the earth. For example, before the American continent was discovered, and in particular, until a strong economic relationship was not yet established between the newly discovered land and the Continent of Europe, the British Islands in the northwest of Europe were remote lands that held their relationship with the important European business centers in the Mediterranean with difficulty, while after discovering America and its economic progress and establishment of its relationship with rest of the world, the world's commercial centers were transformed in terms of value and credibility, and the British Islands which were on the way of new commercial routes gained special importance.
Atiyyeh Sadat Saberi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 51-54
Abstract
The tectonic activities that have led to the creation of closed lakes in Iran, the important fact that Iran is located at subtropical high pressure region, the country’s distance from the sea and its being enclosed by heights are the reasons that caused the abundance of deserts in Iran. The question ...
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The tectonic activities that have led to the creation of closed lakes in Iran, the important fact that Iran is located at subtropical high pressure region, the country’s distance from the sea and its being enclosed by heights are the reasons that caused the abundance of deserts in Iran. The question here is that how can we use this geographical position in the development of tourism industry in Iran? Simultaneous planning for utilization of original geographical environment, Iran's deserts and its closed lakes, camel trips, visiting historic regions and tribes settled in these areas (such as the nomads), buying souvenirs and ... can all be remarkable in this regard.
Hassan Beik Mohammadi
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 51-54
Abstract
The Caspian Sea, as the largest lake on the earth, has created many marine and environmental benefits for its surrounding countries, one of which is the existence of favorable environmental conditions and beautiful natural and tourist landscapes on its southern coast, so that Golestan, Mazandaran, and ...
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The Caspian Sea, as the largest lake on the earth, has created many marine and environmental benefits for its surrounding countries, one of which is the existence of favorable environmental conditions and beautiful natural and tourist landscapes on its southern coast, so that Golestan, Mazandaran, and especially Gilan in the north of the country of Iran, forming coasts around 700 km, with many natural tourist attractions such as lush lands, sky-high mountains and forest-covered slopes, Miankaleh wetland, Anzali Lagoon, Noor Parks, Sisangan and Golestan and wildlife habitats, as well as sandy beaches and beautiful and fascinating scenery is one of the largest tourism centers in Iran.The area also has many other tourist attractions, including historical, cultural, social, therapeutic and recreational, and is on the whole very important in terms of recreational tourism and domestic and foreign ecotourism and absorbtion of enthusiasts of the nature and the sea. It is worth knowing that the main source of all these natural and tourist attractions and even the historical record of habitation and civilization on this land is the existence of the Caspian Sea and its numerous environmental, ecological, climatic and economic effects.
These coasts are among the most favorable regions of Iran for the development of the tourism industry, and in particular summer tourism, annually attracting more than twenty-five million tourists, due to natural and special weather conditions in the summer including pleasant summer temperatures, sunny days, sea water temperature, relative humidity, forest cover and beautiful natural scenery, as well as ease of access to Tehran and other populated regions of Iran, enjoyment of facilities, services and recreational establishments and infrastructures. In this paper, prepared in descriptive and analytical research method, while introducing the natural attractions of tourism of the northern shores, the value and importance of the Caspian Sea in creation of these attractions is shown and, finally, solutions are presented for preservation of these attractiveness and optimal use of them in terms of sustainable development of tourism industry in the region.
Morteza Ashnedar (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 51-52
Abstract
"What if" is an interactive system based on maps. The system uses GIS information that has been previously prepared, or is being prepared, to provide the ground for ease and acceleration of the most important, time-consuming and difficult aspects of land-use planning.This system is a complete program ...
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"What if" is an interactive system based on maps. The system uses GIS information that has been previously prepared, or is being prepared, to provide the ground for ease and acceleration of the most important, time-consuming and difficult aspects of land-use planning.This system is a complete program package that reduces planning tasks that would require weeks or even months to complete in the past, but can now be carried out by this system quickly and easily. This system is easy to use for political applications and GIS information, and provides outputs in the form of reports and maps easily understood by the user.
Lohrasb Ja'fari Bibalan (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 51-55
Abstract
Technological advancements in recent years, along with utilization of information process and presentation systems, have led different sciences to make great process through effective use of these factors.
The paper presented here is an example of utilization of laser technology and computer systems ...
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Technological advancements in recent years, along with utilization of information process and presentation systems, have led different sciences to make great process through effective use of these factors.
The paper presented here is an example of utilization of laser technology and computer systems in geographic information research and cartographic maps. The experimental method studied in this paper is the combination of regular laser-based photogrammetric system of measuring points’ elevation with GPS. The reason for using this system is that there already exist large-scale maps of lands in many European countries (in some of these countries even maps of 1: 500 scale are available).
Therefore, there is no need for new surveying in the real sense in these areas. The only necessity is updating maps.
This issue is of great importance in Netherlands, considering its special topographic conditions which are always changing. However, utilization of ordinary surveying methods is time-consuming and costly, while application of Laser Sweep Method (studied in this paper), when combined with GPS, can lead to provision of planimetric and elevation information of points in the studied area.
This paper examines the works in this regard, with the hope that it will be useful for those interested in related fields.
Mostafa Salari
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 52-57
Hakimeh Ghanbari; Mohsen Ahadnejad
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 52-57
Abstract
Geographic information systems (GIS), with the management of transport information sources and the establishment of interconnection with them, facilitate access to traffic and service information. In fact, the goal of creating a GIS for the transportation system is to create a database linking transportation ...
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Geographic information systems (GIS), with the management of transport information sources and the establishment of interconnection with them, facilitate access to traffic and service information. In fact, the goal of creating a GIS for the transportation system is to create a database linking transportation information and GIS. In this paper, we aimed to explain and clarify the practical applications of GIS software in the field of transportation using descriptive-analytical method, and to analyze the locating process of vital facilities and equipment as well as some important uses in East Azarbaijan province relative to the route factor. In this research, the Network Analysis model has been considered as one of the most suitable methods for determining the shortest route for access to facilities or users, and has been implemented in the GIS software to provide access to the use of public parking lots in Tabriz city. The results indicate that GIS is one of the very suitable tools in optimal transportation planning and that Network Analysis model can be employed to determine the shortest and best route in terms of service and availability in transportation planning.
Taghi Tavusi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 52-64
Abstract
In the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, four public spaces of the city, which offer varied patterns and micro-climates, have been studied in order to assess the effect of micro-climates and air conditions on people in the city's public environments. The research methodology is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, ...
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In the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, four public spaces of the city, which offer varied patterns and micro-climates, have been studied in order to assess the effect of micro-climates and air conditions on people in the city's public environments. The research methodology is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, and includes scholars from three disciplines of architecture, meteorology, and psychology. These projects, which are based on a common case study during the four seasons, include the measurement of atmospheric variables, interviews and observations of human activities in each location. The multivariable regression analysis of atmospheric and behavioral phenomena shows that air temperature, wind speed and sunshine (cloudy) index have a significant effect on people's assessment of the air, their perception of location and their presence on the site. The results of the research confirm the application of climate in planning in future urban design and planning projects, which can be designed like the physical structure of a site, because it affects the microclimate of each specific location and, as a result, the motivations of people's presence at the place, their perception and feelings.
Mas'oud Taghvaei; Elham Amirhajlou
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 52-59
Abstract
It has been proved today that efficient urban management is not practical without utilizing up-to-date information on land uses and trends of their changes, the type and extent of activities, physical growth of the city, and so on. Hence a need for various information equipment in this regard has been ...
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It has been proved today that efficient urban management is not practical without utilizing up-to-date information on land uses and trends of their changes, the type and extent of activities, physical growth of the city, and so on. Hence a need for various information equipment in this regard has been developed, and the amount of up-to-date information has increased in organizations associated with urban affairs. The Global Positioning System (GPS), as one of the most important and reliable positioning technologies and the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a reference system of reception and optimal management of positional information, plays an important role in position-based analyses. The combination of these two systems provides new and comprehensive capabilities in position-based management.
Mohammad Mireh; Ahmad Pourahmad
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 52-59
Abstract
This paper discusses the qualitative approach in the study of intra-urban travel, and by criticizing the geography of traditional quantitative transportation along with the identification of the need for alternative approaches and attitudes, provides a new understanding of the experiences of daily intra-urban ...
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This paper discusses the qualitative approach in the study of intra-urban travel, and by criticizing the geography of traditional quantitative transportation along with the identification of the need for alternative approaches and attitudes, provides a new understanding of the experiences of daily intra-urban travel. The paper also describes an approach that seeks to discover and retell the temporal-spatial limitations experienced mentally in intra-urban travels through a practical-theoretical dialectical methodology, in order to help the understanding of how travelling habits of people in various structural environments are created and practiced.
Farideh Asadian
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 52-56
Abstract
Shahrestanak, with an area of about 135.15 km2 is amongst the sub-basins of Karaj basin, located at the southern part of the central Alborz, 55 km northeast of Karaj city. Hydrological and geomorphologic studies and identification of potentials in the region can make the desirable and rational exploitation ...
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Shahrestanak, with an area of about 135.15 km2 is amongst the sub-basins of Karaj basin, located at the southern part of the central Alborz, 55 km northeast of Karaj city. Hydrological and geomorphologic studies and identification of potentials in the region can make the desirable and rational exploitation of natural potentials in developmental plans possible.Since the beginning of the year 1993, the region was examined several times, and after initial acquaintances, specialist and local surveys in terms of physiography, geology, soil science, land potentials (mountainous land types), meteorology, hydrology, erosion, sedimentation and vegetation were carried out, as well as a brief overview of Chalous – Tehran Highway and the watershed management operations of the past and its outcomes. Proposals were raised for construction of “Bandarsars”, Fountain-Water storage in soil and traditional Reservoirs, plan of drinking water transfer from Shahrestanak to Tehran, protection and sanitation of springs, creation of recreational bases (with regard to construction of the Tehran - Chalous highway), and modification and change of the roads’ course because of the slip and break and the consequent dangers along the roads. There are views on how to prioritize the implementation of projects that vary according to the conditions and obstacles in the area, financial resources and administrative possibilities and constraints. Plans that are more comprehensive and more inclusive in terms of providing and increasing security and revenue are of greater priority. The inclusive quality of plans is suggested considering people’s participation in terms of building, maintaining and exploitation of the benefits of plans.
I.D. Wijayrante
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 52-55
Abstract
So far, the least squares adjustment principles have been described in detail in textbooks and in papers in numerous journals. This function (title of the paper) is related to the common least squares adjustment, in which a set of observations are simultaneously processed and a certain estimation of ...
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So far, the least squares adjustment principles have been described in detail in textbooks and in papers in numerous journals. This function (title of the paper) is related to the common least squares adjustment, in which a set of observations are simultaneously processed and a certain estimation of the unknown parameters is obtained (assuming that all necessary observations have been collected and are free from mistakes).
This is the case is in most adjustments. However, sometimes we may not be able to provide all observations at one time, or we might want to carry out adjustment by only a small set of observations and then, if necessary, remove or add observations in order to best estimate the unknown parameters. If we repeat whole the adjustment every time we replace observations, we waste time and energy. The effect of adding or removing observations can be determined by step-by-step method of adjustment. This operation can also greatly reduce the amount of computer memory needed to simultaneously process all the observations.
Yoones Azadi; Maghsud Bayat
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 53-60
Abstract
Recognizing strong and weak points and determining the level of deprivation and enjoyment of the specified indices in these areas are the most important step for planning and developing areas and zones. The present article seeks to rate towns in Ilam province based on the development of agricultural ...
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Recognizing strong and weak points and determining the level of deprivation and enjoyment of the specified indices in these areas are the most important step for planning and developing areas and zones. The present article seeks to rate towns in Ilam province based on the development of agricultural mechanization. To reach this goal, towns under study were first rated in two frameworks regarding the ratio of beneficiaries using agricultural machinery to those enjoying them. Then, towns of Ilam province are rated based on the aggregation of these two frameworks. Morris model, a customary model in rating areas, is used for rating towns based on these indices. Results indicate that Dare Shahr has the first rank and Ivan has the last rank in the ratio of beneficiaries using agricultural machinery, while Dehloran has the first rank and Mehran possess the last rank in the ratio of beneficiaries owning agricultural machinery. Moreover, Dehloran has the first rank and Ivan has the last rank in the index of agricultural mechanization development which is calculated by the aggregation of the previous indices. The results of the ranking indicates that two towns are privileged, four are semi-privileged and one town is in the deprived rank.
Ali Mansuri
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 53-56
Abstract
The macro policies concerning tourism must be designed and implemented with consideration of environmental sources and necessities, otherwise the development of this industry might leave destructive effects on environmental and national resources, and even on cultural heritance. For better protection ...
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The macro policies concerning tourism must be designed and implemented with consideration of environmental sources and necessities, otherwise the development of this industry might leave destructive effects on environmental and national resources, and even on cultural heritance. For better protection of the environment utilized by this industry and proceeding toward sustainable development, reasonable grounds must be provided. In this regard, the ecologic, cultural-social and economic stability should be considered in relation to tourism industry. Such policies for sustainable development of tourism “must” be implemented by the officials in charge, because there is no alternative for strategies providing compatibility between tourism development and protection of environment.
Manuchehr Farajzadeh; Hadi Hakimi
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 54-58
Abstract
The concept of the network evokes the concept of system. A network is a set of points and lines that carries energy and resources. The points are the places at which sources are injected to lines or collected, for example, schools, terminals, reservoirs, and so on. Lines are connections in the network ...
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The concept of the network evokes the concept of system. A network is a set of points and lines that carries energy and resources. The points are the places at which sources are injected to lines or collected, for example, schools, terminals, reservoirs, and so on. Lines are connections in the network that connect the points. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate three major applications of network analysis in urban planning. Through network analysis, the best route, which is generally the closest route between two points, can be achieved to reduce travel costs. Or, it is possible to select the nearest center from among the rescue centers, in order to help the injured in shortest possible time, and to prevent further damage to life and property. Also, through allocation of resources, it is possible to make a more appropriate and rational planning for citizens' access to public services and realization of social justice.
Hamid Enayati (Compilation and Edition)
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 54-56
Abstract
Nowadays, accelerating the production of three-dimensional (3D) maps applying new photogrammetric methods using automated technology is not completely realized. For executives and users in the implementation of various projects that have serious need of maps, the time of production of map is a matter ...
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Nowadays, accelerating the production of three-dimensional (3D) maps applying new photogrammetric methods using automated technology is not completely realized. For executives and users in the implementation of various projects that have serious need of maps, the time of production of map is a matter of importance. Therefore, considering the issue raised, it is a question of whether another high-speed product can be produced that could be an appropriate alternative to certain maps and be able to meet the needs of users?
Saeed Sadeghian
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 54-61
Abstract
Tabari, in his important history book, refers to preparation of cadaster for whole lands of Iran during the reign of Kavad. It was so despite the fact that in those days Iran was a number of times vaster than its current area. Estakhri, living in tenth century A.D., has in his book, Sovar-al-Aghalim, ...
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Tabari, in his important history book, refers to preparation of cadaster for whole lands of Iran during the reign of Kavad. It was so despite the fact that in those days Iran was a number of times vaster than its current area. Estakhri, living in tenth century A.D., has in his book, Sovar-al-Aghalim, described lands, climates of earth, cities, seas, rivers and the distance between them in detail, and has displayed them on maps. These maps which amount to 19, are called Sovar. Taghvim-al-Boldan, written by Abolfada’, is one of the books written during the Middle Ages and a reference book in those times, and it has been translated since mid-sixteenth century into a number of European languages. a chapter of this book is about research on “area” and other chapter is about the areas of seven climates composed in line with the attitude of older times. Abolfada’ criticizes a number of former students because they hadn’t mentioned any data concerning the length and width of cities. Unfortunately, such activities did not continue in later times in an organize manner. Therefore, we must make double efforts to remove the shortages created by inaction.
Ja'far Janesar Ghanbari
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 55-58
Abstract
The severe damages to watersheds due to the disproportionate development of Tehran's metropolitan area have led to the anticipation of an environmental disaster in Tehran and other habitats affected by it such as the Farahzad valley, Hesarak and ... in the not-so-distant future. Farahzad valley, as one ...
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The severe damages to watersheds due to the disproportionate development of Tehran's metropolitan area have led to the anticipation of an environmental disaster in Tehran and other habitats affected by it such as the Farahzad valley, Hesarak and ... in the not-so-distant future. Farahzad valley, as one of the structural elements of the earth (ecological corridors or habitat spots) has an effective role in providing ecological services to its neighboring beds and to the city and has a special geographical and ecological position due to the neighboring Alborz Range And the presence of mountain valleys; urban areas should gradually become sustainable settlements for the lives of humans. This means that urban management should be more committed to an appropriate and balanced relationship between cities and their surrounding environment. With these kinds of environmental considerations, the city's crises can be prevented or at least reduced in severity.In this study, the Farahzad area has been studied as a sample. Through field studies and the study of existing documents, the causes of the destruction of this bed in time, and its potentials through the whole watercourse have been identified, and suggestions have been presented in two macro (throughout the watercourse) and micro scales for optimal use of these natural beds Within the city.
Siavush Shayan; Kazem Bahrami; Shahram Bahrami
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 55-60
Abstract
Aggregates are part of building materials including hard materials such as sand, gravel and rubble, which, after being combined with other adhesive materials, can be used in the production of concrete, mortar and plaster, and in the construction of roads and railways, Bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, ...
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Aggregates are part of building materials including hard materials such as sand, gravel and rubble, which, after being combined with other adhesive materials, can be used in the production of concrete, mortar and plaster, and in the construction of roads and railways, Bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, and other construction purposes. The present study investigates the formation, dispersion and distribution of aggregates in relation to landforms and geomorphologic processes. The result of this study is that a large part of aggregate resources are formed in river landforms or alluvial environments such as the current and old river basins, the intersection of the rivers, the new alluvial terraces, and parts of the alluvial fans. In glacial environments, forms such as alluvial ice plains, kames and eskers are considered as among prone areas for the formation and exploration of aggregates. In coastal areas, continental shelf sediments and littoral drift and some ancient geomorphological forms, and dunes in the desert areas are capable of exploring aggregate resources. In erosional anticlines or anticline ridges that are hard at the top and loose at the bottom, there are large zones of debris that, if fresh or poorly weathered, can be a very good source for extraction of aggregates. Also, geomorphologic processes such as weathering, erosion and transportation of materials, physical and chemical degradation, as well as tectonic factors and geomorphologic changes play very important role in the formation, dispersion and quality of aggregates and building materials.
Bahman Ramezani Gourabi; Mohammad Reza Maleknejad
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 56-61
Abstract
Avian Influenza is one of the fatal diseases among wild and domestic birds, causing major damage to the agricultural economy both naturally and artificially (slaughtered by humans). Despite the fact that it has caused a lot of damage to protein producers in different parts of the world, its emergence, ...
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Avian Influenza is one of the fatal diseases among wild and domestic birds, causing major damage to the agricultural economy both naturally and artificially (slaughtered by humans). Despite the fact that it has caused a lot of damage to protein producers in different parts of the world, its emergence, spread, manner of dealing with it and fighting it, and people's awareness about this disease are still far from clear, So that they are now left in an uncertain situation. The present study was conducted using available secondary and Internet sources and documents with the aim of identifying the pathway of the geographical spread of the disease and its rate in the period from January 2006 to July 2006. The results of the study indicate that the prevalence of this disease was from the southeastern Asia and its movement to Europe, Asia and Africa, and seven months after the discovery of this disease, 53 countries have declared detecting cases of the disease during the mentioned period.
Fatemeh Ashuri
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 56-59
Abstract
The natural disasters that form part of the nature of our environment usually occur so severely that they usually cause many casualties and losses. The ordinary conditions of everyday life of human beings and the social structures and infrastructure of the region suddenly become disrupted and people ...
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The natural disasters that form part of the nature of our environment usually occur so severely that they usually cause many casualties and losses. The ordinary conditions of everyday life of human beings and the social structures and infrastructure of the region suddenly become disrupted and people suffer and are left in distress. As a result, the affected community is at once in serious need of food, clothing, shelter, medical and health care, and protection against adverse environmental factors (Abedi, Ghodratollah, 1998; p. 53). The natural disasters of Iran fall into three categories: A - Climatic disasters like flood - drought - storm - avalanches – extremely cold weather – snowstorm - frost - thunderstorms - severe heat and cold - forest fires (Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan) - sand storm. B. Dangers from some geological and tectonic processes (earthquake, landslide, debris flow, mud flow). C - Environmental hazards including extension of salt pans, desertification, environmental degradation.
According to the scientists’ climatic division, our country is part of the arid and semi-arid climate of the world. One of the characteristics of this type of climate is the imbalanced distribution of precipitation in time and space, so that in one year it suffers from low degree of precipitation, or, in other words, from drought, and in another year it is struck by abnormal and untimely increase of precipitation, and as a result the overflow of seasonal and permanent rivers and consequently formation of flooding, causing extensive damage to agricultural land and urban and rural facilities. In coastal areas of the Caspian Sea, the risk of sea water penetration and the operation of waves are among other natural disasters causing damage to the north of the country (National Committee for Natural Disaster Mitigation; 1998; p. 4). The flood in Gilan province is a major threat from both life loss and economic point of view, and all economic and communication infrastructures including dams, irrigation canals, roads, bridges and other investments in agricultural and non-agricultural sections have been exposed to threat and destruction. In this regard, the objectives of this paper are to identify the causes of flood and its undeniable effects in the region.
Safar Ghaed Rahmati
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 56-58
Abstract
The Database Management System (DBMS) consists of a set of related data and a set of computer programs for access to that data. The data set is usually called a database, and the set of programs is usually called database management. Due to the importance of information in all developmental plans at ...
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The Database Management System (DBMS) consists of a set of related data and a set of computer programs for access to that data. The data set is usually called a database, and the set of programs is usually called database management. Due to the importance of information in all developmental plans at all levels, the database is considered a valuable source. Consequently, its concepts and principles need to be elaborated. The purpose of this paper is to present the overall aspects of database system. In addition to describing the characteristics and capabilities of database system, its relationship with GIS is also discussed.
Farid Alviri
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 56-57
Abstract
One of the most crucial administrative tasks is planning. Other administrative tasks, namely organization, leadership and control, follow the goals that have been determined in the process of planning. in other words, planning includes definition of organizational models of determining courses of action ...
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One of the most crucial administrative tasks is planning. Other administrative tasks, namely organization, leadership and control, follow the goals that have been determined in the process of planning. in other words, planning includes definition of organizational models of determining courses of action for achieving these goals and creation of a hierarchy of comprehensive plans for integration and coordination of activities.
The process of planning includes determination of the organization’s mission and goals as well as provision of plans. Planning tools are methods that managers can utilize for making plans. A group of these tools is “time control”. Time control is a process of compiling a list of details of activities that must be carried out to achieve goals. This process of listing details is a complementary part of organizational planning.
Mohammad Javad Ghaneie Bafghi; Alireza Yarahmadi
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 57-61
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to provide an indicator in addition to existing indicators for determining the direction of the dominant wind in the region (Arg-Hasan Abad of Bafgh). This indicator can be helpful in areas where other indicators, such as wind statistics for wind rose, satellite images ...
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The main purpose of this article is to provide an indicator in addition to existing indicators for determining the direction of the dominant wind in the region (Arg-Hasan Abad of Bafgh). This indicator can be helpful in areas where other indicators, such as wind statistics for wind rose, satellite images and aerial photographs are less available. In the implementation of this project, with the help of the statistics of Bafq synoptic station, the monthly, seasonal and annual wind roses were drawn. furthermore, the morphology of sand dunes was investigated using satellite images of the region and the total of the above activities were drawn upon to determine the dominant winds. Thereupon, the random network was applied onto the satellite image and the coordinates of forty points were extracted, which were approximately 500 meters apart. Using the GPS, the points were called upon and the sediment samples were taken. The specimens were screened and their cumulative graphs and diameter distribution were plotted in terms of fi and micron, and the mean, skewness and sorting factors were calculated with the help of the corresponding formulas. By drawing the diameter contour lines, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the dominant wind direction and the distribution of grain size in the area of Ark.
Ali Soltani; Behnam Moghani Rahimi
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 57-59
Abstract
Bazaar has been one of the main elements of Iranian city and practically its beating heart. Bazaar is not only a place of trade and commodity exchange, but also a space for the emergence of social connections as well as a place for vital collective decision-making in the event of necessity. The transformation ...
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Bazaar has been one of the main elements of Iranian city and practically its beating heart. Bazaar is not only a place of trade and commodity exchange, but also a space for the emergence of social connections as well as a place for vital collective decision-making in the event of necessity. The transformation in the economic sectors and livelihood on the one hand, and the entry of cars into urban areas on the other, caused the physical collapse of the bazaar and, in some cases, its complete destruction. The bazaar of the city of Kazerun, which has once enjoyed a reputation for hand-made and local industries, has gone through many vicissitudes over time, but continues to survive. This article is an overview of the position of the bazaar of Kazerun from the past to this day.
Hossein Kalantari Khalilabad; Ahmad Pourahmad; Mojtaba Yamani; Mohammadtaghi Rahnamaei
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 57-61
Abstract
Natural disasters and accidents are a global problem and, in particular, one of the major issues affecting countries especially Iran, which has been raised in international affairs and humanitarian associations as a global problem and common pain among people, and have been considered in in countries’ ...
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Natural disasters and accidents are a global problem and, in particular, one of the major issues affecting countries especially Iran, which has been raised in international affairs and humanitarian associations as a global problem and common pain among people, and have been considered in in countries’ major policy making as an important social, economic, security and political issue. Whatever the country can act more efficiently and powerfully in controlling destructive phenomena effective in economic and social disruptions, and in minimizing the damage caused by their occurrence, it will have helped the economic, welfare and security strength of the country. Therefore, in this regard, and with the hope that a small step will be taken in the definition of sand storm management, this article aims to define and describe a series of terms related to sand storms and relevant issues, and by doing so, it will help coordination, completion and coherence of actions.
Hamid Reza Varesi; Mahmud Akbari
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 57-62
Abstract
Geographic information systems and related computer information technologies are commonly used in planning and management in the present era. An important part of the theoretical and methodological support of GIS is rooted in the "quantitative and qualitative" revolution of geography. It is not surprising, ...
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Geographic information systems and related computer information technologies are commonly used in planning and management in the present era. An important part of the theoretical and methodological support of GIS is rooted in the "quantitative and qualitative" revolution of geography. It is not surprising, then, that GIS is often accused of being inherently dependent on "rationalism" and "positivism," so it is not beneficial to use it in planning approaches broader than the merely rational model. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of GIS on urban and regional planning and it was attempted to examine the following: development of geographic database for analyses related to planning, alignment of ground-spatial technologies with urban models, building planning support systems, facilitating discourse and participation in the planning process, and evaluating planning activities and the impact of technology on them. While scientific advancements in the development of planning support tools have been significant, there has been no considerable effort to provide scientific guidance on strategic information management, establish the information support and decision-making tools, and transfer technology to the planning stage. This shortcoming in the dissemination of planning tools limits the application of science in decision and policy making, a process that is essential for the development of countries aiming at strong economy and healthy communities and environment. This research attempts to study the effects of GIS on urban and regional planning.
Masoud Abedi Pashtiri (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 57-64
Abstract
Digital photo is the basis of digital photogrammetry. Digital photos make automatic measurement possible. One of the tasks in aerial triangulation is the measurement of photos. Organization of the process of measurements is effective in efficiency of aerial triangulation. One of the advantages of digital ...
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Digital photo is the basis of digital photogrammetry. Digital photos make automatic measurement possible. One of the tasks in aerial triangulation is the measurement of photos. Organization of the process of measurements is effective in efficiency of aerial triangulation. One of the advantages of digital photogrammetry is the step-by-step implementation of stages of work using computers. The main feature of automatic aerial triangulation lies in automatic measurement methods. A number of concepts related to this new technique are studied in this paper.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 57-61
Abstract
The application of Russian satellite images with a precision of over 2m in order to review topographic maps up to a scale of 1: 25,000 was carried out within the framework of a joint project by Belgium and Poland. The KVR-1000 high-precision image on the scale of 1 : 220,000 on Zeiss / Intergraph photoscan ...
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The application of Russian satellite images with a precision of over 2m in order to review topographic maps up to a scale of 1: 25,000 was carried out within the framework of a joint project by Belgium and Poland. The KVR-1000 high-precision image on the scale of 1 : 220,000 on Zeiss / Intergraph photoscan has been scanned as a topographic map of the city of Warsaw in the large format of the Intergraph Scanner ANAT each 3640.
Both Raster images have been analyzed using digital image processing and digital cartography techniques in order to update the changes from 1983 (the date of topographic map revision) to 1992 (i.e. the date of acquiring satellite images). To achieve the result, I'S System 600 and Intergraph ISI-2 software systems installed in the SURFACES lab at the University of Liege, Belgium were utilized.
Like the previously used methods, samples from areas that had changed were introduced to improve the quality of the KVR-1000 digital topographic maps by the SPOT auxiliary data. The KVR-1000 satellite image can be used with acceptable accuracy in order to update the land features on topographic maps in digital form up to a scale of 1: 25,000.
Nasrallah Mowlaei Hashjin
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 57-64
Abstract
The issue of the environment has existed since ancient times, but has now become more intense and has brought about problems. However, up to a century before the trouble-making actions were not to the extent that could disturb the natural organization of the environment. The ecological transformation ...
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The issue of the environment has existed since ancient times, but has now become more intense and has brought about problems. However, up to a century before the trouble-making actions were not to the extent that could disturb the natural organization of the environment. The ecological transformation was increased when the human population was concentrated in limited areas, and per capita demands and as a result the need of human communities to natural resources increased. With the advent and development of industry and then the industrial revolution since 1760, and the production of various products, the quality of human life improved as never before, and human beings headed toward a better and more prosperous life. The revolution in industry and consumption led to the gradual emergence of environmental problems that were created by the daily decline of natural resources including renewable and non-renewable ones and the creation of various types of pollution in the environment, so that per capita demands of the Earth’s inhabitants are far greater than the growth of natural resources, and with the constant advancement of human beings and their supremacy over the nature, the level of encroachment on natural resources has increased, so far as the term "crisis" today replaces the “issue of the environment”. In general, the following three factors can be considered as effective in scarcity or decline of natural resources. 1) rapid population growth; 2) reduction of arable land, forests, ranges and pastures; 3) The unbridled use of new technologies and the failure of some of them to function without threatening natural resources. Among the above factors, the rapid growth of the population and its disproportionate distribution on the Earth's surface are more important, because the next two factors are caused by the population's impact and its rapid rise and are basically defined by the failure to fulfil the major and minor needs of increasing populations, especially in some parts of the world. Therefore, one of the solutions to reduce the environmental crisis is controlling the population. Considering the wide range of contaminants caused by the disturbance of the environmental balance such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and soil contamination, this discussion only explores the population growth in the world and Iran and the air pollution crisis.
Alireza Owsati
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 57-64
Abstract
Today, undoubtedly, the basis of the preparation of topographic maps can not be understood as independent from the use of satellite imagery, since these images provide humanity with valuable information for the preparation of maps and other information on land features used during the process of making ...
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Today, undoubtedly, the basis of the preparation of topographic maps can not be understood as independent from the use of satellite imagery, since these images provide humanity with valuable information for the preparation of maps and other information on land features used during the process of making maps. In order to prepare maps on very large scales (1: 1000 and larger) as well as on relatively small zones, it is also possible that methods that are based on measurement and interpretation of satellite images be employed rather than classic methods of surveying. In any case, even when such images are taken as bases of the creation of topographic maps, As long as the land surveying methods are not carried out to create control points, collect names and information and determine boundaries (which are integral parts of the preparation of topographic maps), classify land features that can not be determined on the images, and complete some map features that are covered by plants, buildings or shadows, these maps can not be of particular and reliable significance.
In the mapping projects, the quality that makes the map sufficiently valid is the comprehensive and useful information that is transmitted through the map to the user. In fact, 95% of the total efforts made in the process of making maps is directed toward this goal, so it is not irrelevant to mention a brief overview of the special features of topographic and thematic maps reflected in Table 1. Topographic maps and equivalent modern maps include collections of digital tantamount data that not only can be considered as valuable products in their own regard, but also as the basis for other types of thematic maps created using images from telework. In the United Kingdom alone, we find large governmental surveying agencies, including the ordnance Survey or the Directorates of overseas or Military Surveyors, which use a large number of employees to prepare topographic maps. In addition to the aforementioned companies, there are many private agencies active in the same field that seek to meet the needs and advancement of the goals of engineers, designers, architects, oil and mining companies, etc. All these companies widely use satellite imagery to advance their intentions.
Masoud Abedi Pashtiri (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 58-64
Abstract
The block adjustment is possible with a combination of photo and model observations. Multicolinear equations are used for photos, and 3D transformation equations are utilized for independent models. The photo and model observations jointly form a set of reduced normalized equations and are calculated ...
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The block adjustment is possible with a combination of photo and model observations. Multicolinear equations are used for photos, and 3D transformation equations are utilized for independent models. The photo and model observations jointly form a set of reduced normalized equations and are calculated simultaneously to obtain all the unknown parameters in the calculation block. Additional parameters may be used to remove systemic errors in adjustment.
Mohammad Reza Abdoli
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 59-63
Abstract
Human beings have always been interested in reaching a better understanding of their environment and its phenomena. They have experienced different methods to achieve an understanding of land resources, and in this way they have reached new technologies. Using air and space has always been one of their ...
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Human beings have always been interested in reaching a better understanding of their environment and its phenomena. They have experienced different methods to achieve an understanding of land resources, and in this way they have reached new technologies. Using air and space has always been one of their goals in this regard. With the first controllable flying airplane in about a century ago, the first aerial photo was taken from the ground and remote sensing was born. With the outbreak of First World War and military use of aircrafts, the necessity of applying aerial photos in information collecting and identifying land resources was recognized. The second World War followed by the Cold war on one hand, and technological developments on the other hand resulted in the emergence of exploratory airplanes in aviation and remote sensing realms. The present article investigates and reviews the most important exploratory airplanes and their applications in remote sensing. Despite many satellites that have been launched with different sensors, equipment and resolutions, results indicate that still many geographic studies take advantage of exploratory airplanes.
Hasan Beik Mohammadi
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 59-64
Abstract
Nomadic lifestyle has a long history in Iran and the nomadic community is among the major producers of livestock in the country. Iran's nomadic society, although comprising only 2% of the population, contributes to the provision of a large part of the country's livestock production. A part of Zagros ...
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Nomadic lifestyle has a long history in Iran and the nomadic community is among the major producers of livestock in the country. Iran's nomadic society, although comprising only 2% of the population, contributes to the provision of a large part of the country's livestock production. A part of Zagros Highlands in Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Khuzestan provinces are located within the Bakhtiari dominions; the Bakhtiari community, with about thirty-five thousand households and less than three million livestock, possessing 10.7% of rangelands of the country, is one of the most famous nomadic communities in Iran. The Muri and Qandali tribes from Durki Bab Il, are one of the seven famous Haft Lange-Bakhtiari tribes, some of which are located in the villages of Bazoft and Doab Samsami in the cities of Farsan and Ardal, and other ones still live and practice livestock breeding in the Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Summer residences and eastern Khuzestan’s winter settlements.
The economy of these clans was originally based on livestock breeding, then agriculture, crafts and trade; in recent decades, due to many economic, social and cultural problems, they have spontaneously tended to settle. Research has shown that the nomads of the region are so struck by economic and livelihood difficulties that they have chosen to settle despite their renowned patience.In this article, the author intends to study and analyze some corners of the economic-livelihood bases of the Bakhtiari tribes by using field, descriptive and analytical research methods, and to provide courses of action for planning the development of lives of the region’s nomads, elimination of socio-economic constraints in their lives and utilization of positive environmental potentials of the region.
Nabyyallah Ramezani
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
Box-Jenkins prediction model is one of the most famous time series models and is important in predicting different geographic phenomena. In Box-Jenkins methodology, time series models are in fact autoregressive integrated moving average models that are known as ARIMA models in statistics. Various models ...
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Box-Jenkins prediction model is one of the most famous time series models and is important in predicting different geographic phenomena. In Box-Jenkins methodology, time series models are in fact autoregressive integrated moving average models that are known as ARIMA models in statistics. Various models such as simple and multivariate regression, autoregressive, moving average, seasonal models and even unknown models can be derived from ARIMA models. In this research, while expressing the precipitation forecasting method using the Box-Jenkins time series model practically and by fitting this model on the monthly precipitation data of Ghaemshahr synoptic station, which contains statistics of 50 years, the best model for forecasting precipitation in this station was selected, which was from the type of SARIMA (1.0.1) (0.1. 1) model.
Ali Baratian (Compilation)
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
Drought is lack or inadequacy of rainfall over a long period of time, so that it leads to a lack of moisture in soil and reduces the flowing waters, thereby interrupting human activities and plant and animal life. The time between last rainfall and observation of tangible decrease in rivers’ water ...
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Drought is lack or inadequacy of rainfall over a long period of time, so that it leads to a lack of moisture in soil and reduces the flowing waters, thereby interrupting human activities and plant and animal life. The time between last rainfall and observation of tangible decrease in rivers’ water and soil moisture is not the same in different climates. Therefore, a precise and comprehensive definition of drought cannot be provided. For this reason, experts have each proposed a different definition of drought from different points of view.
In this paper, eleven meteorological factors that play a role in severity of dryness and drought have been selected and their effects on determination of dry years have been classified. Among these factors, six factors of precipitation, maximum daily rainfall, number of rainy days, dew point, relative humidity and cloudiness have been selected as factors reducing drought severity, and factors of maximum temperature, average temperature, sunny hours and evaporation as those intensifying drought; these factors have been classified at the synoptic meteorological station of Hamedan during the statistical period from 1989 to 1997 using the scalogram model. This classification can be applied to more factors and longer periods at each station, so that in determination of drought years, efforts will not be limited to the amount of precipitation, and other factors will be involved in calculations according to their priority.
According to the classification and use of the tables at Hamadan station, eleven meteorological factors were selected which can be named in terms of priority as follows:1. Maximum temperature 2. Minimum temperature 3. Average temperature 4. Rainfall 5. Maximum daily precipitation 6. Number of rainy days 7. Dew point 8. Relative humidity 9. Cloudiness 10. Sunny hours 11. Evaporation
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 60-61
Abstract
The 5th Southwest Asia Summit regarding standardization of the United Nations Geographic Names was held on 24 to 26 January 1994 at the Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces with the participation of representatives of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and the Islamic Republic of ...
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The 5th Southwest Asia Summit regarding standardization of the United Nations Geographic Names was held on 24 to 26 January 1994 at the Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces with the participation of representatives of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the opening ceremony of this summit, Mr. Foroozandeh, Minister of Defense and Support of the Armed Forces, in his speech, referred to such an assembly in this part of Asia with the aim of standardizing geographical names based on the common culture of nations as an appropriate measure to prevent divisions and conflicts in dealing with International issues. He added that the nations of the South-West Asia region have not only a common language but also a common religion, which is the basis for the unity and harmony between the member countries, and will strengthen political, social and economic relations.
