Mahdi Modiri
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 2-5
Abstract
Considering the fast growth of population and the following urban development and expansion, the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), during its permanent commission attended by a delegates of land management experts, has published a declaration concerning the importance of land management and ...
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Considering the fast growth of population and the following urban development and expansion, the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), during its permanent commission attended by a delegates of land management experts, has published a declaration concerning the importance of land management and the role of surveying engineers in development of human habitation.The declaration has been prepared by collaboration of the UN’s Habitat, and can achieve its goals only if its recommendations are implemented; so it is asked from all countries to stay committed to fulfilment of the declaration’s requirements, and the international society is to use all its power to realize its goals.In the FIG congress in Helsinki, the head of the UN’s Habitat has declared:“Land is the starting point of all human habitation, and surveying engineers stand at the first stage of this process”.This statement shows the cosmopolitan responsibility of the surveyor. This paper describes the issues related to the content of this declaration.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 6-8
Abstract
Today the managers and planners have a need for three-dimensional (3-D) display of objects, especially in urban environments, which is inherent in relevant processes. In order to fulfil such need, a digital camera is set on a Total Station Theodolite that is able to perform accurate video recording of ...
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Today the managers and planners have a need for three-dimensional (3-D) display of objects, especially in urban environments, which is inherent in relevant processes. In order to fulfil such need, a digital camera is set on a Total Station Theodolite that is able to perform accurate video recording of vertical surfaces such as building facades. In this paper, while examining an example of theodolites equipped with digital video cameras, the research problems and constraints in this regard were discussed.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 9-13
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Ghodratallah Abedi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 14-18
Abstract
Flood is one of the most important natural disasters that brings about vast losses and damages every year.
The number of occurrence of flood increases year by year. Many factors play a role in this increase, including: constant heavy rainfall, cloudburst, serious destruction of rangelands and forests, ...
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Flood is one of the most important natural disasters that brings about vast losses and damages every year.
The number of occurrence of flood increases year by year. Many factors play a role in this increase, including: constant heavy rainfall, cloudburst, serious destruction of rangelands and forests, increase of population and the following rise in number of building units and roads (impenetrable covering surface), unbridled development of urban centers, and improper land use.
Kerman Province is considered as one of the flood-prone areas of the country. In this paper, floods taken place in this province from 1951 until 1996 have been analyzed and the vulnerable points have been determined, and finally suggestions have been made in this regard.
Ahmad Ali Naderi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 14-18
Abstract
The reasoning behind the existence of careful planning in any issue or task is to achieve aims through logical ways and to remove obstacles and problems. Logical thinking about solving problems and consideration of possibilities is as important as logical approach toward obtaining our goals, and in fact ...
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The reasoning behind the existence of careful planning in any issue or task is to achieve aims through logical ways and to remove obstacles and problems. Logical thinking about solving problems and consideration of possibilities is as important as logical approach toward obtaining our goals, and in fact it is the main basis of implementing predicted plans. Basically, comparison of Iran’s share and status in tourism industry with those of other countries indicates difficulties of this industry in Iran. As long as these problems are not dealt with practically, it is vain to expect any further development of this industry.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 24-30
Abstract
The color of maps has a special importance in cartography. Legibility and clarity of a map and its agreement with reality (nature) is fulfilled with the help of colors. Application of various colors in map is carried out according to natural conditions and land features and the aim and scale of maps ...
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The color of maps has a special importance in cartography. Legibility and clarity of a map and its agreement with reality (nature) is fulfilled with the help of colors. Application of various colors in map is carried out according to natural conditions and land features and the aim and scale of maps based on principles of cartography. Selection of colors in maps should be from esthetic point of view and accompanied by artistic qualities that can help introduce the face of the earth better and add to the map’s delicacy.In the issue of maps’ color some basic considerations such as choice of color and the method of implementation of colored print should be taken into account so that color design of maps can increase the practical values of maps.
Mohammad Amin Arefzadeh (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 31-43
Abstract
The release of large amounts of CO2 and heavy metals from nickel and copper smelting plants in the Kola Peninsula in Russia has caused extensive destruction of vegetation in the surrounding areas over the past few decades. In an attempt to illustrate the changes in the vegetation situation around Monchegorsk ...
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The release of large amounts of CO2 and heavy metals from nickel and copper smelting plants in the Kola Peninsula in Russia has caused extensive destruction of vegetation in the surrounding areas over the past few decades. In an attempt to illustrate the changes in the vegetation situation around Monchegorsk smelting factories, MSS Landsat satellite images were prepared for a visual analysis of the years 1989, 1986, 1980, 1978 at several stages. By comparing and assessing the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) numerical values in different years, the destruction in the green and fresh vegetation during the measured period can be clearly identified. The monitored classification in examination of the images confirms the same trend: vegetation around the smelting factories has undergone severe annihilation. A large combination of continuous (complementary) images by the TM sensor from Channels 6, 4 and 1 was covered by Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) using the distribution model which clearly showed that the area with an annual average density of 40-60μm of Sulfur dioxide has been severely damaged.
Bahram Najafpour
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 44-46
Abstract
Geography has been defined as the study of the mutual relationship between human being and environment. The concept of “human” is not clear in geography. This fact has caused ambiguities concerning the essence and the range of study of geography. Many other sciences such as psychology, economics, ...
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Geography has been defined as the study of the mutual relationship between human being and environment. The concept of “human” is not clear in geography. This fact has caused ambiguities concerning the essence and the range of study of geography. Many other sciences such as psychology, economics, politics, etc. discuss about humans. The concept of human in geography is different from those of other sciences. The importance of human being in geography lies in is his/her activities. Considering the concept of human in geography, this science can be defined as follows: “Geography is the study of mutual relationship between human activities and environment”. Isolation of human being in geographic studies is the great danger which threatens the science of geography.
Asadallah Karimi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 47-49
Abstract
Today land information system is a common topic in scientific circles. Numerous speeches, seminars, papers and discussions are presented in this regard. On the other hand, the issue of “cadaster” has been raised in executive circles due to the importance of collection, modification and storage ...
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Today land information system is a common topic in scientific circles. Numerous speeches, seminars, papers and discussions are presented in this regard. On the other hand, the issue of “cadaster” has been raised in executive circles due to the importance of collection, modification and storage of land data necessary in planning.This paper, while noting the definitions of different types of cadaster, considers the land and geographic information systems and their potential for implementing all or major parts of different cadasters and convincing executive officials to collaborate with the country’s scientific experts in order to utilize this potential.
Mahdi Nurbakhsh
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 50-52
Abstract
In a simple definition, the runoff coefficient is the percentage of the water falling through precipitation that flows over the surface. This coefficient depends in each basin on the level of interception, infiltration and evapotranspiration. Runoff is a result of the difference between the rate of precipitation ...
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In a simple definition, the runoff coefficient is the percentage of the water falling through precipitation that flows over the surface. This coefficient depends in each basin on the level of interception, infiltration and evapotranspiration. Runoff is a result of the difference between the rate of precipitation and infiltration, so that whenever precipitation overtakes infiltration there will be runoff. The detention coefficient refers to that part of precipitation which turns into infiltration, impoundment storage of interception and evapotranspiration. The amounts of runoff and detention are both parts of total precipitation and have contrary trends.There are several methods for calculating the runoff and detention coefficients which depend on type of soil, land’s terrain and slope, vegetation and intensity of precipitation. Unfortunately, in many parts of Iran such studies are nonexistent or seriously incomplete. In this paper, it has been tried to present a method for calculation of detention and runoff coefficients which does not need such information while still providing acceptable precision. In this method by calculating hydrological reduction values, that part of precipitation which is not turned into runoff is determined; in other words, the amount of water which is initially kept and later disappears through evaporation or infiltration is calculated. In this way, the detention and runoff coefficients are obtained.
Mahdi Mo'meni
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 53-55
Abstract
One of the dynamic manifestations of Islamic culture is its encouragement of people to travel and to show travelers great respect and provide them with facilities. This dynamic mentality, urged by Quran and Islamic Tradition, Jurisprudence and even mysticism, is so lively and strong that it has never ...
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One of the dynamic manifestations of Islamic culture is its encouragement of people to travel and to show travelers great respect and provide them with facilities. This dynamic mentality, urged by Quran and Islamic Tradition, Jurisprudence and even mysticism, is so lively and strong that it has never lost its influence and has always been a source of Islamic society’s inspiration.Today traveling has gained such value and breadth that attraction of travelers has been recognized as a profitable industry and a source of employment which plays a vital role in earning foreign exchange and cultural influence, to the level that today this branch of activity is taught academically and is considered by a great number of countries as one of the main sources of revenue.
Esma'eil Shahkou'ei
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 56-61
Abstract
In this study, using the statistical information of twenty-one years (during the period of 1964-1985) available in ten meteorological stations in Gorgan Province, the trend of potential evapotranspiration has been calculated according to various formula by the help of computer programs. In addition, ...
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In this study, using the statistical information of twenty-one years (during the period of 1964-1985) available in ten meteorological stations in Gorgan Province, the trend of potential evapotranspiration has been calculated according to various formula by the help of computer programs. In addition, after comparison of potential evapotranspiration with the evaporation from the tank, its equations have been calculated and analyzed for all studied stations.
Fatemeh Razi'ei (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, Pages 62-64
Abstract
Geo-informatics is defined as a multi-purpose science dealing with measurement, recording, analysis and presentation of geographical data. Such land information is collected by RS, GIS and GPS. Each one of these three technologies, or each two of them, when combined with the other, create the new 3S ...
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Geo-informatics is defined as a multi-purpose science dealing with measurement, recording, analysis and presentation of geographical data. Such land information is collected by RS, GIS and GPS. Each one of these three technologies, or each two of them, when combined with the other, create the new 3S technology.Remote sensing provides images of environment and natural resources in a multi-spectral manner and with different resolutions in different times. GPS and also INS (Inertial Navigation System) reinforce the applied sensors through ground control points and photogrammetry. GIS deals with data and information taken by the help of modern tools from ground spatial data banks and bases which make decision-making possible.
