Mahdi Modiri
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 2-4
Abstract
For easy understanding and quick access, all types of geographic information are displayed on maps, because displaying information graphically is, in many cases, more indicative than a number of books on the same matter. Any modification or revision of information in maps requires development of a new ...
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For easy understanding and quick access, all types of geographic information are displayed on maps, because displaying information graphically is, in many cases, more indicative than a number of books on the same matter. Any modification or revision of information in maps requires development of a new map with a process similar to that of the first map. In fact, the information on map is not always exploited and sometimes finds only quantitative value as archives.
Mohammad Bagher Chukhachizadeh Moghaddam
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 5-11
Abstract
The movements of the earth's crust can be divided into two general categories of orogenic and epeirogenic movements. The orogeny movement refers to those crust movements that cause rapid deformation of large masses of rocks with short duration of its impact on a geological scale and high intensity; these ...
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The movements of the earth's crust can be divided into two general categories of orogenic and epeirogenic movements. The orogeny movement refers to those crust movements that cause rapid deformation of large masses of rocks with short duration of its impact on a geological scale and high intensity; these movements cause faults, folds and mountains. The epeirogenic movements include movements of the earth's crust whose duration of impact is long and whose severity is low, such as downward movement of crust and formation of basins, as well as rise of parts of the crust. The epeirogenic movements cause the seas’ receding and advancing.
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 12-19
Abstract
In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through ...
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In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through space travels, seek to discover the secrets of the universe and conquer the space, and, it is to say that on the way to this end, the thoughtful man has acted bravely and avoided no effort.
Aliasghar Sepahi Gerou (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 20-23
Abstract
A variety of igneous rocks originating from the earth’s mantle contain primary diamond sources, which are the main host rocks for diamonds, kimberlites and lamproite. Primary diamonds or fake (graphite in place of diamonds), and also alkaline basalts and peridotites of Alpine Cumminsky type (1984) ...
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A variety of igneous rocks originating from the earth’s mantle contain primary diamond sources, which are the main host rocks for diamonds, kimberlites and lamproite. Primary diamonds or fake (graphite in place of diamonds), and also alkaline basalts and peridotites of Alpine Cumminsky type (1984) have been found in some lamprophyres; however, significant amounts of diamonds have not yet been found in these stones. Secondary diamond deposits come from these original source rocks affected by weathering and transportation. These deposits are usually rich in high quality diamonds. Examples of these include the Ural Mountains (the former Soviet Union), Namibian sea deposits and the West African, Brazilian and Venezuelan river sediments. The determination of rocks that have potential for these deposits is not possible through mineralogy of the existing debris phases. The nature and origin of secondary diamond deposits are not the subject of this discussion.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 24-29
Abstract
Traverse, though enjoying flexibility and efficiency, has a low degree of reliability. In this paper, a strategy is developed to improve the degree of certainty, without having an adverse effect on its efficiency. This strategy involves the use of off-center station (out-of-station) traverses, which ...
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Traverse, though enjoying flexibility and efficiency, has a low degree of reliability. In this paper, a strategy is developed to improve the degree of certainty, without having an adverse effect on its efficiency. This strategy involves the use of off-center station (out-of-station) traverses, which calculate the field confidence and adjustment values by a small handheld computer. The benefits of misdiagnosis and quality control at the time of observations, such as traversing pre-designated stations, or when transportation and provisioning of observational costs and facilities are problematic, are significant. The formulas required to implement this strategy have been presented and the results of an off-center station are presented as examples.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 30-35
Abstract
The surface of the earth is not completely flat at any point except on the floor of seasonal and temporal lakes that have been dried out due to evaporation of water, such as the small expanses found in the central parts of Iran which are called “Dagh” in the local language. Apart from these ...
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The surface of the earth is not completely flat at any point except on the floor of seasonal and temporal lakes that have been dried out due to evaporation of water, such as the small expanses found in the central parts of Iran which are called “Dagh” in the local language. Apart from these very narrow areas we observe that the mountains tall and short, low-lying hills and extensive plains with low or high slopes have covered the surface of the earth. What we see as mountains or hills on the surface of the earth is called “terrace” in geographical terms, and these terraces are divided into two major parts. One is caused by volcanoes, like the conic Mount. Damavand to the northeast of Tehran and thousands of other volcanic peaks that are scattered across the earth. All volcanic peaks of the world have been created in the form of tremendous eruptions due to the penetration of the earth’s internal molten material to the outside. In addition to these peaks, the molten material occasionally flows out of huge gaps and covers a large area that may reach several thousand square kilometers by thick layers of interior materials called basalt. The other ones that have come to existence due to folds have here been inevitably referred to in terms of their mechanism of appearance.
Dorreh Mirhaidar
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 36-43
Abstract
On March 2, 1992, the number of UN member states rose from 166 to 175. Among the 9 new members, the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan were in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Caucasus. Only Georgia has not yet applied for membership in the UN.
However, ...
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On March 2, 1992, the number of UN member states rose from 166 to 175. Among the 9 new members, the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan were in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Caucasus. Only Georgia has not yet applied for membership in the UN.
However, these newly independent states, regardless of problematic economic conditions not discussed in this paper, are faced with many conflicts in terms of borderline, ethnic and territorial issues, as well as contradiction between Russian and non-Russian and between native and non-native elements of population. All these differences are historically rooted, and are the product of the strategies and policies applied by the Tsarist government of Russia and its successor, the Soviet communist state. However, the Soviet government has used the same methods with more violence and under the pretext of ideology.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 44-47
Abstract
The compression of current geodetic networks by the vectors of the Global Positioning System (GPS) addresses issues that are not commonly found in normal networks. These issues are encountered in the process of adjustment accompanied by iteration (guidance concerning their resolution has been presented ...
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The compression of current geodetic networks by the vectors of the Global Positioning System (GPS) addresses issues that are not commonly found in normal networks. These issues are encountered in the process of adjustment accompanied by iteration (guidance concerning their resolution has been presented here). The proposed method in this paper has been used to write a practical computer program.
Khosro Khajeh (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 48-51
Abstract
My first contact with GIS was in 1965 at a meeting at the Harvard University and Michigan Institute of Technology’s Joint Center for Urban Studies, and I came across a good accident by sitting next to Howard Fisher. At that time, Howard Fisher intended to leave the University of Chicago and was ...
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My first contact with GIS was in 1965 at a meeting at the Harvard University and Michigan Institute of Technology’s Joint Center for Urban Studies, and I came across a good accident by sitting next to Howard Fisher. At that time, Howard Fisher intended to leave the University of Chicago and was therefore visiting Harvard University.
Fisher had recently invented SYMAP, a computer-based mapping application that worked on linear printer technology, but was not yet at operational state. I immediately took advantage of the opportunity; relying on his words about the SYMP abilities and the requirements of his doctoral thesis, I convinced him to allow me to carry out experiments using his original program. With the supervision and guidance of Fisher, I implemented the first applied SYMP test in my studies of Boston's central perceptual geography. It was to some extent due to this work that I was first appointed as an Assistant Professor at the Harvard School of Design, and started working as a novice researcher in a laboratory known today as the computer cartographic labs.
I.D. Wijayrante
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 52-55
Abstract
So far, the least squares adjustment principles have been described in detail in textbooks and in papers in numerous journals. This function (title of the paper) is related to the common least squares adjustment, in which a set of observations are simultaneously processed and a certain estimation of ...
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So far, the least squares adjustment principles have been described in detail in textbooks and in papers in numerous journals. This function (title of the paper) is related to the common least squares adjustment, in which a set of observations are simultaneously processed and a certain estimation of the unknown parameters is obtained (assuming that all necessary observations have been collected and are free from mistakes).
This is the case is in most adjustments. However, sometimes we may not be able to provide all observations at one time, or we might want to carry out adjustment by only a small set of observations and then, if necessary, remove or add observations in order to best estimate the unknown parameters. If we repeat whole the adjustment every time we replace observations, we waste time and energy. The effect of adding or removing observations can be determined by step-by-step method of adjustment. This operation can also greatly reduce the amount of computer memory needed to simultaneously process all the observations.
Hosein Hataminejad
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, Pages 56-64
Abstract
Undoubtedly, applied geography plays a significant role as a dynamic science in all land development and planning programs. The intellectual transformations of contemporary geographers on the role of geography and its application in the development of different regions do not leave concern for experts ...
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Undoubtedly, applied geography plays a significant role as a dynamic science in all land development and planning programs. The intellectual transformations of contemporary geographers on the role of geography and its application in the development of different regions do not leave concern for experts in various fields, because in the opinion of geographers the various natural and human phenomena on the earth's surface have complex interactions, each of which requires recognition of other phenomena and estimation of possible interactions among them. In addition, multi-dimensional view of geographers and their study of phenomena in different aspects have guided them in their attempts to solve the urban, rural and nomadic problems. Therefore, the geographer considers the compatibility of rural development programs with the geographical features of rural space, so that the geographical and economic landscape of the area is not damaged. It should be noted that the physical development of villages is only part of the rural development process; its main lines are depicted in the form of physical changes in villages.
