Ali Abdi
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
Decrease in production capacity of soils is one of the problems in the country. This decrease is affected by factors such as soil erosion, especially surface erosion. Exit of more than 2 billion tons of sediment per year from the watersheds of the country shows the depth of the disaster. Among other ...
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Decrease in production capacity of soils is one of the problems in the country. This decrease is affected by factors such as soil erosion, especially surface erosion. Exit of more than 2 billion tons of sediment per year from the watersheds of the country shows the depth of the disaster. Among other factors that play a major role in reducing the fertility of soils is the salinity of land. This phenomenon occurs in natural resources (low lands) and agricultural lands (inappropriate drainage and improper management). Preparation of soil salinity map is one of the first steps in identifying these areas. There are several methods that can be used to achieve this goal. One of these methods is the application of satellite imagery and spectral reflections in order to provide a map of salinity in different regions of the country, because these images are completely new and up-to-date and display the latest changes on the Earth's surface. In this paper, which is the result of implementation of research project, the application of satellite imagery in preparation of Qazvin plain salinity map using satellite images of Landsat ETM in 2000 and Landsat TM in 1987 in a spectrophotometric manner was investigated. Comparison of the obtained results with experimental data of soil samples and field observations confirms the high accuracy (83.3%) of the prepared Qazvin salinity map by the spectral method.
Mohammad Javad Valadan Zowj; Asghar Milan Lak; Mahdi Gholam Ali Majd Abadi
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Dynamism of satellite images with linear arrangement has made it possible to use highly complex algorithms requiring information from the satellite's orbit to carry out geometric correction of these images with high precision. On the other hand, in new satellite imagery, sellers of these images are not ...
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Dynamism of satellite images with linear arrangement has made it possible to use highly complex algorithms requiring information from the satellite's orbit to carry out geometric correction of these images with high precision. On the other hand, in new satellite imagery, sellers of these images are not interested in sending this information. For this reason, in order to perform the geometric correction of these images, we need new mathematical models to perform the geometric correction and meet the required precision without any need for satellite information. One of these models is the Rational Function Model, which is used for this purpose. The other is the modified DLT. In this paper, these models have been investigated for geometric correction of satellite images, for which purpose programs have been written in Visual C environment. To test these models, the results of these models’ implication on IRS, IKONOS and SPOT satellite images were surveyed. The results of this study showed that these models were able to perform the geometric correction of these images. Although they are less accurate than the models that use orbit parameters, the value of these models lies in their independence from satellite orbit parameters, their vast capacity of processing and also in the simplicity of these models.
Hamid Reza Varesi; Hosein Ali Kazemi
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 9-14
Abstract
New cities are newly-built settlements that lack the previous initial core, built on a pre-designed plan and structure, with thousands of years of history in the world.Indeed, it can be argued that the discussion of new cities is as old as urban history, but the idea of creating new cities in its classical ...
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New cities are newly-built settlements that lack the previous initial core, built on a pre-designed plan and structure, with thousands of years of history in the world.Indeed, it can be argued that the discussion of new cities is as old as urban history, but the idea of creating new cities in its classical and extensive form should be sought in the early twentieth century. The Theory of New Cities is inspired by various theories, and Ebenezer Howard has been recognized as its main theorist.The industrial revolution and its consequences led to the expansion of urbanization and acceleration of urbanization, especially in mother cities, which have faced serious problems through industrial developments and expansion of capitalism in large cities. In developing countries, with increasing population growth, especially urban population, numerous problems have appeared. Disproportionate distribution of population across the countries and mass concentration of population in large cities has led to problems such as housing shortage, marginal settlement, high population density, traffic congestion, air pollution, destruction of agricultural lands around large cities, etc., which call for special measures. One of the measures was to create new cities to reduce major problems and organize the space in those areas. In fact, the goals and strategies of the new cities are often based on demographic decentralization. The urbanization process in our country has also been influenced by the developments and dominance of capitalism and has been steadily increasing over the past decades. The urban area of Isfahan is not isolated from the situation of the urbanization system of the country and has high urbanization coefficients which has led to numerous consequences and problems in the region. In order to reduce these problems, absorption of population overflows of this city and settling the employees of the industrial sector in the region have been reviewed and creation of new cities has been confirmed. Shahr Jadid Baharestan (the New City of Baharestan) is considered as the main basis for this paper, which has been examined and evaluated through different frameworks.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be conducted at different levels of complexity, from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, according to complexity of the interactions between surface and sub-surface features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Ramin Kiamehr
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
One of the methods for determining the seismic pattern in space and time is to study the occurrence of strain by registering changes in the Earth's Crust constantly using geodetic monitoring networks and satellite and spatial observations. In this paper the method of analysis of movement in geodetic ...
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One of the methods for determining the seismic pattern in space and time is to study the occurrence of strain by registering changes in the Earth's Crust constantly using geodetic monitoring networks and satellite and spatial observations. In this paper the method of analysis of movement in geodetic networks by GPS method is described in detail, and, while highlighting the important points in GPS satellite observation planning, the accuracy necessary for these issues, the advantages of using this method and finally the method of strain analysis and obtaining the maximum shear and dilatation parameters in order to interpret the displacement in these networks by finite difference and finite element methods are described in detail.
Hossein Hataminejad; Samira Nowzari
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 10-14
Abstract
Given that cities are carriers of culture, derived from nature and reflecting the spectrum of our social goals, technology, values and institutions, they are considered as significant subjects of study for cultural geographers as they provide the scholar with a deep insight into human mosaics. ...
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Given that cities are carriers of culture, derived from nature and reflecting the spectrum of our social goals, technology, values and institutions, they are considered as significant subjects of study for cultural geographers as they provide the scholar with a deep insight into human mosaics. City is considered a cultural phenomenon and therefore it should be viewed from the point of view of cultural geography. Cultural geography, which is considered by some thinkers as including social and economic geography, is a worthwhile view that can help examine some of the social, economic and physical qualities and effects of the city. Cultural geography covers the study of spatial changes of cultural groups and spatial functions of society, and relies on description and analysis of differences and similarities in language, religion, economics, government and other cultural phenomena from place to place. Given that cultures are formed by human groups, cultural geography, therefore, necessarily involves humans in aggregate. In this paper, we try to investigate the internal structure of city with emphasis on some of the well-known concepts of cultural geography perspective, such as urban cultural areas, cultural broadcasting and cultural perspective of the city.
Asghar Milan Lak; Majid Hamrah; Gholam Ali Majd Abadi
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 10-17
Abstract
The collection of ground control points for photogrammetric blocks adjustment is one of the costly and time-consuming parts of photogrammetric surveying, and photogrammetrists have always sought a way to reduce the number of ground control points to the extent possible. Today, the application of GPS ...
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The collection of ground control points for photogrammetric blocks adjustment is one of the costly and time-consuming parts of photogrammetric surveying, and photogrammetrists have always sought a way to reduce the number of ground control points to the extent possible. Today, the application of GPS data in surveying activities has been widely considered: from acquisition of coordinates of ground control points to the obtainment of the coordinates of image centers and camera justification parameters at the moment of shooting, in Mobile Mapping, cadastral surveying and in combination of GPS data with INS2 data which is currently undergoing extensive research, because it reduces the number of control points. In this study, the precision of adjusted blocks with the help of GPS auxiliary data in the adjustment of the 1:25000 blocks of Iran with independent and bundle adjustment models methods has been examined, and the results of the study show that it gives satisfactory precision on the considered scale for the region of Iran.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 10-18
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art and science of acquiring information about an object, region, or phenomenon by analyzing the data obtained by a tool that is not in physical contact with the object, region, or phenomenon under investigation. As you read these words, you are using remote sensing. Your eyes act ...
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Remote sensing is the art and science of acquiring information about an object, region, or phenomenon by analyzing the data obtained by a tool that is not in physical contact with the object, region, or phenomenon under investigation. As you read these words, you are using remote sensing. Your eyes act as sensors that respond to the light reflected from this page.
Mas'ud Taghva'ei; Parvin Shafi'ei
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 10-20
Abstract
Ardestan County lies between the east longitude of 52 degrees and 22 minutes and north latitude of 33 degrees and 22 degrees. It is limited on the north to salt pan, on the south to Isfahan, on the east to the city of Na’ine and on the west to the cities of Natanz and Kashan. It is 1209 meters ...
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Ardestan County lies between the east longitude of 52 degrees and 22 minutes and north latitude of 33 degrees and 22 degrees. It is limited on the north to salt pan, on the south to Isfahan, on the east to the city of Na’ine and on the west to the cities of Natanz and Kashan. It is 1209 meters above sea level, its highest point is 3200 meters and it is approximately 17643 kilometers. Its population is 45150 people, and it consists of 3 cities called Ardestan, Zavareh and Mahabad, 2 central districts and 7 rural districts.In terms of the geographical location of the city, it has a good position among the cities of the country because it is located on the main strategic route connecting the north to the south. This is the reason why the city continues its life in spite of difficult environmental conditions. The Tehran – Kerman railroad crosses the city (between Zavareh and Ardestan), a special privilege enjoyed only by a few cities. There is a certain kind of relationship between the city and the surrounding countryside which need to be carefully reviewed.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 10-14
Abstract
Heavy snowfall is one of the characteristics of highlands, and its gradual melting in heights is considered as one of the important water resources in arid areas. Heavy snowfall before winter or in spring might cause delay in beginning of expected weather conditions in different seasons. Heavy snowfall ...
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Heavy snowfall is one of the characteristics of highlands, and its gradual melting in heights is considered as one of the important water resources in arid areas. Heavy snowfall before winter or in spring might cause delay in beginning of expected weather conditions in different seasons. Heavy snowfall brings about certain problems and issues. Its lack, on the other hand, leads to water shortage in many regions.
Abdalkarim Gharib
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 10-13
Abstract
Scandinavia’s ice cap is a large ice cap belonging to the fourth age (Scandinavia's fourth age can be distinguished by its southern front from wandering moraine and rocks carried there from Norway, Sweden and Finland. The southernmost front of the Scandinavian glacier from the southern England, ...
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Scandinavia’s ice cap is a large ice cap belonging to the fourth age (Scandinavia's fourth age can be distinguished by its southern front from wandering moraine and rocks carried there from Norway, Sweden and Finland. The southernmost front of the Scandinavian glacier from the southern England, had been passing through London surroundings and also through Manche, covering the Netherlands and North Germany, down to the valleys of the Don and the Volga, and again northward to the Ural. Everywhere in this vast area, many glacier traces and glacial rivers can be found. There were glacier sub-periods in which the glaciers went to the more southerly regions. In the sub-periods between the glaciers, the glaciers retreated to the north. This sequence have been detected by speculation in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. It is very difficult to recognize to which ice age a certain moraine deposit belongs. Older formations have been destructed by newer formations or eliminated through erosion before protecting deposits could form. In addition, the glaciers, by means of shorter periods of advance and retreat, are recognizable to the extent that some geologists such as Sergel have been able to determine the severity of the cold and also eleven short periods on Loess. This number is also confirmed by marine deposits.
Dorreh Mirhaidar
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 10-16
Abstract
In this paper, the term "government" indicates the general meaning of an independent state. A government is a political unit with a permanent population and territory, systematically and economically organized and with a regular communications network that enjoys sovereignty.
Sovereignty means independence ...
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In this paper, the term "government" indicates the general meaning of an independent state. A government is a political unit with a permanent population and territory, systematically and economically organized and with a regular communications network that enjoys sovereignty.
Sovereignty means independence and freedom from direct supervision of a foreign power. Above all, a political unit must be recognized by a number of governments in order to achieve international character and receive the title of “the state”.
Heydar Lotfi; Mandana Ghanbari
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 11-16
Abstract
Developing Kavir national park is especially crucial in all ecological, economic and political dimensions. This national park is one of the largest national parks in Iran. Sustainable development of Kavir national park requires great precision, due to its ecologic nature as a desert, presence of specific ...
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Developing Kavir national park is especially crucial in all ecological, economic and political dimensions. This national park is one of the largest national parks in Iran. Sustainable development of Kavir national park requires great precision, due to its ecologic nature as a desert, presence of specific ecosystems, rare and scarce animals. Its development must be performed based on a precise understanding of the present situation, pilot planning and continual environmental management. The present article seeks to identify environmental situation, evaluate strength and capacity of the land and its ecosystems and propose pilot plans based on the environmental capacities, relative advantages and susceptibilities and disorganizations. Regarding the necessity of producing functional output, economic and social dimensions were concisely considered in the planning process. Evaluating the capacity of Kavir national park indicates that tourism land use has a larger capacity for development. Furthermore, it should consider preservation. With valuable plant and animal resources, and other exceptional and miscellaneous features, this park is a cultural and national heritage. Implementing the results of this study requires a development plan and environment management system. An outline of this plan is provided in the conclusion and suggestion section along with other necessary solutions and arrangements. However with the assistance of authorities, applying strategies and results of the plan provide the necessary situation for compiling and settling environment management system. Though, settling such a system has not yet been accomplished and does not seem to be accessible in near future. But it seems completely accessible in Kavir national park, due to its nature as a desert and presence of biosphere reserve and ecosystem trend. This is in fact a relative opportunity and chance for Kavir national park.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 11-17
Abstract
By relying on the identification of the capacities and capabilities that are the basis of convergence in the Islamic world, and on the other hand the divergent factors that threaten the continuity of the Muslim world, and considering the need to address the future and to attempt to build it in In order ...
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By relying on the identification of the capacities and capabilities that are the basis of convergence in the Islamic world, and on the other hand the divergent factors that threaten the continuity of the Muslim world, and considering the need to address the future and to attempt to build it in In order to provide the resources of the Islamic world, this paper examines the concept of future thinking and introduces it into the field of scientific discussions and then addresses the possible futures for the Islamic world. Future research is in fact the decision-making about the future in the present. The knowledge and insight that future-research makes available to the researcher will help him in acquiring a superior position in the competitive field, and as a result of understanding the forces and factors affecting personal and organizational activities, Will make him/her more vigilant about the possible changes in the future. In fact, using the imagination of possible events and evaluating probabilities, one can equip oneself and others for the future, identify opportunities and challenges and plan against them or to acquire them.
Mohammad Hassan Nami; Reza Agha Taher
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 11-18
Abstract
Management is the art of decision making. In urban environments, which are basically complex assortments of a wide range of components and interactions, managers should display their decision-making ability on a high level. The importance of this matter will be intensified when we know that urban environments ...
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Management is the art of decision making. In urban environments, which are basically complex assortments of a wide range of components and interactions, managers should display their decision-making ability on a high level. The importance of this matter will be intensified when we know that urban environments are the most vulnerable environments, particularly to natural disasters. In addition, the results of such hazards are all-encompassing and lead to human casualties and various economic and social losses. One of the most recognized threats to urban environments is the earthquake. The frequency of earthquakes and their results, especially in areas susceptible to earthquakes, has caused urban managers feel pressed by society and policy makers to adopt effective strategies to address this issue. These strategies can be observed in the area of policy-making and strategy-determination to create a good level of coordination and subsequently integration of resources for addressing the management of earthquake crisis, as well as in the use of various research and technologies concerning recognition of different aspects of the earthquake phenomenon and its effects. In this context, urban crisis management can be defined as an integrated combination of strategies, policies, research, and technology. In this regard, international efforts to develop macro strategies and to encourage communities to follow them in order to provide an adequate level of security and prosperity of urban life indicate the universal importance of urban crisis management, and in particular earthquakes. Since Iran, and especially Tehran, are always subject to earthquakes, this paper examines the activities carried out in connection with natural hazards of earthquakes, especially in urban environments around the world and Iran.
Hasan Asakareh
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 11-15
Abstract
Wetlands are significant not only materially, but ecologically as well. Hence the recognition of these natural ecosystems and efforts to protect them must be placed at the forefront of scientific and practical attention. In this regard, recognition of some of the ecological features of Hoor Shadegan ...
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Wetlands are significant not only materially, but ecologically as well. Hence the recognition of these natural ecosystems and efforts to protect them must be placed at the forefront of scientific and practical attention. In this regard, recognition of some of the ecological features of Hoor Shadegan as one of the vital zones will be sought. Hoor Shadagan is ranked as the twenty-second wetland in the world, and has various ecological, scientific, aesthetic, economic and hydrological values. The Shadegan wetland has been declared by the Environmental Protection Agency as a wildlife refuge due to the migration of various birds from northern areas of the globe to this place during the winter and early spring. This wetland was registered on 23 June 1975 by the Ramsar Convention as an internationally important wetland (especially for aquatic birds). (Majnounian 1998)The Shadegan wetland is located in a warm and dry climate, and in some years it is encountered in warm seasons with water shortage or aridity over a large part of it. The animals have adapted themselves to these ecological conditions over the years. (Farrokhian et al., 1997)
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 11-18
Abstract
Although multi-beam echo-sounders have been utilized to transmit and use several types of audio pulses simultaneously in hydrography (to determine the depth and topography of the sea floor) for a long time and are presented at the market for hydrographic equipment, but the extensive use of this type ...
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Although multi-beam echo-sounders have been utilized to transmit and use several types of audio pulses simultaneously in hydrography (to determine the depth and topography of the sea floor) for a long time and are presented at the market for hydrographic equipment, but the extensive use of this type of echo-sounders in marine affairs and military and civilian hydrographic surveying are also very useful.Establishing port facilities and conducting surveying for such civilian applications using old methods (single-beam echo-sounders) requires utilization of a specific and orderly method of hydrography on a series of parallel and pre-designed lines, which is very difficult and time consuming to implement.
The purpose of this discussion is to provide suitable solutions for dealing with hydrographic issues in order to collect precise depth data with better quality and more density. Due to its compact size, echo-sounder can be easily fitted on small marine vessels, and can be used to fulfil the IHOS-44 standard using the great amount of depth-measurement data it collects. On the other hand, modern hydrographic equipment, in turn, necessitates proper and serious hydrographic methods and quality control of marine maps. The proposed methods renowned today are more closely linked to a series of modern hydrographic software that are easily adapted to modern equipment. The stage of processing, which is guaranteed in these equipment by certain software, is dependent on the ability and speed of the computer used for processing throughout its practice: from the stage of collecting raw depth data to application of tidal values, necessary corrections for the device and related errors, and also the stage of mapping and related calculations.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 11-19
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 11-16
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted. There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement. The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues. Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Majid Hamrah
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 11-17
Abstract
Although in the past centuries humans have used ground observations and direct presence on the site to study their environment, in the present century by conquering space by humans these studies are being carried out through space. Since humankind has been able to overcome the gravity of the earth and ...
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Although in the past centuries humans have used ground observations and direct presence on the site to study their environment, in the present century by conquering space by humans these studies are being carried out through space. Since humankind has been able to overcome the gravity of the earth and to separate from the surface of the earth, his imagination and observations concerning the information on the earth has changed. He studies and controls phenomena remotely from space, and from this point spatial remote sensing begins. Investigating phenomena while standing on the earth certainly has limitations. Spacecraft remote sensing features include comprehensive vision. Today in space remote sensing we inherit technology and transformations that thousands of people have made in their efforts to achieve this possibility, and even lost their lives in this way. The history of spatial remote sensing is full of successes and frustrations. In this article, we first look at the past developments of spatial remote sensing and then examine its outlook in the 1990s.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 11-13
Abstract
In the previous issue, we discussed on the movements of the Earth, but we went a little astray from our main point due to some considerations, and expressed a brief account of the Solar System, which seemed necessary to anyone interested in geography.
In this issue, we follow our story about the Earth's ...
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In the previous issue, we discussed on the movements of the Earth, but we went a little astray from our main point due to some considerations, and expressed a brief account of the Solar System, which seemed necessary to anyone interested in geography.
In this issue, we follow our story about the Earth's motion: our Earth has two distinct moves, one rotation (around its own axis) and one revolution (around the Sun).
Zohreh Maryanaji; Hossein Karimi Javid; Yusof Sheykholmoluki
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 12-16
Abstract
In the present article, Isfahan annual temperature parameters were analyzed to determine long-term time trend and its potential changes in 1976 to 2005 time period. To do so, any of the temperature data series received from the five weather stations (Isfahan, East Isfahan, Kashan, Kabutar Abad, Khor) ...
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In the present article, Isfahan annual temperature parameters were analyzed to determine long-term time trend and its potential changes in 1976 to 2005 time period. To do so, any of the temperature data series received from the five weather stations (Isfahan, East Isfahan, Kashan, Kabutar Abad, Khor) were investigated based on Mann-Kendall statistical tests and normal residuals cumulative curve. Based on the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method, maximum temperature in Kabutar Abad and Khor stations had increased significantly, while other stations lack a trend. Minimum annual changes also shows a relative increase in eastern stations and average temperature in East Isfahan and Kabutar abad stations have an increasing trend. Normal residuals cumulative curve which divide data into two domains has similar results. According to this method, temperature in kabutar Abad and East Isfahan stations have increased significantly. The results which indicate temperature increase in most provincial stations (especially central ones) can be applied to zoning and predicting future droughts along with planning and managing water resources in the area.
M.H. Ramesht; - Nojavan; - Enteshari
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 12-21
Abstract
In geographic studies, one of the main concerns of geomorphologists is the achievement of analyses that can be explained within the framework of landform and geomorphic processes. This issue is not possible without field surveys and direct observations, especially for small-scale phenomena, and although ...
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In geographic studies, one of the main concerns of geomorphologists is the achievement of analyses that can be explained within the framework of landform and geomorphic processes. This issue is not possible without field surveys and direct observations, especially for small-scale phenomena, and although visual remote sensing is able to help solve the problem to a degree, availability of images and their utilization are not as easy as access to 1: 50000 topographic maps.This paper, which is the result of a research project at the Islamic Azad University, describes a method that studies and analyzes the form of contour lines in topographic maps in order to explain the geomorphic forms and processes that create them, and to determine the principles and basics that are based on formic assessment of contour lines in topographic maps.
To achieve such principles, the assessment of thirty regions in terms of field surveys, analysis, recognition and classification of landforms and contour lines and the relationship between landform and the type of contour lines have been carried out in the framework of an experimental comparative method. The most important result obtained in these studies is that the form of contour lines in topographic maps indicates the spatial content, which means that it is possible to recognize the form and process as well as the forming material of sediments of a region without possession of geological information by relying on certain theorems and analyzing the morphology of contour lines in topographic maps.