Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 24-31
Abstract
Provision of any plan for redevelopment, improvement and expansion in natural environment requires preparations in order to determine the potentials and constraints of the area. Next, after considering and evaluating development models which have been prepared in compatibility with natural factors and ...
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Provision of any plan for redevelopment, improvement and expansion in natural environment requires preparations in order to determine the potentials and constraints of the area. Next, after considering and evaluating development models which have been prepared in compatibility with natural factors and activities, the proper model is selected with all cultural, social, economic and environmental aspects taken into account. Provision of maps based on each effective factor and comparing them with cultural, social and economic considerations make the conditions for scientific deduction possible. By comparing environmental maps, identification of natural potential is carried out and environmental design takes place according to a precise and proper knowledge of the area.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Traverse, though enjoying flexibility and efficiency, has a low degree of reliability. In this paper, a strategy is developed to improve the degree of certainty, without having an adverse effect on its efficiency. This strategy involves the use of off-center station (out-of-station) traverses, which ...
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Traverse, though enjoying flexibility and efficiency, has a low degree of reliability. In this paper, a strategy is developed to improve the degree of certainty, without having an adverse effect on its efficiency. This strategy involves the use of off-center station (out-of-station) traverses, which calculate the field confidence and adjustment values by a small handheld computer. The benefits of misdiagnosis and quality control at the time of observations, such as traversing pre-designated stations, or when transportation and provisioning of observational costs and facilities are problematic, are significant. The formulas required to implement this strategy have been presented and the results of an off-center station are presented as examples.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalan
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 24-32
Abstract
Just as avoiding modern technology seems wrong, hasty and unaware attitude toward purchase of all types of advanced goods is also to be taken as unwise.
It is obvious that surveying must adapt to the latest advancements and equip itself with progressive methods and tools, but it might be better that ...
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Just as avoiding modern technology seems wrong, hasty and unaware attitude toward purchase of all types of advanced goods is also to be taken as unwise.
It is obvious that surveying must adapt to the latest advancements and equip itself with progressive methods and tools, but it might be better that this process be carried out with full awareness of these developments and their various aspects, so that our country will not have to suffer the consequences of a hasty decision, including waste of financial resources.
GPS is not an exception from the above rule, and therefore several considerations must be taken into account before its purchase, including its fitness for the goals and the required precision. It is hoped that the present paper will provide the colleagues in the field with help in analysis of different receivers’ characteristics. On the whole, it is only through acting according to a reasonable rule that one can make the right decision.
Mohsen Saghaee
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
The daily increase in air travel and the number of passengers, the rapid development of air transportation, and the increase in their extent have created issues in the locating of airports, which require the planning and application of airport and aeronautical knowledge and techniques. Establishing airports, ...
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The daily increase in air travel and the number of passengers, the rapid development of air transportation, and the increase in their extent have created issues in the locating of airports, which require the planning and application of airport and aeronautical knowledge and techniques. Establishing airports, with due regard to thier requirements demanding significant space in the vicinity of a city, requires a great deal of investment. Therefore, its construction requires a comprehensive economic, social, political and environmental study, and its location should be appropriate in terms of natural, geological and meteorological conditions. For this purpose, in this paper, while presenting the standard indexes in the location of airports, we also examine the problems of Mehrabad Airport.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Pejman Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
Limitation of resources and spatial constraints in the territories of the country in general, and in urban areas in particular, along with the increase of human population, requires that the organization of the spatial system in human settlements (urban - rural) be carried out with a preparatory approach. ...
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Limitation of resources and spatial constraints in the territories of the country in general, and in urban areas in particular, along with the increase of human population, requires that the organization of the spatial system in human settlements (urban - rural) be carried out with a preparatory approach. Understanding and attempting to establish a reasonable balance in the urban network system is one of the effective strategies in organizing space and facilitating the process of achieving sustainable development. In this paper, using rank-size model, we examined and analyzed the spatial distribution and dispersion of the population and the dominant system of urban hierarchy in each of the cities of Shahrekord county (the studied area). The results show that of the total of 12 studied cities, Shahrekord city as the first city has 51.5% of the county’s population. After that, Farrokhshar, as the second city (small city) and then 10 other cities are among the very small cities. Providing guidelines for optimal and proportional distribution of the population and reducing inequality (gap) between the first city and other cities within the studied area are among the approaches addressed in this paper.
Mohammad Reza Servati; Mohammad Mahdi Hosseinzadeh; Saeed Khezri; Aadel Mansouri
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 25-32
Abstract
Mass movements zoning is one of the methods that can help to identify critical areas in terms of slope stability and to use the zoning map obtained in sustainable development planning (Karam, 2002, p. 25). The Sanandaj-Dehgolan route is considered as one of the main routes and of highest traffic in the ...
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Mass movements zoning is one of the methods that can help to identify critical areas in terms of slope stability and to use the zoning map obtained in sustainable development planning (Karam, 2002, p. 25). The Sanandaj-Dehgolan route is considered as one of the main routes and of highest traffic in the Kurdistan province, whose transportation system in the mountainous area is threatened by mass movements. This road in the mountainous section has an unsuitable situation due to high slope of hillsides and high altitude of the area as well as the inappropriate location of the road and the consequent unsustainability of the slopes. The present study aims to determine the effective factors and elements in creating these movements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and, based on the effect of each of these factors and elements, weigh them, and ultimately map the zoning of points sensitive to movements, and this zoning map is based on a combination of hypsometric layers, slope, slope direction, vegetation, soil type, lithology, distance from fault, distance from the road, distance from the village, drainage network density, temperature, precipitation, as well as land units and land use. Accordingly, the range was divided into four risk classes. The map was divided into four classes including very high (8.7 km2), high (28.9 km2), average (41.3 km2) and low (6.5 km2) areas of risk.
Ali Zafari
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 25-26
Abstract
According to the definition of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), the cadastre is a sorted list of information of pieces of land inside the geographic boundary of a country or a region that starts with mapping of limits of pieces of land. Furthermore, other required specifications such ...
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According to the definition of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), the cadastre is a sorted list of information of pieces of land inside the geographic boundary of a country or a region that starts with mapping of limits of pieces of land. Furthermore, other required specifications such as property rights, land use, size and value are attached to the large scale map of the pieces and are officially recorded. Today, the advancement of informatics science in general and geomatics in particular, have transformed the old systems of cadastre and the role of surveyors in them. Accordingly, in this paper the modified version of old cadastre system named Cadastre 2014 and the role of surveyors in this new system are defined.
Fatemeh Ashuri
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 25-31
Abstract
What is known today in our country as handicrafts is a strong tree deeply rooted in history, and many of its branches are as old as human existence on this planet, gradually formed through centuries according to the needs, utilization of human intelligence and abilities as well as application of facilities ...
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What is known today in our country as handicrafts is a strong tree deeply rooted in history, and many of its branches are as old as human existence on this planet, gradually formed through centuries according to the needs, utilization of human intelligence and abilities as well as application of facilities around him.The production of handicrafts is not limited to the Third World, poor or crowded countries. The nature of these arts is such that each society considers them from its own point of view.In poor and densely populated countries with a great number of workforce, these products are considered as workforce-demanding and cost-effective industries that can be a solution for many economic, social and political problems, and in advanced countries, along with the ultra-modern industries, the handicrafts industries and arts, and even their consumption, are known to be the treatment of many psychological illnesses, and because of the connection these arts have with the nature of human beings, they are used as relievers of human mental pains.
Our country, due to the breadth of lands, diversity of climates, glorious history, culture and civilization and intelligent people, enjoys all the necessary factors and relative advantages, so that it is regarded as one of the three focal points of handicrafts in the world along with China and India, and considered by experts and practitioners in the field as the first country in the world in the field of handicrafts in terms of diversity and variety of products. (Tolu’e Behboud, 1996) Traditional Iranian arts are genuine “people's arts” that arise from the pure nature of people. These arts have long penetrated in all aspects of people's lives and have become inseparable.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
The tide is a completely complex phenomenon that was fully described in the middle of the nineteenth century. The majority of confirmed popular opinions concern this issue.For example, we often assume that the Earth's rotation around itself displaces a great deal of water and creates a tidal wave, or ...
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The tide is a completely complex phenomenon that was fully described in the middle of the nineteenth century. The majority of confirmed popular opinions concern this issue.For example, we often assume that the Earth's rotation around itself displaces a great deal of water and creates a tidal wave, or a decrease in the distance between the Sun and the Earth produces moderate tides. In fact, tide is the result of a system of waves that rapidly spread in the oceans, and produce regular fluctuations of water levels. The order and magnitude of the fluctuation of this phenomenon depend on both astronomical (relative position of the Moon and the Sun) and geographic (coordinates of the studied area) factors.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
Application of photogrammetry in industrial environments requires full automation capable of functioning without human supervision. The main elements in such systems are the high resolution of cameras, the strength and durability of cameras in terms of their geometric shape and structure and the frequency ...
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Application of photogrammetry in industrial environments requires full automation capable of functioning without human supervision. The main elements in such systems are the high resolution of cameras, the strength and durability of cameras in terms of their geometric shape and structure and the frequency of their response. In this regard, a series of modern cameras have been designed that provide both 2000 × 3000 and 70000 × 40000 sensors and so remove the usual obstacles that preclude the acquisition of precision and show great potential for high precision metrological 3D images.
The high efficiency and features of the 3D metrology system have made it possible for the few but highly skilled producers to find a place in the global market. Most of these systems can be characterized by the following features: Specific objectives (reflective targets, light emitting diodes (LEDs), high contrast object characteristics, points and patterns image, etc. that are used to produce signals representing the desired points in order to achieve optimal contrast.
Khosru Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 25-28
Abstract
The dominant solution of GIS in the early 1990s was a solution whose program could run on an independent workstation or personal computer. In this paper the investigation of previous solutions in which a database was kept on a large host computer and end users worked on data at ambiguous network terminals ...
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The dominant solution of GIS in the early 1990s was a solution whose program could run on an independent workstation or personal computer. In this paper the investigation of previous solutions in which a database was kept on a large host computer and end users worked on data at ambiguous network terminals has been removed. In this paper, the author attempts to present general lines of the influence and impact of the GIS technology on the level of local and global networks.Owing to the widespread advancements that have emerged over the years in hardware and software, today the network architecture of the GIS technology from a central data bank with a GIS server which is capable of maintaining, managing and efficient delivery of data, has been realized. Therefore, networking, communications and the ability to work in various environments are among central issues. For successful use of the GIS technology on the Internet, web users need to know and understand its principal characteristics.
Mohammad Purkamal
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 25-44
Abstract
Today Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of topographic coverage maps, and has finished its 1: 25000 coverage maps in five colors using classic and analogue photogrammetric methods. Currently the organization in charge of national surveying, namely the General Directorate of Land Registry ...
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Today Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of topographic coverage maps, and has finished its 1: 25000 coverage maps in five colors using classic and analogue photogrammetric methods. Currently the organization in charge of national surveying, namely the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadaster (Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Mudurlugu) has covered a vast part of the country under the 1: 5000 surveying, which is admirable; we remember that the Land Registry and Cadaster organization exploited small computers for the first time in 1968.
Abdalkarim Gharib; Ebrahim Amin Sobhani; Bahman Ramezani
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 25-30
Abstract
Buzkhaneh Cave is approximately located in the geographical position of 30’’ 52 ‘ 48o of eastern longitude, 7’’ 11’ 37o of northern latitude and at an altitude of 2,500 m in the mountain ranges of Talesh in the northwest of Masouleh town, which neighbors the ...
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Buzkhaneh Cave is approximately located in the geographical position of 30’’ 52 ‘ 48o of eastern longitude, 7’’ 11’ 37o of northern latitude and at an altitude of 2,500 m in the mountain ranges of Talesh in the northwest of Masouleh town, which neighbors the mountain Dash Blaq on the north, Jalalabad on the northeast, Rokn Abad on the south, Buzkhaneh Daghi on the east and highlands on the west. This cave is known as Yakhkun in the local language, because they use cave’s ice to prepare drinking water (Buzkhaneh = ice house)
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 25-31
Abstract
Put the images of this article at a distance of 45 cm from your eyes. Each of them shows half of the earth exactly the same size as the Earth looks from a distance of about 40,000 kilometers in space.
However, no astronaut will ever see the Earth in this way, since in this images the cover of cloud ...
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Put the images of this article at a distance of 45 cm from your eyes. Each of them shows half of the earth exactly the same size as the Earth looks from a distance of about 40,000 kilometers in space.
However, no astronaut will ever see the Earth in this way, since in this images the cover of cloud that steadily conceals a major part of the planet has been eliminated.
In these images, the planet is shown in various directions without any cloud cover; like a tangled mass of plains and mountains, or a world of water and ice-covered poles that is sometimes facing toward the sun and sometimes back to it. The earth-stuck humanity understands the scattered phenomena of geography only through the observation of its details, like a kind of jigsaw puzzle in which players must fit the separate pieces of a distinct shape or map and accomplish the whole. In these images, the shape of the earth is also complete, because by putting different pieces together the totality of the earth can be seen.
Ja'far Ma'soumpour; Faramarz Khoshakhlagh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 26-30
Abstract
It is generally accepted that climate is one of the main sources of tourism in a region. However, it is assumed that its role in determining the region's potential for tourism is obvious. In a more general statement there is relatively little knowledge about the effects of climate on tourism or the role ...
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It is generally accepted that climate is one of the main sources of tourism in a region. However, it is assumed that its role in determining the region's potential for tourism is obvious. In a more general statement there is relatively little knowledge about the effects of climate on tourism or the role it plays. In addition, there is little information about the economic impact or the importance of the climate on the outlook of tourism business. In all areas with climatic criteria, people are accustomed to deciding on tourism and recreation, but often without research and highly relevant to types of applications. So far, much of the research, especially on climate, which is presented in scientific journals, has superficially dealt with the links between climate and tourism instead of conducting scientific observation. In addition, it seriously lacks any organized conceptual framework or a frame that contains interactions, processes, patterns, and theories. These theoretical frameworks are very important because they are bases for producing data, testing hypotheses, and developing further theories. Without these, it is difficult to expand a series of related research methods, and perhaps more importantly, to strengthen the development of patterns that bridge between theoretical and practical levels and can help form a relevant basic knowledge for understanding, expression and prediction. This paper examines the work done on climate and tourism so far with a comparative look at the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and considers the courses of action that may result from combination of these methods in the future.
Mas'oud Mo'ayyeri; Ebrahim Mahmoudi
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 26-29
Abstract
The city of Azna and the plain that has today taken the appearance of farmlands, has undergone many different conditions during its evolution, and it seems that the picture that we have from its activities today is different from its past situation; in other words, its structure and function has been ...
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The city of Azna and the plain that has today taken the appearance of farmlands, has undergone many different conditions during its evolution, and it seems that the picture that we have from its activities today is different from its past situation; in other words, its structure and function has been transformed. Considering the fact that the area in question, which is a part of the Roode Dez basin and has been previously under the water, has now changed into green lands and farms that, and in addition to provision of foodstuff, presents a beautiful landscape, there is a question whether these great achievements will be as effective in future as today, or they will turn over time into destructive factors threatening the livelihood and life of this land’s people.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 26-29
Abstract
The Iranian plateau is a special geographic unit of the world's largest continent, Asia, comprising more than 30% of the land in the Eastern Hemisphere. This plateau is made up of high and mountainous lands that has been formed in Southwest Asia following the younger fold of the Third Age of Geology.
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The Iranian plateau is a special geographic unit of the world's largest continent, Asia, comprising more than 30% of the land in the Eastern Hemisphere. This plateau is made up of high and mountainous lands that has been formed in Southwest Asia following the younger fold of the Third Age of Geology.
Mohammad Mosaiebi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 26-28
Abstract
Globe-trotting is a short and transient trip outside the person’s usual spaces for rest, touring, business or other reasons.Attention to globe-trotting, especially in 1980’s, motivated most of countries to make efforts to attract tourists and globe-trotters. The total income of tourism industry ...
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Globe-trotting is a short and transient trip outside the person’s usual spaces for rest, touring, business or other reasons.Attention to globe-trotting, especially in 1980’s, motivated most of countries to make efforts to attract tourists and globe-trotters. The total income of tourism industry in recent years is about $300 billion, and although Iran is among the ten countries with most historical, ancient and cultural attractions, it earns only about $200,000 annually through tourism industry.In this paper, considering Quran’s verses, richness of Islamic culture and ancient historical identity of Iran, the cultural effects of tourism and the relationship between tourism culture and genuine Islamic and Iranian culture have been studied. It has been shown how Iran, as the nuclei of Islamic Revolution and enjoying ancient historical past and unique, thought-provoking works and relics, can earn great revenues and also act as a center of propagation of Islamic ideas and culture through tourism, because in contact between different cultures, it is the more powerful one which influences the other and remains safe from possible dangers of such contacts, and only receives positive elements of other culture.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 26-34
Abstract
The vast country of Iran offers great opportunities for conducting geomorphological studies due to its rare climatic variety and arid and semi-arid closed basins. Landforms and their beautiful landscapes call for unrelenting explorations of researchers to disclose unknown secrets. Over the past few decades, ...
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The vast country of Iran offers great opportunities for conducting geomorphological studies due to its rare climatic variety and arid and semi-arid closed basins. Landforms and their beautiful landscapes call for unrelenting explorations of researchers to disclose unknown secrets. Over the past few decades, valuable studies have been conducted by Iranian geomorphologists on characteristics of arid and semi-arid closed basins of the country. However, the quantity of these investigations and the low number of their related publications has caused many researchers in the field of geosciences to lack the due knowledge of geomorphological features of closed basins of arid areas. This paper is the result of an effort to introduce some of the geomorphological features of the Saghand Hole.
Rahim Sarvar
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 26-32
Abstract
The presented findings in this study are in their current state not based on the findings of numerous experiments and long and necessary experience, but rather based on my experience and judgment during the preparation of comprehensive plans in the cities of Mianeh, Miandoab, Masjid Soleiman and Ardebil. ...
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The presented findings in this study are in their current state not based on the findings of numerous experiments and long and necessary experience, but rather based on my experience and judgment during the preparation of comprehensive plans in the cities of Mianeh, Miandoab, Masjid Soleiman and Ardebil. Therefore, it is hoped to be gradually supplemented by more technical data by the experts in the field. Because it must be acknowledged that the information received from the Cosmos Satellites is far more extensive than the little mentioned in this article. The method of content processing is such that it first describes the features of satellite images of COSMOS in general and the KFA-1000 in particular, under the title of "Comparison of analogue images with satellite digital images", and then the applications of these images in various fields - to the extent that the author is familiar with- are discussed, which include:
• Geomorphological studies; • Preparation of land use maps; • Economic Geology; • Agricultural-rural studies; • Preservation of natural resources; • Separation of urban and rural areas; • Provision of thematic maps; • Geographic analysis; • Providing space photomaps and mapping through photogrammetry.
Teimur Ja'fari
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 27-35
Abstract
The present article aims to investigate causes of flooding in Esfarayen County and introduces different applications of geomorphology in providing structural methods of floodwater management. Considering the present situation, structural methods like canals, bridges and retarding reservoirs are used ...
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The present article aims to investigate causes of flooding in Esfarayen County and introduces different applications of geomorphology in providing structural methods of floodwater management. Considering the present situation, structural methods like canals, bridges and retarding reservoirs are used for introducing flood controlling methods. In order to design these structures, maximum annual instant discharge was calculated using Dakin equation and statistics received from Bidvaz River hydrological station. Then, sections of the buildings and their dimensions were determined for a return period of 5 to 500 years using Manning relation and finally discharge was calculated by multiplying average current velocity to section area. Results indicate that apart from natural factors like precipitation regime, impermeability of formations, drainage density, vegetation poverty and slope, human factors like settlement and development of villages across fans, redirection and integration of waterways, unnecessary arches in canals and ignoring probable maximum precipitation in construction intensify flooding in villages. According to the findings, any changes to the dimensions, types and forms of drainage network must be in accordance with geomorphological theories. Moreover, this subfield of physical geography is especially potential in proposing structural methods for floodwater management.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 27-33
Abstract
Human’s need for living in an environment whose rage sometimes endangers his existence forces him to identify natural factors, elements and forces carefully and to adapt to them. Undoubtedly, human since his first days has faced danger of natural disasters. Early human, due to ignorance of the ...
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Human’s need for living in an environment whose rage sometimes endangers his existence forces him to identify natural factors, elements and forces carefully and to adapt to them. Undoubtedly, human since his first days has faced danger of natural disasters. Early human, due to ignorance of the reasons causing such incidents, considered himself overwhelmed by them and even ascribed them to the fury of supernatural forces. However, with increase of human’s knowledge of the causes of such events, the ways of their control and even prediction wee gradually identified; human’s access to modern tools and technologies helped decrease the severity of damages due to natural disasters as well as people’s panic of such occurrences in an effective manner.
The issue of salt pans, deserts and shifting sands is not a new story, and has a long history in our country. The attitude of people toward any phenomenon has always been dependent on tools and equipment available. In recent years shifting sands’ attack to the north of Kashan has concerned the Natural Resource Organization’s officials and has aroused them to take action.
According to these facts, the present paper, while taking a general view on the region’s winds, presents a number of suggestions that can be helpful in dealing with dangers of sandstorms. It should be noted that all issues concerning control of shifting sands in relation with wind factor can not be summarized and scrutinized in one paper.
Mahdi Gharkhlu; Yusef Ashrafi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 28-36
Abstract
The process of locating new cities includes regional studies, initial choice of a number of places, preparation of selection criteria, application of criteria on different places and choosing the best alternative, meaning the more appropriate place for the development of the new city. This locating has ...
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The process of locating new cities includes regional studies, initial choice of a number of places, preparation of selection criteria, application of criteria on different places and choosing the best alternative, meaning the more appropriate place for the development of the new city. This locating has a direct effect on the success or failure of new cities and, since the place of the city has an effective role in attracting population or their absorption (assimilation) in different dimensions, the new cities that manage to accommodate for the population can achieve their aims. The locating of new cities has a direct relation to the intended aims of establishing these cities. In our country, locating of new cities has been usually carried out by the goal of absorbing the extra population of a mother-city, and the new cities whose locations have been determined around the country, are placed in connection with a mother-city. The locating of the new city of Sahand, the subject of discussion in the present paper, is in connection with a mother city (Tabriz) and with the aim of absorbing the overflow of that city’s population. The place of the new city of Sahand has been chosen without any regional view and merely by examination of a number of criteria.
Mehrdad Hosseini; Abbas Shamsollahii
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 28-29
Abstract
Flood forecasting and warning is one of the tasks that is in the first place of importance from the point of view of preserving life and the second place in terms of maintaining property. Flood is one of the natural disasters that occurs abruptly due to excessive precipitation in an area. The causes ...
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Flood forecasting and warning is one of the tasks that is in the first place of importance from the point of view of preserving life and the second place in terms of maintaining property. Flood is one of the natural disasters that occurs abruptly due to excessive precipitation in an area. The causes of flood can be attributed to physical and human factors. The mountainous nature of the country and the presence of numerous flood-prone areas, as well as the devastating floods of recent years and position of residential areas in the course of floods, indicate the magnitude and importance of the subject. Nowadays, the necessity of using modern methods and creating a center for flood forecasting and warning, and the use of radar and satellite information is seriously felt. To control flood and reduce its effects, measures such as improving buildings’ resistance, environmental control and construction of barriers are effective. This paper examines the simple definition of flood and the role of meteorology in prediction of floods and its methods.
Mahmud Mahdinejad; Reza Mokhtari Malek Abadi
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 28-33
Abstract
Today, in many countries the sustainable tourism industry is a symbol of cultural identity and one of the important sources of national and private income. This industry is so important in the socio-economic development of countries that economists call it invisible exports. In this regard, with the ...
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Today, in many countries the sustainable tourism industry is a symbol of cultural identity and one of the important sources of national and private income. This industry is so important in the socio-economic development of countries that economists call it invisible exports. In this regard, with the expansion of urban centers and the growth of the phenomenon of urbanization, the enthusiasm for travel and exploration has grown in such a way that its enthusiasts around the globe have under the title "tourist" evolved the concept of spending leisure time. In this regard, the attention to the nature of tourism and the consequences of it, has revealed the need for research and study on this subject to the scientific community of the world. But one of the major issues in the development of tourism industry in cities is the issue of urban management. In other words, it can be said that city managers and officials have a significant role in organizing and managing this industry in the cities and surrounding areas, especially for countries such as Iran which, despite containing diverse religious, cultural, artistic and natural treasures in cities has failed to overcome the problems and barriers of the tourism industry and achieve a desirable position in the world. In this article, we tried to address the relationship and interaction between urban management and development of tourism industry with a comprehensive geopolitical view and to present solutions and suggestions for the development of this industry. We hope to pave the way for further research.
