Hossein Nazmfar; Saiedeh Alavi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The rapidity of urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to the fact that half of the world’s population is currently settled in urban areas. Most of these areas with high population density are vulnerable to crises (Shelter Center, 2010: xiv). ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The rapidity of urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to the fact that half of the world’s population is currently settled in urban areas. Most of these areas with high population density are vulnerable to crises (Shelter Center, 2010: xiv). The fact is that the increase in the concentration of physical capital, infrastructure and economic activities in the cities has led to the increase in adverse effects of natural disasters (Tangri et al., 2008: 30; Lall and Deichmann, 2012). Meanwhile, it has long been argued that the earthquake, as one of the most catastrophic and devastating types of natural hazards, especially in developing countries (Dong & Shan, 2013: 85)has caused lots of damages to the properties and assets in urban areas and around them, through the destruction of urban buildings and infrastructure, (Min et al, 2010). Like other developing countries, Iran has experienced a high level of urbanization that has completely changed the physical structure of urban areas (Soltani et al., 2011: 6644), so that by 2015, the urban population of the country has been 74.3 percent, which is estimated to reach 91.5 in 2050 (Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, 2015). Increasing urbanization in the cities of the country along with unplanned development is one of the factors that boost the possibility of increasing casualties and damagesdue to the occurrence of natural disasters in the cities of the country (Pourmusavi, 1391: 40) and leads to the loss of resources and achievements whose reestablishment will take many years (Patterson et al, 2010: 128).
Materials&Methods
The present research is of applied type with descriptive-analytical method. Thestatistical population is the buildings of district 9 of Tehran municipality. Tocomplete the library informationin order to understand the status quo, the studies and deductions of the Information Technology and Communication Organization of Tehran Municipality updated in 2015 were used. The indices used in the research have been weighted based on the experts’ opinions using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), and the obtained results have been applied on the layers under study in the GIS environment and the map of each layer has been prepared in the Geographic Information System.Finally, the general vulnerability map of the region was extracted through the integration of the layers under study (overlay). The opinions of the experts are determinant in evaluating thevulnerability of the city, butin this research, in order to reach a precise evaluation, along with the preparation of the map based on the experts’ opinions, the vulnerability scenario has been developed at different intensities, thereby to standardize the data, and to analyze the layers and criteria, the fuzzy model andthe linear threshold function have been used, respectively. The results have been categorized into 5 vulnerability groups of very low, low, medium, high and very high, and the percentage of each group has been calculated. Tools used in the research are SUPER DECISION and GIS.
Results&Discussion
The present research was carried out aiming at vulnerability evaluation of urban buildings in district 9 of Tehran municipality to various intensities of earthquake, thus, in this research, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings to various earthquake intensities was measured using ten indices (type of material, type of view, building density, age of the building, number of floors, ground area of buildings, compatibility of neighboring uses, distance from fault, geological formations and the width of passages)along with the required sub criteria. To design the earthquake scenarios at different intensities, the first step was to accomplish stratification for each of the main criteria and sub criteria using the weights obtained from the ANP in the Arc GIS environment, then, the general vulnerability map of the region was prepared by overlaying the layers. Finally, the earthquake scenarios at different intensities were designed by fuzzification of the map.
Conclusion
In order to determine the seismicity potential of the study area which is part of the primary and very important stepsin the process of the determination of vulnerability levels of various regions to earthquake, the preparation of the major faults’ map of the region, the preparation of the earthquakes epicenter map, the determination of the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes, the estimation of the features of earthquakes that are likely to occur by the significant faults of the study area were placed on the agenda. For this purpose, in order to evaluate the vulnerability of earthquake hazard, 10 indices were investigated as the effective factors on the vulnerability of urban buildings which have been selected based on the indices of previous studies. These indices (type of material, type of view, building density, age of the building, number of floors, ground area of buildings, compatibility of neighboring uses, distance from fault, geological formations and the width of passages) were analyzed using the ANP calculation method whichhad beenscored by the experts, and the weight of criteriawas applied to the effective layers of the vulnerability, and finally, the general vulnerability map was extracted by integrating the layers in the GIS environment. In order to evaluate the vulnerability rate of urban buildings, the data obtained from the ANP model was fuzzified, and the earthquake scenarios were ultimately designed based on the seismicity potential of Tehran faults and were applied on the general vulnerability map of the study area. The results of the research indicate that in an earthquake with a modified intensity of 6 mercalli, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings in the vulnerability ranges of very low, low, medium, high and very high are 26%, 56%, 17%, 1% and 0%, respectively and the damaged buildings in the districts 1 and 2 are in the vulnerability ranges of very low (28% & 24%), low (53% & 59%), medium (18% & 16%), high (1% & 1%) and very high (0%). In an earthquake with a modified intensity of 7mercalli, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings in the vulnerability ranges of very low, low, medium, high and very high are 21%, 10%, 52%, 16% and 1%, respectively, and the damaged buildings in the districts 1 and 2 are in the vulnerability ranges of very low (23% & 18%), low (11% & 9%), medium (48% & 56%), high (17% & 16%) and very high (1% & 1%). In an earthquake with modified intensity of 8mercalli, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings in the vulnerability ranges of very low, low, medium, high and very high are 7%, 4%, 10%, 61% and 18%, respectively.
Heydare Lotfi; Hosseyn Musazadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction In order to analyze the reduction of the impacts of natural hazards, particularly the earthquakes, four basic constituents such as conceptual understanding of development, vulnerability, recognition of the concept of risk, conceptual understanding of capacity building, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction In order to analyze the reduction of the impacts of natural hazards, particularly the earthquakes, four basic constituents such as conceptual understanding of development, vulnerability, recognition of the concept of risk, conceptual understanding of capacity building, and also, the recognition of risk management approaches are essential. Earthquakes and mass movements are a function of environmental factors, and identifying and segregation of seismic areas and hazard zonation is an important step in assessing environmental hazards. Therefore, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making systems are the appropriate tools for zoning land in relation to seismic hazard. In this regard, the study of earthquakes and the areas with high seismic potential for all-round planning and management is imperative and inevitable. Therefore, the present research aims to study the vulnerable areas against natural hazards in Iran. Materials & Methods The present research is descriptive-analytical with regard to the nature of the problem and the study subject, and is a type of applied studies with an emphasis on quantitative methods. The purpose of the study is to investigate the vulnerable areas against natural hazards with an emphasis on earthquakes (Case study: Iran). In this research, the Modis Image (MOD11A1 product) of Terra satellite was used for the years 2000 to 2018. These images have a resolution of one kilometer. Therefore, each pixel of these images covers an area of about 100 hectares of land. To identify the sites with high seismic potential, criteria such as: altitude, earth temperature, the numbers of seismic events between the years of 2000 and 2018 were taken into consideration. In order to calculate the density and intensity of the earthquakes occurring, the data from the United States geological site (related to Iran) was used, and the final output was calculated by the interpolation methods of geo-statistical IDW model - a technique which predicts unknown points based on the correlation between the measured points and their spatial structure - and the arithmetic overlapping in the GIS environment. All processes and data analysis were used in the GIS environment and eventually the overlay of the final output was determined in the form of a map (vulnerability). Results & Discussion In order to measure the impact of effective factors on earthquakes, the analytical software mentioned in the research methodology section was used and also, to determine the indexes effective in determining low and high risk areas for identifying the seismicity and land evaluation for different types of activities and the amount of importance of each of these criteria relative to each other with regard to the present state and the collected information and the investigation and study of the books, previous plans and experts’ opinions have been implemented, which has ultimately entered into the GIS in the forms of information layers. In the next stage, the information layers are given weight proportional to the degree of importance and its effect on the selection of the appropriate field. In order to achieve these indices, a series of maps and databases were needed so these were prepared in the GIS environment. In this research, it is assumed that by analyzing long-term time series of satellite data, such modifications can be monitored. Therefore, in this research, the profile of temperature changes was analyzed using the MOD11A1 product of the Modis sensor during the years 2000 and 2018 in Iran. the results of the research show that the temperature variation pattern for each class is different, and in general, show the increase, stability, and then logical increment over the 18-year period, which can help researchers to identify temperature changes and consequently, to select the appropriate time period to take an image to investigate the changes in the coverage of the study area. Conclusion The study area, with regard to the mainly low topography, tectonic activity and high seismicity, diverse geological and climatic conditions, have the major natural conditions for the creation of a wide range of earthquakes, and these earthquakes bring a lot of financial losses to the region annually but unfortunately, all periodic studies have been carried out without accurate and efficient planning by the relevant authorities to date. Therefore, studying and zoning of susceptible seismic areas is necessary from an absolutely scientific view. Given the obtained finalized map and the study of temperature changes and occurring events, it can be concluded that parts of the south and southwest (Bushehr, Kermanshah, Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Ilam) are very vulnerable and exposed to severe damages. Also, the latitudes related to the central half and the southeast of the country (Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, southwest of southern Khorasan, east of Yazd) are exposed to moderate to high damages, and the northern part of the country (Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Ardebil) are located in low damage zone because with regard to the thermal investigations within the framework of the seismic identification, they are located in the high to low thermal zones. Therefore. We find out that more than one third of Iran is faced with high, one third with moderate and one third with relatively low risk. One of the main causes of the earthquake is the high heat inside the Earth where is very hot and reaches to five to six thousand degrees Celsius. Wherever there is heat, there is movement as well, so the heat of the Earth’s center moves to the top layers and displace them.
Alireaza Darbane Astaneh; sajad ferdowsi; Hamid Reza Shahmohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Marine tourism is one of the most attractive and most popular tourist branches that has flourished much in recent decades and has attracted a significant part of tourism economy. In the meantime, despite having extensive coastal borders in the north and south, Iran has ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Marine tourism is one of the most attractive and most popular tourist branches that has flourished much in recent decades and has attracted a significant part of tourism economy. In the meantime, despite having extensive coastal borders in the north and south, Iran has not yet been able to provide tourists with desirable services in relation to marine tourism. The constructing of marine tourism sites in coastal areas is one of the measures that can be taken in this regard. In order to locate such sites, it is needed to take the following criteria into consideration: distance from the sea, view of the sea, exposing to the sun, land use, distance from natural hazards such as faults, floods, erosion, distance from the residential areas, distance from the rivers and lakes, distance from road networks, distance from protected areas and percentage of slope. In this regard, the present paper aims to determine the most appropriate places for the construction of marine tourism sites in the city of Tonekabon, considering the importance of quantitative and qualitative identification and assessment of the characteristics of the areas. It is hoped that managers and planners can provide the ground for developing marine tourism on the southern margin of the Caspian Sea in accordance with the available capacities, by assessing and analyzing this process in the coastal areas of this Sea. The present research seeks to answer the following question: Where are the most suitable places to build a marine tourism site in the city of Tonekabon? Materials & Methods The present research with descriptive-analytical method aims to identify the most desirable locations for the construction of marine tourism sites. The required information was collected by a library method. In order to weight the criteria under study, the opinions of 32 experts were surveyed and the AHP method was used. After determining the weight of each criterion, the information layers of each of the criteria were prepared in the GIS environment and finally, with overlaying of the information layers, the most suitable locations for the marine tourism sites were introduced. Results & Discussion According to the experts, the criteria of exposing to the sun, slope percentage, sea view, land use, severity of erosion in the area, and the criteria of distance from the sea, distance from the road networks, distance from the faults, distance from the protected areas, distance from the rivers, distance from the residential areas and distance from the areas subject to flood, were scored based on the distance (Table-1). Then, the information layers were created based on each of the criteria in the GIS environment and rated according to the weight of each criterion. Accordingly, four areas in the city of Tonekabon have been identified as more desirable compared to other points in order to locate the marine tourism sites. Conclusion The correct location of the various land uses by using tools, techniques, and scientific models and in accordance with the principles and rules of planning can be efficient in solving land use problems. Therefore, proper planning for the creation of marine tourism sites in the proposed places, in order of priority, will provide sustainable tourism development and mutually the economic development of the region. Accordingly, based on the analyses and the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented for the construction of a marine tourism site in general: - Accurate and complete identification of facilities and services available in neighboring settlements with the proposed location. - A detailed study of the proposed location for the construction of a marine tourism site - Investigation and feasibility of the deployment of activities related to the marine tourism in the proposed location. - Studying and identifying the facilities needed by tourists visiting the sea within the desired range. - Advertising and introducing the capabilities of marine tourism at national and regional levels. - Encouraging investors and local people to invest in the construction of tourism sites. - Allocating sufficient funds and credits to build the primary infrastructure. - Strengthening and improving roads and communication paths to the proposed location - Familiarizing people and authorities with the benefits of marine tourism and trying to attract their participation - Improving and enhancing the safety and security conditions within areas of interest.
Ali Asghar Abdollahi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels enters a huge amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Continuous increases in greenhouse gas emissions and rising fuel prices ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels enters a huge amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Continuous increases in greenhouse gas emissions and rising fuel prices are key drivers behind more effective efforts to use renewable energy sources. Renewable energies include diverse sources of natural and accessible energy. Given that these energies are not ideal, their use reduces the consumption of oil products and creates jobs and reduces the amount of environmental pollution. The prospect of using this energy in Iran, as well as other developed countries, has become significant in the way that the government has made the necessary planning in the fifth development plan. Therefore, considering the global policies of developing these energies in our country, in order to solve problems and create employment, will be inevitable. Studies in this regard suggest that the development of the use of new energy can play a significant role in increasing the security of the country's energy system. Due to low latitudes, Iran has more capability to receive this energy. To exploit this energy, there is a need to build solar power plants. Solar panels used in solar power plants are converters of solar radiation into electrical energy. One of the most important issues in using solar energy is determining where to use it, which has a great impact on the efficiency of solar power equipment. Therefore, taking advantage of the potential of the climate can have a positive effect on the conservation of energy resources. In this regard, it is important to identify appropriate and prone areas where solar energy is sufficient and able to replace current energies. Materials & Methods The required data in this study was collected from the ‘Iran’s Meteorological Organization’ for 30 years and was entered into the Excel environment and analyzed. In the Arc GIS software environment, the locations of the stations, according to their geographical coordinates, were added to the digital map of the area and the database was formed. To prepare the map of the climatic parameters, the layer for each parameter was first prepared using the IDW interpolation method in the Geo-statistical Analyst field in the ARCGIS software environment, and then, using the AHP method, an intra-layer weight was defined. By using the ‘Reclassify’ command in the ARCGIS software, each layer was classified into several classes and each class was classified according to its importance and mapped to it. Then, to obtain a final map representing potential regions, the interlayer weight was applied according to the importance and effectiveness of each layer. Then, by overlapping the weighted layers, using the ‘Fuzzy overlay’ command in the ‘Spatial Analyst’ section, a map of all-potential regions that represents the areas with high potential for the construction of the power plant was obtained. Discussion and Results In order to quantitatively evaluate the climate of solar power plants in the study area, the layers obtained from the sunshine, cloudy, dust, relative humidity, altitude and precipitation have been weighted. For this purpose, the weight of the effective indices has been obtained using the AHP model. Then, using the ‘Raster calculator’ command in the ARCGIS software, weighted difference maps were obtained, and finally, using the ‘Fuzzy overlay’ command in the same software, the final map which is a combination of overlapping of the harmonious layers, has been obtained. At last, the final map was made up of a combination of overlapping harmonious layers and the selection of the regions with the highest capacity for the construction of solar power plants. Conclusion The method used in this study is important in determining the effective indices in locating solar stations as overlapping of the harmonious layers. This method is achieved by taking into account the relative importance of all the effective indices in the final layer, which can be more credible than other methods, because this algorithm, using degree weights, gives the power to decision- makers to place more important factors which in his view affect the problem more, in the problem with the same importance and due to this superiority, the results of this method has a better resolution.. Accordingly, the results show that Fars province has a high potential in terms of solar electrical energy which in the study area, the cities of Neyriz, Estahban and Fasa are more indicative in this regard and have higher potential. It can also be concluded that the total relative weight of all indices has a greater effect on locating and cannot be determined only by one or more of the indices.
Mohammad Jafari; Mohammad Salmani Moghadam
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today tourism industry comprises a large part of global economy and it is changing into the biggest and the most profitable industry through the world. Many countries have included it in their strategies and planning. Ardabil province is one of beautiful tourist destinations ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today tourism industry comprises a large part of global economy and it is changing into the biggest and the most profitable industry through the world. Many countries have included it in their strategies and planning. Ardabil province is one of beautiful tourist destinations in northwest of Iran which attracts many tourists during all seasons. This province possesses noteworthy capabilities and potentials to create and develop tourism. Climatic condition is vital information for tourists. It is crucial to pay attention to climate features of an area and the impact that these features have on tourism formation. Climate and tourism are highly dependent on one another in such a way that having favorable climatic conditions is considered as one of the advantages and potential for tourism and many travelers take the climate conditions in selecting the time and location of their journey into consideration. Understanding the climate-threatening constraints and risks and knowledge of the attractions and latent potential of the climate features for any planning at various national, provincial and urban level including tourism are of great importance. Tourism Comfort Index (TCI) is an index that specifies climate effect on tourism systematically. The index utilizes climate elements such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. In order to use the index, registered statistics in weather station is required.
Materials and methods
The present research is descriptive-analytical and aims to determine the most appropriate time for the presence of tourists in the region and the development of tourism plans. In this research, the tourism climate index (TCI) has been used to assess the climate of tourism and climatic attractions of Ardabil province from the tourism point of view. To this end, the statistics of required climatic parameters were extracted from the climatic data of 4 synoptic stations of the province during a period of 15 years (1996-2010). After calculating the TCI index for each month of the year, The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was used to zone the comfort conditions of tourism climate of the province and to convert point data of the stations to surface data, and finally, the TCI map was obtained for the entire province.
Results and discussion
The tourism climatic condition of Ardabil province was evaluated on a monthly basis using the tourism climate index (TCI), and the results of the surveys were presented in the form of a zoned map for each month separately. The findings of the research indicated that the months of April, May, June, July, August, September, October and November with good, very good, excellent and ideal ratings have the best conditions for the presence of tourists in the region and the of December, January, February and March as the cold months of the year, have unfavorable climatic comfort conditions in the region and the province, does not have an appropriate condition for the presence of tourists.
Conclusion
Ardabil province is distinguished from other regions due to the diversity of its climate and its unique natural, historical and cultural attractions, and may be considered as the country’s tourism hub. Due to the numerous capabilities of the province in attracting tourists, it is necessary to recognize and evaluate the climate of comfort through acceptable scientific methods in order to systematically determine the impact of climatic factors on tourists' activities. The results indicate that the comfort climate of the province is very diverse in different seasons of the year, so that in the warm seasons, the southern regions of the province have a favorable situation and in the cold seasons of the year this trend changes and the northern areas of the province have favorable situation.
Zohreh Maryanaji; Sayyed Akbar Hosseini; Hamed Abbasi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Growing demands for energy, increasing living standards and increasing use of electrical energy along with the overheating of planet Earth, as well as environmental problems and threats to human health are among the issues that attract the world’s attention to the ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Growing demands for energy, increasing living standards and increasing use of electrical energy along with the overheating of planet Earth, as well as environmental problems and threats to human health are among the issues that attract the world’s attention to the use of renewable energies. So, new energy resources, including wind energy, account for one third of the energy needed for countries in the annual planning. Since Hamadan is one of the provinces in Iran with severe winds with relatively good continuity, the use of this energy in wind turbines is indispensable for generating electricity at the provincial level, especially in impassable areas. Today, many dangers, including the threat of climate, change the Earth’s environment. This controls the methods that can reduce the use of renewable energies such as solar, geothermal, wind, etc. Strong and frequent winds are very important energy sources for many parts of the country. In this study, the average and maximum wind speed yearly energy (annually and seasonally) and its energy based on the data from nine synoptic stations in Hamadan province in the climate period of 2000-2014 have been analyzed and spatial velocity of wind speed and its energy in this region were studied. Materials & Methods: The length of the statistical period in the present study was 10 years. After checking the accuracy of the data, the mean and maximum of the seasonal and annual wind speed were calculated and drawn. Then wind energy was calculated using wind power density (watts per square meter), air density (g / cm3), wind speed (m/s). To investigate the spatial distribution of wind energy potential in Hamadan province based on the obtained information, the values were zoned using Kriging method in GIS. Finally, the probability of occurrence and the prediction of the return period of wind were calculated using the Log Pearson type 3 method. Results & Discussion According to the zoning plan, the maximum annual wind speed in the Hamadan is related to the southern parts of the province. Some parts of the province in Kabudrahang are accompanied by intense storms. In winter, maximum wind speed is determined by the instability of air and weather in areas of Hamadan province. The Average annual wind speed zoning pattern indicates that the east parts of Hamadan and some parts of Malayer and Razan have the highest average wind speed (above 3 meters per second), while in other parts of the province it is less than 3 meters per second. The Eastern part of Hamadan province (from the South east to the North east), are the windiest region of the province, and in most of the times of a year these parts have the potential of wind power production. Some regions of the Southwest are also capable of producing wind power during the year. Conclusion The role of topography on wind speed in Hamadan province is noteworthy. The mountainous regions of the province such as Hamadan, Nahavand and Asadabad are more exposed to the winds of the plains - mountains. Hot wind is also one of the meteorological phenomena due to the mountain effects, which is often found in the city of Hamadan. The East and parts of the city of Malayer, and especially in the Northern areas of the province with the highest average wind speed (above three meters per second) and the West and Southwest shown with minimum wind speed during the period specified. Most of the year, the most windy areas, Eastern and Northern regions of the province, have the ability to produce electricity from wind energy. Kabodarahang plain areas of the city of Razan have the highest wind energy potential in watts per square meter and the greatest potential for energy production from wind in Hamadan is in spring and autumn. In the studied area, Nojeh station (North of the province) with more than 18%, and then Malayer station (Southeast of the province) with more than 17%, have the priority for establishing wind turbines due to wind speed persistence. By studying the occurrence of wind speed in the meteorological stations of Hamadan province, some areas of the Razan plain and Kabudrahang are suitable for planning wind power usage.
Hosein Nazmfar; Ali Eshghei Char Borj; Saide Alavi; Ali Jasaraty
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Road accidents and casualties are one of the main causes of death worldwide, which has imposed a lot of economic costs on the economies of the countries.Four human, vehicle, road and environment factors are involved in the road accidents, among which, the environmental and climatic factors ...
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Abstract[1]
Road accidents and casualties are one of the main causes of death worldwide, which has imposed a lot of economic costs on the economies of the countries.Four human, vehicle, road and environment factors are involved in the road accidents, among which, the environmental and climatic factors account for a significant share.The components of "frost, humidity and temperature" are among the most effective climatic factors that play a major role in road accidents.Therefore, the present study has been conducted to analyze the distribution of road accidents leading to death with climatic approach in different seasons of the year using Geographic Information System (GIS) in Ardabil province.The research method is descriptive-analytic.ترجمهSince the crash is a spatial phenomenon and Arc GIS analyses are also location-based, GIS and Kriging's interpolation method have been used for analysis.In this research, road accidents in Ardebil province in different seasons of the year and considering the climatic factors of freezing, temperature and humidity in the time period from 1389 to 1393 have been studied.The results of this study show that out of 762 accidents, 35% happened in summer, 25.75% in the spring, 24.55% in autumn and 14.7% in winter.The comparison of the diagram of accidents leading to deaths based on the months of the year, with the diagram of days of frost in Ardebil province indicates that road accidents in Ardebil province during the freezing months are lower due to the reduced traffic of tourists' vehicles compared to non-frosty months. Most of the accidents have occurred with a moisture content of 69-72% in terms of humidity, and at very low temperatures of 8 degrees Celsius and very high temperature of 16 degrees Celsius in terms of temperature.
Keywords:Road Accidents, Climatic Factors, GIS, Ardebil
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Reza Borna
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Locating industrial areas with consideration of social, economic and environmental consequences, is a key factor in regional planning. The suitable place for the establishment of industries has taken into account a wide range of criteria and it coordinates and brings together ...
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Abstract[1]
Locating industrial areas with consideration of social, economic and environmental consequences, is a key factor in regional planning. The suitable place for the establishment of industries has taken into account a wide range of criteria and it coordinates and brings together economic and social benefits with environmental sustainability.This research is an applied type that is carried out by a multi-criteria decision making method in the GIS environment.The information layers used in this research include precipitation layers, wind speed, soil, land use, elevation, waterway network, protected areas, industrial centers, road networks and cities.In this research, climatic criteria, natural factors, environmental factors and socio-economic factors were used to locate suitable areas for construction of industries, and after determining the effective factors in locating the industries, maps of effective factors in locating the industries were prepared by performing modeling and analysis of spatial data with the aid of GIS software.After weighing the layers based on the AHP model and using the EC2000 software, the capabilities of GIS software were used to integrate and overlap the maps and finally the map of the location of the industries was prepared.The results of the study indicate that the authorized areas for the location of high-class industries have allocated over 1566973.5 hectares of land in the studied area to itself. These areas are mostly located in the south, southwest, north, west, east and the center of Khuzestan province.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Abolhasan Modarreszadeh Barzaki; Rahim Sarvar
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Establishing and updatingthe estate database is an infrastructural and sustainable entity for the municipality’s revenue generation and is considered as a key tool in monitoring the development of cities.Access to accurate and up-to-date information on real estate is one of the most ...
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Abstract[1]
Establishing and updatingthe estate database is an infrastructural and sustainable entity for the municipality’s revenue generation and is considered as a key tool in monitoring the development of cities.Access to accurate and up-to-date information on real estate is one of the most important prerequisites for decision makers in urban planning. With the advancement of information technology in recent decades, the traditional mechanism for keeping property information has also been replaced by computerized spatial information systems. Nowadays, the issuance of fairer and more accurate real estate renovation tax is not feasible except byimplementing a system based on database.
In this research, the audit process and results of over 6600 estates inthe city of Noosh Abad (Kashan) in the year of 2014 were investigated. In the field stage, surveying and the completion of the audit forms were performed and then,a software with the capabilities of entering data, displaying data, defining the formula for calculating taxes, preparing reports and issuing bills was designed.In the meantime, the GIS software was implemented after refining data and correcting the drawing errors using topology.
The statistical analysis of this database about the number of estates, area and total debt indices in each neighborhood indicates that there is a linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.9 among these indices. Providing a debt distribution map in the neighborhoods of Noushabadwhich shows the total calculated tax in each region was another outcome of this plan. According to the plan, a total of7459 million Rial renovationbills were issued for the estates which, compared to the municipality’s budget in the year of 1393, it suggests that this revenue as a continuous source of incomecould compensate for a significant portion of the municipalities’ budget deficit.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Amir Mahmoudzadeh; Iran Ghaazi; Maryam Askari
Abstract
Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn ...
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Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn out texture of Ilam city is 374 hectares, which covers 19% of the total area, including the old parts and the central texture of the city. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and field research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management of earthquake crisis in Ilam's worn-out texture in which, indices such as type of materials, age of buildings, number of floors, type of uses, occupation level, quality of buildings, population density, width of passageways, and area have been studied. The results show that the building materials account for the highest weight and the other factors are a function of the condition of the materials used in the structure. The output vulnerability map showed that out of the total area except the passageways, 8.9% had very high vulnerability, 59% had high vulnerability, 23% had moderate vulnerability, 3.6% had low vulnerability, 5.5% had very low vulnerability and overall, 67.9% of the worn-out texture area is vulnerable based on existing indicators.The research proposals have been presented in three areas: high vulnerability, moderate vulnerability and low vulnerability.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Nafiseh Rezapour Andabili; Marzieh Alikhah Asl
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Evaluation of ecological potential is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. Aqdagh protected area with a total area of 93889 hectares is located south of Ardebil province (south of Khalkhal ...
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Abstract[1]
Evaluation of ecological potential is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. Aqdagh protected area with a total area of 93889 hectares is located south of Ardebil province (south of Khalkhal city) and north of Zanjan province. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of forestry use in the protected area of Aqdagh and to assess the current adaptation of forestry use to the ecological potential of the area for the above mentioned uses. The process of ecological potential assessment in this study consists of three main parts that after ecological resource identification, analyzing and aggregating the data, ecological potential has been determined in the study area. The information layers used in this study are: soil, climate, vegetation, landform, hydrology and land use. Studies show that the forestry potential has been with a total area of 11293.5 hectares and the results indicate that forestry classes 1, 2 and 7 are absent due to the biophysical status and especially the altitudes and climate of the region, so that only forestry classes 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present in the study basin. Use patterns of the identified forest classes are consistent with the assessment of their potentials in the region and they also have forest uses in the current situation,however, the forest class 6 currently has pasture use and of the four forestry classes in the region,the share of the forest class 6 is the most. Findings indicate that this area has many limitations for the growth of commercial forest.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mohsen Ahmadkhani; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Despite of widespread usage of Global Positioning System (GPS), this system is considered inefficient for indoor areas. Although the most prominent positioning system is Global Positioning System, this system uses some electromagnetic waves which are unable to pass thick obstacles ...
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Extended Abstract
Despite of widespread usage of Global Positioning System (GPS), this system is considered inefficient for indoor areas. Although the most prominent positioning system is Global Positioning System, this system uses some electromagnetic waves which are unable to pass thick obstacles such as concrete roofs and trees [1]. Thus, it cannot be considered as a robust infra-structure for indoor positioning purposes. Since, other signal networks like Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be an appropriate alternative for indoor spaces. In addition, widespread usage of mobile smart instruments has provided the possibility of ubiquitous system’s development.
Several methods have been proposed to obtain indoor positions which are generally based on received radio waves from fixed points. Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA) and Location fingerprinting can be used in this case. It is noteworthy that some of these methods are not really appropriate for indoor areas which maybe contain complex structure [2]. Time of Arrival, Time Difference of Arrival and Angle of Arrival methods use triangulation techniques so direct lines of sight are desired for them. And also acquisition of accurate time and angle of received signal without professional instruments, which are usually expensive, sounds almost impossible. Furthermore, for most of indoor areas such as commercial centers and museums direct line of sight is rarely available and signals are likely to be affected by multipath phenomena [3].
In recent years methods based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) have been proposed and programmed [4], [5]. These methods which are usually called Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) often employ sensors such as Gyroscope, Accelerometer and Magnetic sensors to obtain the position of the client [6]. It can be regarded as an important limitation along the objectives of the Ubiquitous systems. Such systems are restricted to clients equipped by platforms having these expensive modern sensors. Therefore, the methods using WLAN signals are usually preferred for location based services.
WLAN Fingerprinting can be regarded as a most appropriate technique that uses signal strength as an identification parameter, which can be simply obtained. Furthermore, fingerprinting does not have any special infrastructure to establish and it can be conveniently laid out. In order to apply this method there are several ways to recognize the pattern of signals received from active transmitters. Stochastic method, Artificial Neural Network and K-Nearest Neighbor methods are some of classic pattern recognition techniques [7] that were investigated in this study. In this article these three methods were scrutinized and relatively compared, eventually an enhanced method has been offered. After using several data sets in order to assess the pattern recognition techniques, the proposed method got the first rank of the accuracy and also other techniques were ranked based on the accuracy.
One of the most important differences between indoor positioning systems might be utilizing of various algorithms to recognize the spatial pattern. In this study, three popular classic methods including Probabilistic algorithm, Nearest Neighbor and Artificial Neural Network were investigated. The flowchart presented in Figure 1 has depicted the major steps of the study.
Figure 1. The flowchart of the study.
This study focuses on Nearest Neighbor in Signal Space method as the most accurate method among all and tries to enhance the output accuracy of the method. NNSS Method computes the difference between received signal strength in a point from each transmitter and the received strength of that signal in the rest of the sample points (Equation 1).
(1)
Where Sij be jth sample point of the database from ith transmitter and Si received signal strength from ith hotspot in online phase and also for m hotspots and n sample points, i= 1,2,…,m and j=1,2,…,n [8].
By applying this formula, the most likely sample point as the location of the observer can be obtained. Since the number of sample points in the design of the model in offline phase is limited and the distance between two adjacent sample points is constant in the whole model, the accuracy might be affected. Regarding these limitations, in order to increase the output accuracy of the system, the medium of first and second candidate location points was proposed as the position of the user. After applying this change, the highest accuracy was acquired (Figure 4). The study area was the third floor of the building of Geomatics faculty of K.N.Toosi university of Technology (Figure 2). For this building with dimensions of 70×14 meters, totally 6 hostspots with reasonable distribution, covering the whole area, were taken into account. The best distance between each adjacent pair was 0.9 m and for each sample point four directions were observed and recorded in to the database and also JAVA programming language was chosen to develop the user friend software. Figure 3 depicts an instance of the database.
Figure 2. Plan of the study area.
Figure 3. A part of the produced database.
In order to evaluate the accuracy of each method, observations in the online phase were categorized in 6 separate classes containing 10, 20, to 60 obser-vation in each class. Based on the output results of the system, although the accuracy of Artificial Neural Network raised up to 2.7 m by increase in the number of observations, it showed the worse accuracy among all methods. Probabilistic and KNN methods with final accuracy of 1.8 and 0.9 meters respectively were more accurate than ANN. Our extended Nearest Neighbor method was the most accurate method almost in all sets of observations. In the first observation class, ANN with 3.6 m, KNN and Probabilistic methods with 2.7 m were not really reliable to locate the position of the user, however, extended KNN with 1.5 m seemed more acceptable than the rest of methods (See Figure 4).
Figure 4. The behavior of accuracy trend in all methods in the considered sets of observation.
Ehsan Alvandi; Mahtab ForootanDanesh; Mohammadreza Dahmardehghalenow
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Certain kinds of land use can change the hydrology of the Watershed, altering the way water and pollutants move through the drainage basin. For example, as an area of land is converted from open space (e.g. woodland) to residential, the amount of runoff for that area ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Certain kinds of land use can change the hydrology of the Watershed, altering the way water and pollutants move through the drainage basin. For example, as an area of land is converted from open space (e.g. woodland) to residential, the amount of runoff for that area of land will increase as the amount of impervious surface increases. Rain, which would have once seeped into the soils beneath the forest floor and been absorbed by tree roots, instead flows off impervious surfaces (roofs, driveways, streets, parking lots, etc.) into the nearest stream, pond, or lowland area. Landuse change due to human activities, is one of the important issues in the regional planning. In many areas of Iran, land use and land management, regardless of land abilitycaused the loss of capital and reduced the capacity of the environment. Land suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a defined use. The land may be considered in its present condition or after improvements. The process of land suitability classification is the appraisal and grouping of specific areas of land in terms of their suitability for defined uses. Land evaluation is a process for matching the characteristics of land resourcesfor certain uses using a scientifically standardized technique. The results can beused as a guide by land users and planners to identify alternative land uses.
Materials & Methods
In this study, using multi-criteria decision- making methods and GIS, modeling suitability of land for urban development, and determining the compatibility between existing applications, in Ziarat watershed of Golestan province, was investigated.Ziarat watershed is important in Golestan Province and yet critical in terms of land use change, erosion and flooding. In this basin, regardless of ecological capability for urban development and the lack of attention, land use change happened in the recent years. In this study, referring to the 10 experts in the relevant fields and using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a weight for each criterion. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions based on mathematics and psychology.In this study, combining maps of criterion and suitability of land for urban development of SAW and TOPSIS technique was used. Finally, the study examines the compatibility between existing land use inZiaret watershed ofGolestan province.
Results & Discussion
According to the results, the residential areas using TOPSIS and SAW techniques were 37 and 79.4 hectares of the total area of Ziarat watershed, respectively. But the current situation of the residential areas in the watershed were 141.3 ha. In modeling land suitability for urban development due to the presence of spatial dependency between criterion maps, the best way to combine criteria and calculate the suitability of the user, is using the TOPSIS technique. The results of land uses compatibility showed that, residential land use with compatibility 0.118245 was the lowest compatibility between current land uses in the watershed.
Conclusion
Given the abilities of GIS and multi-criteria decision-making methods in modeling the suitability of land for urban development,the more accurate the expert opinions and the more updated the data and information, the better results will be achieved using these tools and techniques.Therefore this technique is very effective in the watershed in case of lack of data. Also, when there exist complications due to a number of qualitative and quantitative criteria, MCDM plays an important role.As the results of land suitability modeling using SAW and TOPSIS techniques with the aid of specific software functionality ArcGIS 10.1, it is clear that a small area of the basin have created conditions of urban areas. According to the results of land suitability modeling, the catchment area of residential areas is more than twice the land area.Also, residential areas have been constructed in the basin in inappropriate places such as steep slopes and river boundaries, and do not have residential conditions.
Ali Jozaghi; Abolfazl Shamsai
Abstract
Abstract
According to recent studies, in 2025, water shortages will increase in poor countries with limited resources and rapid growing populations; hence, a long term planning is necessary for saving water resources. One of the most important plans is building a dam onperennial rivers and the main ...
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Abstract
According to recent studies, in 2025, water shortages will increase in poor countries with limited resources and rapid growing populations; hence, a long term planning is necessary for saving water resources. One of the most important plans is building a dam onperennial rivers and the main step in this process is selecting the best place in watershed. The aim of this study is to develop the multi-criteria decision support framework for dam site selection in South of Sistanand Balouchestan province. A study has been made by applying GIS and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, to select and prioritize potential places for constructing a dam. The criteria for dam site selection have been chosen upon scholars’ ideas and available data. They include Geology, Land use, Sediment, Water Quality, Erosion, Groundwater and Hydrology. Ratio Estimation Procedure has been used to estimate weight of criteria. First, TOPSIS method and GIS have been conflated and a geospatial layer has been createdthat is called “the relative closeness to the ideal solution” whose values are between zero and one. Second, A Model has been created based on streams and topographical conditions. This model evaluates structural height, crest length of dam, and volume of reservoirs. Then, upon the results of the model, 15 places have been selected. Finally, the sites have been prioritized by finding their values on the created layer. In conclusion, the best place is A - Kahir dam- whose value is 0.85, and the worst site is P,whose value is 0.47 as well as Pishin dam which is the worst dam amongst all the dams which have been built in the region with the value of 0.62. Also, the best option is K, that is located on the right side branch of Sarbaz Riverand its value is 0.67.
Zohreh Maryanaji; Hamed Abbasi
Abstract
Abstract
Two important characteristics of Hamedan climate are irregular precipitation time and maximum 24-hour precipitation in the months of March (20th) and April (20th). This factor, namely severe rainfall, has increased the risk of flood in this province. The precipitation is snowy in the winter ...
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Abstract
Two important characteristics of Hamedan climate are irregular precipitation time and maximum 24-hour precipitation in the months of March (20th) and April (20th). This factor, namely severe rainfall, has increased the risk of flood in this province. The precipitation is snowy in the winter season, and the melting time accompanied by the rain, causes rivers to flood. The land’s lack of the crop and vegetation cover in other months of the year and the dryness of the soil and ..., increase the flood. Flooding factors are diverse in Hamadan province. Some of the most important factors influencing the flooding of an area are climate, inequalities of vegetation, etc. In this paper, maximum daily rainfall has been investigated in order to predict the amount of water that can be extracted from floods and to plan for management of the region’s water resources. For this purpose, on the basis of maximum 24-hour precipitation, the map of the elevation and rainfall gradient model and the rain map of the region for the return period of 2,10,25,50 with the ‘best statistical distribution’ method for the region (Gamble distribution) are estimated and zoned in the GIS environment (by Kriging method) and the probable daily precipitation decreases by the reduction in the return period.Accordingly, during the aforementioned return periods, the southeast and northwest regions of Hamadan province (Dasht-e-KaboodarAhang) have the most probable daily precipitation.The abundance of the number of floods in the province reflects the fact that the aforementioned regions have the highest numbers and the (the most terrible floods in the province (1987 flood in KaboodarAhang region). According to these maps, the eastern parts of the province have the least probable daily precipitation. The results of this study can be used in flood zoning and forecasting as well as planning and management of water resources in the region.
Seyed Ali Alavi; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Fariba Bahrami; Mehrab Ashorlo
Abstract
Planning with the aim of crisis management and earthquake risk estimation has always been one of the main concerns of urban planners and managers. In order to plan crisis management before the occurrence of earthquake, determining the vulnerability rate of urban fabrics to earthquake is necessary. ...
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Planning with the aim of crisis management and earthquake risk estimation has always been one of the main concerns of urban planners and managers. In order to plan crisis management before the occurrence of earthquake, determining the vulnerability rate of urban fabrics to earthquake is necessary. This research was aimedat providing an appropriate model for assessing the vulnerability of urban fabrics of Semirom city,located in Isfahan province, to earthquake. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature with practical aims. To begin with, the criteria affectingthe vulnerability of urban fabrics to earthquake were identified, and then the value and importance of each criterion was determined by using Analytic Network Process. Finally, the results obtained from Analytic Network Process, were integrated with main and side roads, population density, buildingsquality, land slope, distance from fault, green space, health centers, cultural centers, and educational and residential centers, and vulnerability map of Semirom’s urban fabrics to earthquake was prepared. The results showed that among the studied criteria, population density, side road and distance from the fault were the most important criteria, while distance from cultural and educational centers had the least importance in vulnerability of urban fabrics. Furthermore, vulnerability of the northern and central parts of the city was higher than other areas of the city due to their proximity to the fault line and the presence of old buildings in these parts. Based on the results obtained from digital layer of urban fabrics of Semirom city, losses and damages caused by the earthquake can be significantly reduced by proper planning before and after the occurrence of earthquake. It should also be noted that tectonic aspect is one of the factors that has always been neglected throughout the history; therefore paying attention to slope issue and other factors in urbanism has had evolutionary process.
Hasan Ali Faraji Sabokbar; Mahdi Mahdi; Reza Aghataher; Siamak Taghizadeh Ghalejuqi; Saeed Rahimi
Abstract
Disaster, crisis and then the search, rescue and reliefis a cycle frequently repeated in a country like Iran. In this cycle, commonly known as the crisis management cycle, we are constantly faced with a variety of data and outputs from the early stages, namely, determining the risk of areas to the post-crisis ...
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Disaster, crisis and then the search, rescue and reliefis a cycle frequently repeated in a country like Iran. In this cycle, commonly known as the crisis management cycle, we are constantly faced with a variety of data and outputs from the early stages, namely, determining the risk of areas to the post-crisis stages and retrieval, which are somehow related to the location. Collectinginformation both in the pre and post-crisis stages will notbe a very difficult task, as the damaged society is then almost relieved from panic and therefore resources permit the authorities in charge to gather information as requiredHowever, during the crisis andas long as the society is suffering from critical conditions, collecting information such as the depth of damages, damaged areas, risk-prone areas, dispersion of damages, resources, facilities and … will be very useful and obviously difficult. Thus, considering the lack of tools andappropriate technology in the country for gathering information during crisis conditions, this research has focused on gathering information in the crisis management response phase. In this regard, concepts of Telegeoinformatics (TGI) and its various architectures were presented and continued with designing a system for gathering information during earthquake crisis. Finally, an emergency response system was designed and was presented as a software package. Moreover, the model and software of this system was presented in UML for further development by other researchers who are studying in the same fields, which resulted in presentation of suggestions for development of this system using other technologies.
Hamid Bagheri; Mohammad Reza Malek; Ali Esmaeilie; Mahdieh Ghodsinejad
Abstract
In recent decades, the limitation of urban water resourcesand the wear and tear of transmission lines, the short life span of water network elements, the increasing fracture of pipes and the high losses of networks have led to increased economic and social costs in the utilization of distribution network ...
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In recent decades, the limitation of urban water resourcesand the wear and tear of transmission lines, the short life span of water network elements, the increasing fracture of pipes and the high losses of networks have led to increased economic and social costs in the utilization of distribution network infrastructures. Lack of information, oldness of network data and the absence of spatial information system for incidents is one of the major problems facingmanagement of water transmission networks. Although the provision of such data is supervised by government agencies and is subject to certain standards, the problem of shortage, defect and delay is still evident. One of the solutions proposed to solve this problem is the use of citizen participation in the provision of spatial data. Using the Volunteered Geographic Information environments and the Information ofnative people can be a quicker and less costly method to update the maps. In the context of the present paper, Volunteered Geographic Information environment was used to accelerate the process of servicing in urban water network in cases of problems such as water pipes leakage, pipes rupture, illegal excavations, etc. After modeling and designing the proposed system, it was implemented in the Visual Studio2012 environment and in the ASP.NET framework using C# language.The SQL Server2012 database and GeoDataBase were used to store spatial and non-spatial information, respectively. ArcGIS Server10.2 software was used to enter the maps on the system. At the end, according to the survey resultsobtained from people, about 80 percent of participants in the inquiry were satisfied with the designed system. Also, based on a survey results obtained from four experts of water organization, three of them were satisfied with the design of such a system.
Reza Aghataher; Mohammad Fallah Zezoli; Mehrdad Zarafshar; Mohsen Jafari
Abstract
The present research was conducted with the aim of locating the susceptible military centers and determining the favorable areas for its construction in a part of dense forests in Golestan province-Ali Abad Katoulcity, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). ...
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The present research was conducted with the aim of locating the susceptible military centers and determining the favorable areas for its construction in a part of dense forests in Golestan province-Ali Abad Katoulcity, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). For this purpose, using defense experts’ opinions, university professors, military experts and resources review, information layers, slope percentage, slope direction, elevation classes, distance from the canal network, distance from the road, distance from villages, lithology, density of vegetation and distance from urban areas as factors affecting the location of susceptible military centers in forest areas were identified and the aforementioned maps were prepared and digitized in the GIS environment.In the next step, standard AHP forms were prepared and assigned to different experts in order to weight and prioritize effective factors. Weighted forms were collected and each of them was analyzed separately in Expert Choice software and AHP module in Arc GIS 9.3 software. Finally, the weight of each of the criteria and sub-criteria related to the target was determined. The results of the evaluation showed that the three factors of distance from the city (0.321), distance from the road (0.217) and lithology (0.176) have had the most impacts on the location of the susceptible defense centers of the study area, while the density of the vegetation (0.023) and direction of slope (0.017) have had the least effects. Eventually, the final potential map of the susceptible defense centers was prepared using the AHP model in the GIS software environment, and was divided into four subcategories of low potential (9.07%), medium (41.8%), high (30.01%) and very high (19.13%).
Nahid Sajadian
Abstract
To date, a number of plans have been implemented to reduce air pollution in the city of Tehran.But the problem is that, along with other shortcomings,these planshave often been a passive and temporaryreaction to the increase of air pollution with adherence to crisis management rather than risk management, ...
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To date, a number of plans have been implemented to reduce air pollution in the city of Tehran.But the problem is that, along with other shortcomings,these planshave often been a passive and temporaryreaction to the increase of air pollution with adherence to crisis management rather than risk management, and no decision-making support system has been used in management decisions based on these plans.Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, this research was carried out by an analytical-applied method using hourly data, carbon monoxide density of 12 stations from a collection of air pollution measurement stations belonging to the air quality company, as well as meteorological dataof wind speed, wind direction and the temperature at the Mehrabad station, all related to the year 1389, and the number of the cars on the highways and streets of city of Tehran with the aim of predicting the temporal-spatial air pollution caused by the urban transport of Tehran Metropolis in line with the application of the spatial decision- making of the air quality management and with the ultimate goal of optimal management of urban transport of Tehran Metropolis. In this regard, since the ultimate goal of the present study is to use its results in controlling the optimal urban transportation as an important source of air pollutants, the LUR method was used to measure carbon monoxide index in the transportationof Tehran metropolis along with other pollutants. An artificial neural network was then used to predict the time of the possible occurrence of air pollution with emphasis on using risk management, and then, based on time predictions resulted from the artificial neural network, the regions with high possibility of air pollution occurrence were identified using the Kriging index.According to the findings of this research,the results were appropriate, so that this model could be used in the air quality management support system to reach the ultimate goal of optimal urban transport management in Tehran Metropolis.
Zahra Bahari Sejehroudi; Mohammad Taleei
Abstract
Today, tourism is considered as one of the economic resources, especially in countries with a cultural history and numerous tourist attractions.In this regard, tourist advisory systems have been designed to help tourists. Planning tourism prior to traveling, allows a person to have a better visit and ...
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Today, tourism is considered as one of the economic resources, especially in countries with a cultural history and numerous tourist attractions.In this regard, tourist advisory systems have been designed to help tourists. Planning tourism prior to traveling, allows a person to have a better visit and see more places. Therefore, it is necessary and inevitable to do so. Various and numerous factors are involved in tourism planning. Time management and the selection of tourist attractions in accordance with one's interests are among the most important of these factors. In the present article, a web-based tourism planning system was designed and implemented to help tourists to visit favorite attractions in the shortest time possible. In the development of this system, the integration of methods based on spatial decision-making support system and spatial analysis functions have been used. The criteria taken into account in it, include criteria related to geotourism and effective geological factors and other types of tourism. The designed system carries out the tourism planning through information such as interests, number of days and the starting location of the tourist for each day separately and together with the presentation of the daily tourist plan, it determines the best route between the selected locations, and performs both the spatial and temporal management simultaneously. This system was implemented for Tehran's tourist sites and its capabilities were evaluated.
Fatemeh Rahimpour; Rahim Ali Abbaspour
Abstract
Awareness of the spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrationfor monitoring soil contaminationand maintaining the quality of the environment is essential. This research was carried out with the aim of providing the spatial distribution map of Manganese, Copper, Zinc, and Iron heavy metals contamination ...
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Awareness of the spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrationfor monitoring soil contaminationand maintaining the quality of the environment is essential. This research was carried out with the aim of providing the spatial distribution map of Manganese, Copper, Zinc, and Iron heavy metals contamination concentration in agricultural landsof Harris city located in the province of East Azerbaijan. To this end, 370 surface soil samples were collected at the depths of 0 to 30 cm using a randomized systematic sampling method, and the total concentration of these metals was measured in them.In order to model the spatial variations of heavy metals concentration in the soils of the region, the ordinary Kriging and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) were used in the ArcGIS environment. Among the various models of ordinary kriging and Radial Basis Functions, the lowest RMSE and MAE values and the very close proximity ofthe MBE statistic to zero, and the highest correlation coefficient (R) were considered as the criterion for the evaluation of the best method for modeling the distribution pattern and the scattering of heavy metals.Both methods had a good accuracy, but based on the evaluation criteria,the Kriging method with Exponential model was selected for Magnesium and Copper, and with spherical model for zinc, andthe RBF method with Multi-quadric function was selected for iron. The zoning map was drawn after selecting the superior model for each of the elements, and was classified by taking the standards of the Soil and Water Conservation Institute into consideration, and the elements were categorizedinto four classes ofscarce, adequacy, high, and contaminated.The analysis of the spatial distribution map of the heavy metals contamination under study showed that most of the lands were in the range of adequacy for the Manganese element; for Copper element it was found that about 92% was in the high class, and about 8% of the study area was contaminated. For the zinc and iron elements, not only no contamination was observed, but about 96% and 80% were scarce respectively.
Mohammad Fallah Zazuli; Alireza Vafaeinezhad; Mir Masoud Kheirkhah Zarkesh; Fariborz Ahmadi Dehka
Abstract
Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition ...
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Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition of information from geographic phenomena without any contact with them.Todetectthephenomenonofdusthaze,large-scaleimagesare needed withwidecoverageandhighfrequency. Therefore,theimagesrelatedtoMODISsensoraresuitablefor thestudies on thephenomenon of dusthazeduetothe presence of highspectralbands. Detection of the generating origin or the source of dust haze particles and its quick monitoring with accuracy and low cost is of great importance. The main objectives of this research are to identify the generating source of dust haze entering the West and Southwest regions of Iran and to monitor the movement of dust haze as well. In this research, the occurrence origin of dust haze phenomenon is related to June 18, 2012 which occurred in the Western and Southwestern parts of the country, and was identified with the help of satellite images and by using visible and thermal bands of MODIS sensor and usingthe Ackerman index.It was found out that, its main origin was the point where Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet, which is within the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq and western Syria, and It was further found that the images of the MODIS sensor are suitable for dust haze monitoring due to its availability, low cost, and its repeatability in 2 periods of time within 24 hours. Also, its synoptic analysis to detect the movement of dust haze from the source into Iran was investigated using 500 hectopascal level synoptic data of geopotential height, sea level pressure and the wind current direction maps of 500 and 1000 hectopascals. The results of the synoptic analysis have optimized the origin detection and the way of dust haze transmission, and makes it more appropriate to predict the path of the dust haze motion. Finally, its movement demonstration from the source into Iran was trackedby the use of GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools. Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition of information from geographic phenomena without any contact with them.Todetectthephenomenonofdusthaze,large-scaleimagesare needed withwidecoverageandhighfrequency. Therefore,theimagesrelatedtoMODISsensoraresuitablefor thestudies on thephenomenon of dusthazeduetothe presence of highspectralbands. Detection of the generating origin or the source of dust haze particles and its quick monitoring with accuracy and low cost is of great importance. The main objectives of this research are to identify the generating source of dust haze entering the West and Southwest regions of Iran and to monitor the movement of dust haze as well. In this research, the occurrence origin of dust haze phenomenon is related to June 18, 2012 which occurred in the Western and Southwestern parts of the country, and was identified with the help of satellite images and by using visible and thermal bands of MODIS sensor and usingthe Ackerman index.It was found out that, its main origin was the point where Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet, which is within the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq and western Syria, and It was further found that the images of the MODIS sensor are suitable for dust haze monitoring due to its availability, low cost, and its repeatability in 2 periods of time within 24 hours. Also, its synoptic analysis to detect the movement of dust haze from the source into Iran was investigated using 500 hectopascal level synoptic data of geopotential height, sea level pressure and the wind current direction maps of 500 and 1000 hectopascals. The results of the synoptic analysis have optimized the origin detection and the way of dust haze transmission, and makes it more appropriate to predict the path of the dust haze motion. Finally, its movement demonstration from the source into Iran was trackedby the use of GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools.
Kia Bozorgmehr; Seyed Yaser Hakimdoost; Ali Mohammadpour Zeidi; Zahra Seydi
Abstract
Daily increase in the production of municipal waste is one of the most important factors threatening the health of the global environment. At present, burying the municipal waste is the most significant method of waste disposal in many countries, including Iran. The type of the research is developmental ...
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Daily increase in the production of municipal waste is one of the most important factors threatening the health of the global environment. At present, burying the municipal waste is the most significant method of waste disposal in many countries, including Iran. The type of the research is developmental and applied, and the method of investigation is descriptive and analytical.In this research, SPSS, 10 and ARC / GIS software were used for spatial and statistical analysis. The information gathering in this research was a library collection consisting of: sources of books and note-taking and the use of Internet articles, seminars and theses.The purpose of this paper is to determine the suitable location for burying municipal waste materials in Tonekabon city. In the process of locating land suitable for landfill, 9 information layers including layers of distance from urban and rural areas, groundwater level, distance from the river, land use, soil type, rainfall, distance from communication routes, land use and classified slope , were used in location operation using the overlapping process and the hierarchical analysis process (AHP) by extracting effective weights.Based on the results obtained in this research, 12.34 hectares of the total area of Tonekabon city is of extremely strong importance, which possess 0.12% of the area. Also, 1827.90 hectares of the area is of very strong significance, which holds 6.95% of the area. This is despite the fact that. 9904.82 ha of the area has a low priority in terms of importance which holds 37.70% of the area with medium importance and 7233.63 hectares of about 27.53% of the area.The region with a strong significance with an area of 7267.37 and 27.66%, and the region with very strong significance with an area of 1827.99 and 6.9%, have been taken into consideration for proposing landfill for the municipal solid waste materials.
Rozina Hanifi
Abstract
Increasing the use of fishery resources and increasing global demand for food has created the need for a new look at the nature and the potential of the aquaculture sector andthis question is raised that how far aquaculture can increase protein production and human food security in the long run. The ...
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Increasing the use of fishery resources and increasing global demand for food has created the need for a new look at the nature and the potential of the aquaculture sector andthis question is raised that how far aquaculture can increase protein production and human food security in the long run. The present study is an attempt to provide a part of the information requirements regarding the potential of aquaculture and the estimation of ecological and socioeconomic power of SARDASHT city in west Azerbaijan province for breeding cold water fish and mainly rainbow trout. This study has been conducted with the aim of locating and prioritizing SARDASHT’s underground water resources in West Azerbaijan province for the construction of rainbow trout breeding pools using geographic information system (GIS). For this purpose, after reviewing the sources and previous studies done in this field, effective measures in locating trout breeding pools were classified as: (1) ecologic- water (water’s rate of flow, type of water source, water temperature, PH), Shape of the land (slope, altitude), land use, distance from accidental areas (distance from flood areas, distance from earthquake areas); (2) economic - market proximity, profitability, and access to labor force; (3) social- employment, type of Exploitation ownership, population density; and (4) Infrastructure - proximity to the road, proximity to electricity, or proximity to telephone lines, and the like. Finally, it has been carried out using collected data and providing information layers in the GIS environment. The results revealed that out of a total of 208 sources of water being exploited, 141 sources of water had the ability for breeding trout.
