Amir Saeed Homaei Nejad
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 28-31
Abstract
This document is in fact a report on a research-executive project about tracing, chasing and capturing a moving object in a region by a mechanical user (ROBOT). The hardware includes a computer, a CCD camera, an image receiver (FRAME GRABBER), a mechanical user, a controller and an infrared transmitter. ...
Read More
This document is in fact a report on a research-executive project about tracing, chasing and capturing a moving object in a region by a mechanical user (ROBOT). The hardware includes a computer, a CCD camera, an image receiver (FRAME GRABBER), a mechanical user, a controller and an infrared transmitter. The software utilized in this research project was designed in VC ++ and NQC environments, and included recording and capturing images, image processor and data extraction, information analysis, decision making, sending of commands and intermediate software. The general objective of this research is the practical implementation of Mobile Mapping in real time or on-line mode. All geometric and explanatory information of the field of operation are recorded and stored in computer memory. The CCD camera is positioned in certain locations and takes images from the area. Camera deployment does not have much effect on the overall performance of this research. The locations can be fixed or movable.
Images are received at a specified time interval and are temporarily recorded in the computer memory. In the processor section, the received images are examined and the required information is extracted. This information is analyzed, and if it is determined that an unknown body has entered the area, it is identified and the object's position is communicated to the command section, and this section sends the proper command to mechanical user according to received information. Then the mechanical user moves toward the body to arrest it. Simultaneously with imaging, the information in the memory is revised and updated.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 28-33
Abstract
Mangrove is a tree with natural form, ornamental fruits, beautiful leaves, well-shaped branches and pleasant blossoms which has grown under special conditions in sea water in the Qeshm Island. The crest of these trees rarely appears during water’s high tide, and their lower parts which usually ...
Read More
Mangrove is a tree with natural form, ornamental fruits, beautiful leaves, well-shaped branches and pleasant blossoms which has grown under special conditions in sea water in the Qeshm Island. The crest of these trees rarely appears during water’s high tide, and their lower parts which usually contain respiratory roots can be witnessed only during low tides. The beautiful appearance of these trees is such that they charm any viewer, especially those who visit Qeshm for the first time.
The Mangrove Trees, the cause of the special beauty of sandy shores of the northwest and west of the Qeshm Island, are studied in this paper.
Khosro Khajeh (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 28-34
Abstract
Carl Steinitz, in his speech at the EGIS 93, describes the methodology of a project for outlook planning.
In 1990, after nearly twenty-five years of utilizing GIS in many projects, I came to the conclusion that there is a common structure for the continuation of this work, and in the October 1990 wrote ...
Read More
Carl Steinitz, in his speech at the EGIS 93, describes the methodology of a project for outlook planning.
In 1990, after nearly twenty-five years of utilizing GIS in many projects, I came to the conclusion that there is a common structure for the continuation of this work, and in the October 1990 wrote a brief article entitled "A Framework for Theory" in the Outlook Journal, and this theoretical framework has become the main pattern of teaching and research in my projects in the last three years. In this article, I will try to present a brief description of this framework and show how it is used in a project.
As a teacher, I have always believed that we should be able to benefit from a comprehensive, integrated and adaptable approach when dealing with theory and practice. I do not accept and indeed reject the "up-to-down" theory of the approach or model of outlook planning which has universal application. Instead, I believe that an appropriate strategy is, first and foremost, a” perception”. My research for the underlying framework in which I organize this process has shown that there is a great deal of structural (and perhaps necessary) similarity among some of the questions raised by outlook planners and other environmental design experts.
Professor Amos Rapoport (University of Wisconsin) has described a useful definition for theories, models and frameworks. He briefly states: “A theory explains, a model predicts and organizes a framework; a framework can be judged based on its rationality and merit, but it has no claims against other frameworks.
.
Fereydun Khajenoori
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 1993, , Pages 28-30
Abstract
Relief maps are three-dimensional topographic representation of the earth on which the elevations are measured relative to a flat surface. Therefore, they will be different from a fully similar image of the earth, because except in special cases, the curvature of the base surface or the spherical shape ...
Read More
Relief maps are three-dimensional topographic representation of the earth on which the elevations are measured relative to a flat surface. Therefore, they will be different from a fully similar image of the earth, because except in special cases, the curvature of the base surface or the spherical shape of the earth is not considered in them. Moreover, on such maps the scale of altitude is sometimes not the same as the horizontal scale. These maps share some qualities with flat topographic maps, such as flat drawing, writings, elevation points and, possibly, contours and coloring.
Esma'il Salehi; Saeed Negahban; Zohreh Ja'farian Dehkordi
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 29-33
Abstract
Cities are open systems that have always been the origin of change and are themselves changing and evolving, and given the growing population of cities in today's world, the physical space of the city has also expanded and occupied the surrounding land. The physical growth of cities has absorbed and ...
Read More
Cities are open systems that have always been the origin of change and are themselves changing and evolving, and given the growing population of cities in today's world, the physical space of the city has also expanded and occupied the surrounding land. The physical growth of cities has absorbed and destroyed high-quality land. Human societies have been established in the early stages of formation with the aim of using high quality soils for agriculture, alongside or among high quality agricultural land. Over time, along with the expansion of the villages and their conversion into cities, and then the development of cities, high-quality agricultural lands have been added to the urban area and agricultural activities are retreating to poor lands. This article tries to understand the environmental impacts of urban development using a method based on secondary sources, and the results show that this issue is taking place continuously in parts of the suburbs of any city with potential of development and expansion. This physical growth of cities causes the destruction of the environmental balance between the city and its surroundings, which not only reduces the quantity and quality of resources and living conditions, but also causes major complications such as air and water pollution, noise pollution, and In general, the destruction of the environment.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 29-34
Abstract
The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of ...
Read More
The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of the country, examine specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffaari
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 29-34
Abstract
In general, the sustainable development of the city is due to the stable, constructive and systematic interaction of man with man (in various dimensions) and man with the environment (in the natural-ecological aspect).Interactions that, over time, make the city environmentally sustainable, economically ...
Read More
In general, the sustainable development of the city is due to the stable, constructive and systematic interaction of man with man (in various dimensions) and man with the environment (in the natural-ecological aspect).Interactions that, over time, make the city environmentally sustainable, economically durable, socially united and physically beautiful. Therefore, the present article aims to demonstrate the fact that the tourist (1) as a smart and human element and as an input of an urban system can have positive effects on the various spatial dimensions and can be a factor contributing to the sustainable development of the city. Furthermore, city and city managers, in mutual connection and in order to provide proper bases for the purpose of maximum enjoyment of the aforementioned advantages, inevitably provide the structures and infrastructures and define appropriate and proportionate functions in the city and its hinterland (2). - Creating an appropriate mentality among people, planners and managers about the role and importance of tourism (3) in sustainable urban development. - Formulating regulations and preparing conductive - comprehensive or structural - strategic plans for cities in accordance with leisure needs of citizens and the spirit of diverse experiences common among tourists. - Finally, ethical and practical commitment of urban managers to provision of financial resources and implementation of tourist projects proposed in approved urban plans and the formation of urban tourism units in municipalities. The triple levels suggested in this paper are proposed with the aim of transforming a perceptual environment (a belief) into a functional environment (objective truth), and with the goal of achieving sustainable development of the city from the perspective of tourism industry.
Khosru Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 29-31
Abstract
Since it is possible to achieve precision of two centimeters (or better) for orthometric altitudes (perpendicular to geoid) derived from GPS, this paper is intended to provide a brief and practical guide to the use of GPS devices, methods of reference determination, data collection and geoid models that ...
Read More
Since it is possible to achieve precision of two centimeters (or better) for orthometric altitudes (perpendicular to geoid) derived from GPS, this paper is intended to provide a brief and practical guide to the use of GPS devices, methods of reference determination, data collection and geoid models that provide surveyors with high-precision orthometric altitudes. Although this paper is basically written for American surveyors, all other surveyors can benefit from the experiences collected in this paper as well. Achieving two-centimeter precision for GPS-based orthometric altitudes can be achieved using iterative, radial and fast static GPS techniques along with a high resolution geoid model. These methods can be implemented in an area of less than 30 km2, and since field GPS methods and observation time periods are not directly proportional to the length of the base line, these methods can not be immediately applied to large-scale projects (i.e., Lands with areas more than 30 km2). The author of this paper intends to present a brief and practical guide and is not to provide a substitute for the GPS manual, but to create an incentive for surveyors to study the device's manual with great attention.
Hosein Nahavandchi
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 29-30
Abstract
As we know, geoid altitude is one of the important parameters in geodetic physics, one of whose fundamental applications is determining the best reference elliptic. In order to carry out geoid determination, various satellite, geometric and physical methods are used. The following paper is one of the ...
Read More
As we know, geoid altitude is one of the important parameters in geodetic physics, one of whose fundamental applications is determining the best reference elliptic. In order to carry out geoid determination, various satellite, geometric and physical methods are used. The following paper is one of the geometric methods of geodetic determination.
Esma'il Nasrabadi
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 30-34
Mohammad Hasan Nami
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 30-35
Abstract
The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of ...
Read More
The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of the country, examine specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.
Mojtaba Yamani
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 30-34
Abstract
So far, geomorphology has not found its true status in environmental studies as an applied science. Perhaps one of the most important reasons for this issue is lack of sufficient knowledge of users and managers about this branch of environmental sciences. Geomorphologic studies are not of long history ...
Read More
So far, geomorphology has not found its true status in environmental studies as an applied science. Perhaps one of the most important reasons for this issue is lack of sufficient knowledge of users and managers about this branch of environmental sciences. Geomorphologic studies are not of long history on the international level, but nevertheless they have been widely used in many European and American countries due to their applications as well as practical necessities. In this regard, practical geomorphologic maps are considered as the most important tool for geomorphological studies. Since geomorphologic phenomena are highly complex and varied, the information on these maps are diverse and complex as well. Obviously, the ability to use these maps is equally dependent on the skill and knowledge of its suppliers and users. In general, the information on detailed geomorphological maps is divided into 4 general groups. This group of information can be emphasized according to the goals and fields of study, and become thematic. In addition, the scale of maps is also a determining factor in the possibility to display details. Therefore, in order to prepare a geomorphologic map from each region, there is first a need for sufficient scientific background and then knowledge of the goals, details and necessity of geomorphological studies.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 30-35
Abstract
By introducing GPS into the global arena and increase in its applications, the basic concepts of geodetic science and surveying have changed. GPS is capable of a relatively fast and accurate determination of position in any weather conditions. Working with it is economical and cost-effective. On the ...
Read More
By introducing GPS into the global arena and increase in its applications, the basic concepts of geodetic science and surveying have changed. GPS is capable of a relatively fast and accurate determination of position in any weather conditions. Working with it is economical and cost-effective. On the other hand, the difference in coordinates taken from GPS is often more important than the equivalent coordinates extracted from drawn or digital maps. The map data contains the long-standing problems arising from determination of planimetric base-level, the image system, surveying operations and their common errors. But these are now better characterized by the coordinates derived from GPS. The GPS is relatively inexpensive, efficient and flexible and determines the three-dimensional position of points with high precision. This technique can be used effectively in navigation, surveying and geodesy. However, there are still some very important issues in combining GPS coordinates with positional information from other methods that are troublesome for us. These issues will become more apparent when the above-mentioned position information is extracted from a digital map database. In general, such information is derived from digitization of linear maps. Therefore, of such positions with the position of the GPS involves in a series of the resulting positions are affected by a variety of errors in the process. Any combination specified computational steps. These computational steps’ purpose is to determine the proper estimation and verification of data between two sets of position presented.
Mohammad Ali Ghazi Saeedi
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 30-34
Abstract
About seventy protected habitats are under the management of Iran's Environment Organization which are divided, according to importance, into four types of national parks, national natural monuments, wildlife sanctuaries and protected areas. The smallest of such areas called the national natural monument ...
Read More
About seventy protected habitats are under the management of Iran's Environment Organization which are divided, according to importance, into four types of national parks, national natural monuments, wildlife sanctuaries and protected areas. The smallest of such areas called the national natural monument of Susan Chehel Cheragh (Forty Lights), is 0.6 hectares, and the largest one is the Turan protected area and Wildlife sanctuary with an area of 1,900,000 hectares. For preparing basic maps for environmental utilization of the above areas the coverage maps of Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces on the scales of 1: 50,000 and 1: 250,000 were taken as the basis, and after clarifying aerial photographs and summarizing the above-mentioned maps a habitat map and other environmental maps are prepared.
Farideh Golvani; Hassan Lashkari
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 31-36
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Foehn wind on forest fires in Gilan province and forest fire prediction methods. For this purpose, fire statistics of Gilan forests were selected during the statistical period (2002 - 2006) and synoptic maps of sea level were investigated during ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Foehn wind on forest fires in Gilan province and forest fire prediction methods. For this purpose, fire statistics of Gilan forests were selected during the statistical period (2002 - 2006) and synoptic maps of sea level were investigated during fire. The results of this study showed that the two cyclone patterns of northern Europe and migratory high-pressure have been effective in the Foehn phenomenon of the southern Alborz slopes. By studying the first method of prediction (Factor B of Angstrom risk) of fire caused by the Foehn phenomenon it is concluded that the migratory high-pressure system is the main cause of Foehn and fire in the region.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 31-34
Abstract
Is human being the only intelligent creature of this vast universe or are there other intelligent beings elsewhere? This question has always been raised by philosophers and people have given it different answers in each period of history. What is our answer to this question? Today, with the advent of ...
Read More
Is human being the only intelligent creature of this vast universe or are there other intelligent beings elsewhere? This question has always been raised by philosophers and people have given it different answers in each period of history. What is our answer to this question? Today, with the advent of technology and modern computers, astronomers have achieved successes in this field more than ever before.In this paper, findings of astronomers about the possibility of life in other areas are discussed. At first, Peter Stanley tried to consider this issue from a biological point of view. John Roland has introduced the findings of astronomers. Barry Jones pointed out that amateurs could also play a role in exploring intelligence in the universe beyond the earth, and, finally, Bill Rose looked at the question in another way and investigated about whether the earth had been ever met by intelligent creatures from another world, and also about recognition of flying saucers. The question now arises whether there are other intelligent beings other than human beings at a place in the universe.
Mohammad Rauf Heydarifar; Naser Rezaie
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 32-42
Abstract
Trend of security issues in Iran’s western borders, including Kermanshah province shows some threats and problems caused by borders’ intrinsic attributes. The present study seeks to present an appropriate study of the geographic-political situation of the province’s borders, help to ...
Read More
Trend of security issues in Iran’s western borders, including Kermanshah province shows some threats and problems caused by borders’ intrinsic attributes. The present study seeks to present an appropriate study of the geographic-political situation of the province’s borders, help to manage present threats and opportunities by a more comprehensive understanding of borders features and facilities, and suggests appropriate solutions to face and neutralize these threats. The study affects our understanding of the province’s borders, helps in gaining a strategic position for the province, and influence Iran-Iraq relations. We hope that this research opens an appropriate and effective way to develop borders and increase our knowledge of Kermanshah province from a geopolitical standpoint (which has not been addressed comprehensively).
Hasan Lashkari; Maryam Sabuei
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 32-38
Abstract
In order to investigate the dominant patterns in atmosphere during the occurrence of dust storm in Khuzestan province, time and date of occurrence were exploited from 11 synoptic stations during 1997 to 2006. Afterwards, 19 dust storm were exploited which involved at least 6 stations and lasted at least ...
Read More
In order to investigate the dominant patterns in atmosphere during the occurrence of dust storm in Khuzestan province, time and date of occurrence were exploited from 11 synoptic stations during 1997 to 2006. Afterwards, 19 dust storm were exploited which involved at least 6 stations and lasted at least for 2 days, and their related 00, 850, 700 hectopascal pressure level maps were explored. The results identifies 4 dominant patterns during the occurrence of dust storm in Khuzestan province: a) Pakistani low pressure system at ground level, trough at 850 and 700 hectopascal level, b) low pressure system at ground level, trough at 850 and ridge at 700 hectopascal level, c) low pressure system at ground level, ridge at 850 and 700 hectopascal level, d) dynamic Mediterranean low pressure and Siberian high pressure system, trough at 850 and 700 hectopascal level.
Mohammad Abbaasi
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 32-34
Abstract
Gully erosion is one of the types of ever-intensified water erosion whose occurrence and spread makes noticeable changes in terms of land degradation and environmental destruction. Considering the diversity and extent of the effect of various factors on the formation and expansion of gully erosion, which ...
Read More
Gully erosion is one of the types of ever-intensified water erosion whose occurrence and spread makes noticeable changes in terms of land degradation and environmental destruction. Considering the diversity and extent of the effect of various factors on the formation and expansion of gully erosion, which change from one point to another in terms of type and extent of effects, and in order to identify the most important factors contributing to the development of gully erosion on the lands, in this research, IRS satellite imagery of India, field inspection and vast field operations through GPS were used and the map of gully erosion distribution was prepared In order to identify, by aerial photographs to a scale of 1:20,000, the ways of preventing and controlling this type of erosion in the basin of Rahjerd, which is a watershed located in the province of Qom. Studies showed that lithology characteristics, slope, resources and land suitability, direction of slope and land use are the main factors affecting the occurrence of gully erosion. The results of this study showed that the lithological units of 25.88 per cent Mpa.bvt and 74.12 per cent QFt2 and the land type of fan debris flow in the form of gravel (alluvial fan) have affected 100% of the areas struck by gully erosion. In addition, the slope of 0-10% (93.6%), eastward slope (63.09%), and medium range pastures use (100%) have the most expanses of areas affected by gully erosion in the studied basin area.
Zahra Izadi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 33-39
Abstract
Across the earth, many different ecosystems exist in water and land. Six ecosystems are visible just in land, desert ecosystem is one of which.
Nowadays, desert is one of the most sensitive ecosystems of the world. Since it has the required situation of life and living creatures, so that human beings ...
Read More
Across the earth, many different ecosystems exist in water and land. Six ecosystems are visible just in land, desert ecosystem is one of which.
Nowadays, desert is one of the most sensitive ecosystems of the world. Since it has the required situation of life and living creatures, so that human beings could adapt themselves with the situations and continue their life.
Since this ecosystem covers a vast expanse of our country, it is necessary to consider and investigate it. Every year, many animals and plants die and the residents of this ecosystem emigrate due to human negligence.
In this regard, the present article introduces and investigates desert ecosystem in Iran to clarify its status in the country. It also focuses on the importance of this ecosystem in Iranian natural environment and encourage the authorities to prevent the destruction of this ecosystem.
Mojtaba Ghadiri Ma'sum; Hassan Karimzadeh; Bahman Sahneh
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 35-46
Abstract
The present study describes and compares the spatial method and spatial statistics by a combination of different methods of science in different fields such as multiple criteria analysis of GIS. The ultimate goal of this method is to assess the appropriateness of the area in question in order to determine ...
Read More
The present study describes and compares the spatial method and spatial statistics by a combination of different methods of science in different fields such as multiple criteria analysis of GIS. The ultimate goal of this method is to assess the appropriateness of the area in question in order to determine the optimal location for landfill. In this context, the first step is the formation of a hierarchical structure of multiple criteria. Next, it is using the spatial analysis process to establish evaluation criteria, these based on the laws of Greece and the European Union, and also on the basis of practical and feasible international guidelines. The relative importance of the assessment criteria is determined based on the hierarchical structure and, using simple weighing model, suitable sites for landfill in the study area are determined. as a result, suitable locations are ranked from 0 to 10, which is from the lowest to the best, respectively. The last stage is the process of spatial clusters, which are designed to represent the most appropriate area. The initial ranking permits the selection of suitable places for burial from among existing places. The application and implementation of the proposed method on the Lemnos island in the north of the Aegean Sea showed that 9.3% of the studied area was suitable for burials above the 9th level.
Alireza Dowlatabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 38-40
Abstract
Non-invasive diagnosis is one of the medical disciplines that is daily rising in importance. In many methods in this field, the way of utilizing ultrasound, X-rays, magnetic resonance and exit of positrons depend on the use of objective and direct information, which indicates the powerful equipment used ...
Read More
Non-invasive diagnosis is one of the medical disciplines that is daily rising in importance. In many methods in this field, the way of utilizing ultrasound, X-rays, magnetic resonance and exit of positrons depend on the use of objective and direct information, which indicates the powerful equipment used by physicians. In various fields of medical research, biology and applications stipulating imaging in the near range, remote sensing is considered a necessary method for data acquisition. Photogrammetry is the basis of technology and principles of the ways whose implementation requires spatial image information.
Parviz Abdi; Mohaamad Reza Hassanlou
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 40-43
Abstract
One of the biggest problems concerning natural resources is the issue of soil erosion. With loss of soil, the most important source of human production is eliminated, a disaster which is impossible to compensate for. In order to accurately identify the factors of soil degradation, exact basic information ...
Read More
One of the biggest problems concerning natural resources is the issue of soil erosion. With loss of soil, the most important source of human production is eliminated, a disaster which is impossible to compensate for. In order to accurately identify the factors of soil degradation, exact basic information is needed. Today the existence of instrumentation systems and different models have enabled human being to store and, if necessary, recover basic information. In this paper, using the P.S.I.A.C model and capabilities of the GIS system, the lands belonging to Taham Chay basin are evaluated for erosion and sedimentation. For this purpose, the combination of PSIAC and GIS models can estimate the erosion severity and the amount of sediment produced in basins. Considering that topographic maps, slopes, directions and geology are all instrumental in determination of homogeneous units, these data were entered into the system's environment (GIS) as information layers, and after processing and organizing them, the classification and scoring of each of the effective factors in the intensity of erosion and sedimentation were carried out according to the P.S.I.A.C model. Finally, by summing up the scores of each of these layers, the final score is extracted, and based on this the intensity of erosion and sedimentation of the studied area is determined. According to the results of this research and previous experiments, this method can be used in areas where the erosion and sedimentation intensities are “low” to “very low”. Furthermore, in comparison to the amount of sediment obtained through the method in question with the actual amount measured in the hydrometric station set in the outlet of the basin, it was observed that the estimated result is in acceptable consistency with the measured values.
Mohammad Hosein Ramesht; Ozra Daneshi Maskooni
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 41-47
Abstract
Nature tourism which is referred to as ecotourism, is a kind of tourism in which the tourists visit natural landscape without damaging nature. Geotourism or geological tourism is an ecotourism-related field which introduces geological phenomena to tourists while sustaining spatial identity. Geotourists ...
Read More
Nature tourism which is referred to as ecotourism, is a kind of tourism in which the tourists visit natural landscape without damaging nature. Geotourism or geological tourism is an ecotourism-related field which introduces geological phenomena to tourists while sustaining spatial identity. Geotourists seeks to visit geomorphological attractions, ancient anthropological findings, caves, mine attractions, and etc. Comprehensive identification of prone areas for Nature and geological tourism and a precise planning to find resources of these areas are among necessary solutions for developing tourism industry. The present article seeks to investigate morphological forms and procedures influencing tourism in Kerman, recognize tourism attractions, and determine spatial priorities for selecting appropriate places to build tourism attractions in the area. Applied and descriptive-analytic research method is used. The study observes, describes and defines different parts of the area and it is performed as a secondary research and field study. In the present article, locating ecotourism in Kerman province is performed using citation method. A comprehensive view of different parts of the province and unique attractions of the area are presented, so that we can use available potentials to attract tourists. Kerman province is introduced as one of the most attractive places in regard to Nature tourism.
Mofid Shateri
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 42-44
Abstract
Darwinism which goes back to ancient times and around 5 B.C was scientifically introduced by Darwin in 19th century and have influenced different sciences like geography. Under this influence, new schools like geographic determinism and evolutionism emerged which then help in the creation of important ...
Read More
Darwinism which goes back to ancient times and around 5 B.C was scientifically introduced by Darwin in 19th century and have influenced different sciences like geography. Under this influence, new schools like geographic determinism and evolutionism emerged which then help in the creation of important ideologies like Fascism, Nazism, and aid proponents of this beliefs in rising to power.
Important theories like Ratzel’s critical environment theory explain the relation between geography and these ideas. However, new ways of thinking have developed in geography in contrast with these theories and schools. Discussions in geography of social anarchism by French geographer, Elisee Reclus, and Russian geographer, Petro Kroptkin are among these. The present article briefly refers to and investigates social Darwinism, mutual relation and influences of geography and this school, while explaining geographical space and the role of geographers.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 42-49
Abstract
Here, in order to facilitate the reader’s study of the journal, a thematic index of papers published in this journal has been prepared and provided here according to ten subjects (general, natural geography, human and economic geography, urban and rural studies, cartography, terrestrial surveying ...
Read More
Here, in order to facilitate the reader’s study of the journal, a thematic index of papers published in this journal has been prepared and provided here according to ten subjects (general, natural geography, human and economic geography, urban and rural studies, cartography, terrestrial surveying and geodesy, aerial photography and photogrammetry, remote sensing and satellite information, geographic information systems (GIS) and Earth in space), and the title, author or translator, issue and page of each paper have been introduced in order to ease researchers’ access to papers relevant to their interests.
Majid Vali Shari'at Panahi; Seyyed Rahim Moshiri; Alireza Este'laji; Shokrollah Mohammadi; Jamileh Fotouhi
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is the importance of land use changes in Gorgan city using remote sensing data. In fact, remote sensing has vast applications in many fields of science and research. Possibility of regular periodic imaging and uninterrupted transmission of satellite images are two very ...
Read More
The main purpose of this research is the importance of land use changes in Gorgan city using remote sensing data. In fact, remote sensing has vast applications in many fields of science and research. Possibility of regular periodic imaging and uninterrupted transmission of satellite images are two very important factors in the use of satellite data. These advantages will help experts in diverse fields to be able to use satellite imagery and information in studies such as periodic variations in the Earth’s surface, changing features and phenomena and natural disasters. In fact, one of the essential needs of researchers, managers and planners is to have accurate and timely information. Land use maps represent human activities concerning exploitation of land, for example, industrial and residential areas, agricultural fields, and so on.
Ali Shojaeean
Volume 22, Issue 86 , June 2013, , Pages 55-62
Abstract
Detection of changes in landuse, including the use of multi-time data set to determine the areas where have been had landuse and land cover change detection in various dates. Applying of remote sensing as a repeatable, commodious and available instrument is one of the newest method ...
Read More
Detection of changes in landuse, including the use of multi-time data set to determine the areas where have been had landuse and land cover change detection in various dates. Applying of remote sensing as a repeatable, commodious and available instrument is one of the newest method in this context. The images are used in this research received from the Landsat sattelite and its ETM sensor in order to investigate landuse changes in Dezful area with special attention to changes in agricultural land between 2002 and 2010. After preprocessing the images and classification to product two Landsue maps of two dates, each of them are collected in grades nine categories and also each landuse class is assigned a code of 1 to 9. In order to compare the nine landuse classes from 2002 to 2010 the LMM )Lanuse Multiplcation Matrix(model is used. Using the matrix elements, as a result of multiplying older landuse map to number by 10 and then sum that to recent map, the conversion rate of landuses to others are determined. The results indicate that in some areas have been converted to agricultural land in favor, but the total area of irrigated agricultural lands are decreasing. The greatest reduction of agricultural land was to wasteland with 3857 hectares. In the next place, there is the waterway with of 2238 hectares.
Marziyeh Mokarram; Saeed Negahban
Abstract
Landform is a feature of land or landscape, the establishment of which is formed by natural processes that can be described and defined by index feature, and if detected, the landformprovidesinformation aboutits own structure along with its composition, texture, or integration. The existence of landforms ...
Read More
Landform is a feature of land or landscape, the establishment of which is formed by natural processes that can be described and defined by index feature, and if detected, the landformprovidesinformation aboutits own structure along with its composition, texture, or integration. The existence of landforms variety and their diversity are mainly controlled by the change inthe shape and the position of the Earth. Therefore, the classification and identification of different areas with regard to their morphological characteristics is essential. This research attempts to classify different landforms in the southern city of Darab. This research is Descriptive-analytical based on quantitative, field, software and modeling methods in which the Topographic Position Index (TPI) method was used for the identification and classification of landforms of the study area. The input data in this model includes slope, transverse curvature, minimum and maximum curvatures. The results of the morphological classification of the study region showed that the region includes 10 types of landform (waterway, valleys of middle waterways, high drains, upstream, u-shaped valleys, small plains, open slopes, upper slopes, elevated ridges, middle slope ridges, mountain peaks). Most of the landform types in the study area are related to the waterways (32/19 %) and then, the peaks (25/36 %).
Leila Kashi Zenouzi; Hossein Saadat; Mohammad Namdar
Abstract
Aerial images are systematically utilized in most scientific contexts to undertake exploration and measurement operations. Image matching techniques for the acquisition of the ground truth in order to create thematic maps have always been facing difficulties and challenges. In this research, the LPS ...
Read More
Aerial images are systematically utilized in most scientific contexts to undertake exploration and measurement operations. Image matching techniques for the acquisition of the ground truth in order to create thematic maps have always been facing difficulties and challenges. In this research, the LPS module from the ERDAS Imagine9.2 software was used to develop geomorphological landforms maps of the Harzand Chai watershed. The methodology used was based on analytical photogrammetric techniques (Two Dimension Affaine) using aerial photographs (1:40000). Harzand Chai watershed’sgeomorphological landforms maps were prepared using both traditional and photogrammetric methods. The map prepared by photogrammetric method was compared after field visit and matching the type of landforms with the acquisition of the ground truth, with the map prepared by conventional method that is used for creating thematic maps in our country. To perform a statistical test for evaluating the prepared map of the geomorphological landforms, 100 points were determined by the ERDAS Imagine9.2 software on the provided maps, and then about 62 points of them were taken using the GPS (Ground Positioning System) and the characteristics of each was written down. Statistical test was performed by Stratified random sampling method using ERDAS Imaginge9.2 software to examine two prepared maps.The resultant map was then matched with the real features and compared with the map developed by traditional methods used in the thematic mapping process in Iran. According to the findings of the statistical test, the percentage of the total accuracy for the geomorphological landforms map developed by the analytical photogrammetric technique was %95. The Kappa Index value for this map was estimated to be 0.9. These values for the geomorphological landforms map created by the conventional method were %84 and 0.76 respectively. Therefore, the geomorphological landforms map created by the analytical photogrammetric method was selected as the best representation of the geomorphological features of the Harzand Chai watershed.
Hamid Bahiraei; Rahim Sarvar; Bahman Karegar; Abdolreza Farajirad
Abstract
AbstractFor its residents, the neighborhood presents an opportunity to have informal interactions and create social cohesion. Identifying and distinguishing places and organizing them in ones’ mental structure not ...
Read More
AbstractFor its residents, the neighborhood presents an opportunity to have informal interactions and create social cohesion. Identifying and distinguishing places and organizing them in ones’ mental structure not only allow individuals to have an effective performance but also are the sources of security and mutual understanding, and give them a pleasant and agreeable feeling. People seek physical clarity and places which are understandable and associated with their emotions and goals.The present article attempts to investigate the importance of the creating public spaces, especially in the highly dense neighborhoods and its effects on the increased security of the residents in that this protects human privacy in his residence. First, the concept of “privacy” and its functions are examined theoretically. Then the characteristics and nature of public space (collective life) of neighborhoods and finally the role of creating public spaces in building and protecting privacy of the families will be addressed.The research method is logical reasoning and a case study of on two highly dense residential areas of Tehran, Kazem-Abad and shams-Abad, along with field studies and a survey of the their residents through questionnaire. According to findings, in the present century (i.e., the last decade of the 14th century solar Hijri calender), a remarkably large population lives in the highly dense neighborhoods. If you look at people from the perspective of slave traders, and their spatial needs are conceptualized only in terms of their bodies, the effects of overcrowding are ignored. However, if people are considered human beings that are surrounded by invisibles bubbles (i.e., their privacy) which can be measured, the architecture of such neighborhoods can be examined from a new perspective.
mohammad kazem shams pouya; Jamileh Tavakolinia; Mozaffar Sarrafi; Zohreh Fanni
Abstract
Extended Abstract The concepts of land and land use planning and its objectives have changed over time. These changes include: Changes in the socioeconomic concept, the evolution of the concept of land, physical and new priorities in land use per capita. In addition, seeking to promote the environmental ...
Read More
Extended Abstract The concepts of land and land use planning and its objectives have changed over time. These changes include: Changes in the socioeconomic concept, the evolution of the concept of land, physical and new priorities in land use per capita. In addition, seeking to promote the environmental movement in the 1980s led to the global popularity of the concept of sustainable development, qualitative changes in approaches and methods of planning and urban design. Since then, urbanization goals have changed from physical and functional issues towards the sustainable urban development. In fact, equitable access to land is one of the components of sustainable development. The true role of land and its importance in sustainable development is properly understood when its prerequisites are taken into consideration. One of the most important of these prerequisites can be pointed to good land governance. Alongside this revival of land issues in development policy discourse, is the emergence of a distinct pole in governance discourse, namely, ‘land governance’. The term and notion of ‘land governance’ has gained currency within the mainstream agencies in recent years, and generally means the most efficient way of administration of land issues, such as cadastres, land titling, and so on. Land governance encompasses a range of issues and subjects that the laws and policies of urban land is one of those cases. So, the urban land laws and policies from the perspective of good governance approach Provides good understanding of the policies and rules and patterns of urban land issues. Materials & Methods The main method of this study was a descriptive-analytical approach that has been carried out using a literature review in library data. This research is both fundamental and practical. The main goal of this study is to determine the characteristics and consequences of good and poor governance and the interpretation of laws and policies from the perspective of good land governance model and determining the obstacles to fulfill the requirements of good land governance in Tehran Metropolis. Results & Discussion In the Third Development Plan (1962-1967), the master plan for Tehran Metropolis was prepared. Such plans led to long-term government intervention in the land market. It should be noted that the criterion of 300 meters for land separation in the first comprehensive plan of Tehran was far beyond the average residential land area in the status quo (about 100 meters) and was beyond the capacity of low-income groups.This pattern was repeated in subsequent programs and led to projections of lower income groups to the suburban areas. Whereas good land governance requires knowledge and beyond citizen participation and interest groups in the preparation and implementation of development programs and urban land policies, effectiveness and efficiency is one of the most important criteria for good land governance that must be based on accurate and perfect laws and regulations. In Tehran Metropolis, the lack of adequate and affordable housing, especially for low-income groups led to poor governance of land and housing. Also, given that decision-making process is centralized, the local land management has not been achieved. Conclusion The results showed that, zoning laws, land separation regulations, and housing planning flaws led to speculation of land and housing in Tehran metropolis and ignored low-income groups in urban plans and increased urban sprawl and expansion of the unregulated constructions as a result of poor land governance. Also, it is necessary to mention that the land acquisition and construction by various institutions without permission, the institutional irregularities, centralized decision-making process and the lack of formation of local land management, lack of transparency and unclear land property situation within and outside the cities, all of which are in contradiction with the principles of good land governance. Good land governance is based on transparency of ownership, land tenure security and transparency and so on. This is a very basic issue that also continues. Therefore, the need to revise the governance structure along with subsidiarity and providing the context of popular participation, and institutions such as councils by state are the essential issues. In the end, it must be emphasized that the realization of local land management also depends on good land governance.
Vahed Kiyani; Afshin Alizade Shaabani; Aliakbar Nazari Samani
Abstract
Nowadays, remote sensing images are able to provide the latest information for studying land coverage and land uses, and the value and usability of produced maps depend on their accuracy. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the classification accuracy of LISS-III sensor's image of IRS-P6 ...
Read More
Nowadays, remote sensing images are able to provide the latest information for studying land coverage and land uses, and the value and usability of produced maps depend on their accuracy. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the classification accuracy of LISS-III sensor's image of IRS-P6 satellite using the Google Earth's database in order to provide a map of land coverage and land uses. Therefore, the QUICKBIRD satellite imagery provided by Google Earth's software was used to determine both educational samples and to evaluate the classification. The studied area is Taleghan city in the Alborz province which is located in the watershed of Taleghan. In this research before determining the educational samples to verify the accuracy of the Google Earth's image, linear digital layers (roads and channels) with terrestrial coordinates were used which obtained an RMSE of 0.77.
In the next step, after determining the educational samples, the mentioned satellite image was classified into 5 categories of garden, agriculture. Pasture, lake and no coverage based on a supervised classification and with maximum probability algorithm using software ENVI 4/2 which obtained a classification KAPPA coefficient of 0.85 and an overall accuracy of 91/4.
The results of this study indicated that Google Earth's software images have a high spatial accuracy in order to evaluate the classification accuracy in some regions and also the use of ecological features such as the slope of the area, hydrologic network and… increase this accuracy. Finally, it is suggested that Google Earth's satellite imagery to be used to evaluate the accuracy of the satellite image classification and even visual interpretation of land coverage and land use.
Nahid Sajadian; Mortaza Nemati; Ali Shojaian; Parivash Oraky
Abstract
One of the characteristics of the tribal system and communities with tribal structures is usually kinshipism (Khishavandgerayi). Heterogeneity in tribalism and geographical variations usually reduces the national cohesion of the state. For this reason, the present research was carried out with ...
Read More
One of the characteristics of the tribal system and communities with tribal structures is usually kinshipism (Khishavandgerayi). Heterogeneity in tribalism and geographical variations usually reduces the national cohesion of the state. For this reason, the present research was carried out with the aim of assessing the role of tribalism in feeling the social security of the citizens in the city of Izeh.The research methodology is descriptive-analytical with a practical-theoretical approach. The required information was collectedthrough a library and field procedure(questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population included all the citizens above 15 in the city of Izeh and a sample of 348 people was obtained using the Cochran formula. In the next step, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson and Spearman tests and the results were presented in tables. GIS software has been used to edit maps. The results of the study show that52.6 % of the respondents were women and 45.1 % were men. 36.5 % were single and 50.9 % were married. 55.2 % of the respondents considered the tribal environment of the city as the cause of feeling insecure, and 43% considered the tribal clashes to be the cause of such feeling. 21.5% have left their home because of tribal conflicts. 19 % do not commute in the city during the conflict among the tribes. One of the other results of this study is that, there is a direct and significant relationship between education, the tribalism environment of the city and the citizens’ feelings of insecurity, but there is a reverse and significant relationship between prejudice in favor of their own tribe and feeling social insecurity.
Farzad Foroozani; Mohammad Reza Malek; Ali Esmaeily
Abstract
Abstract
The Distribution networks are the most important part of the utilities that distribute electrical energy to the consumers. Problems with location-referenced information such as inaccuracy, inability to control information, and lack of rapid access to information are considered as technical ...
Read More
Abstract
The Distribution networks are the most important part of the utilities that distribute electrical energy to the consumers. Problems with location-referenced information such as inaccuracy, inability to control information, and lack of rapid access to information are considered as technical problems. The complexity of updating information, the complexities related to information storage and wearing out are no exception to this rule. Existing technical problems and the failure to use the new systems in the relief issue will prolong the duration of the blackout. The purpose of this research is to design and implement a context aware spatial information system for providing a series of services such as routing, map displaying, and the provision of distribution network information in the field of urban electricity distribution incidents. Urban electricity distribution networks consist of various parts and equipment. The rescuer determines the type of failure due to available and accessible network information. The failure type is considered as the user's environmental context, and the location of the rescue vehicle is considered as the location context. Therefore, the context in this study are classified into two general categories of position and network context. Finally, the implementation and testing of a designed to help managing the urban electrical distribution networks was studied which resulted in 80% satisfaction.
Navid Houshangi; Ali Asghar Alesheikh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Disasters such as earthquakes have always been a serious threat to human life in urban environments. People have always sought to reduce the financial and human damages caused by such disasters. Large scale earthquakes and rapid changes in the environment make the people ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Disasters such as earthquakes have always been a serious threat to human life in urban environments. People have always sought to reduce the financial and human damages caused by such disasters. Large scale earthquakes and rapid changes in the environment make the people unable to deliver the optimal solution to save lives and minimize damages. The earthquake has destroyed streets, roads and other infrastructures, and also causes fire. Fires which are started by earthquake, destroy homes in the city. During different periods of time, earthquake damages on Iranian society in social and economic fields are clear, therefore, dealing with the crisis in the form of a proper management and optimization is absolutely necessary. Complicated access to the earthquake-stricken areas, is always along with the difficulty of the rescue operations. Management structures can only overcome the prevailing political situation in these difficult circumstances that the acceptable level of cohesion and flexibility are paramount. The importance of intelligent systems that can help rescue the human species is very obvious. Materials & Methods Agent-based Modeling (ABM) is a new approach to the development of simulation tools for complex phenomena in different areas such as natural disasters, biological studies, and earthquake rescue. This paper presents a simulation system for the search and rescue (SAR) operation using Geospatial Information System (GIS), multi-agent systems (MAS) and the concept of integration for dynamic task allocation. Due to the flexibility of the agent based systems and the possibility of combining space and time, MASs can be a powerful tool in the simulation of rescue operations and strategic management issues. These systems can simulate all factors in earthquakes such as people, robots, helicopters, and vehicles to communicate and cooperate with each other to solve the distributed problems. In several studies, the high capability of using agent-based Modeling structures to model human behavior as a part of an environment to coordinate the rescue operation is referenced. The use of the agent-based Modeling and the possibility of combining flexibility with respect to location and time of the simulation can be a powerful tool in their search and rescue operations and strategic management issues. There are many reasons to use multi-agent systems to manage the crisis. Multi agent systems make it possible to simulate the demolition of buildings and homes, the fire, firefighters' activities, urban infrastructure damages, injured and displaced, and the victims, so they can find optimal strategies for search and rescue operations in large-scale accidents and crisis management performance in which multi-factor systems are used. Multi-agent systems are allowed to participate in environment to cooperate or compete with the environment. Multi-agent systems are targeted complex systems with an emphasis on the interaction between agents. They can break complex systems into sub-systems and other simple factors in environments. Various studies have stated that MASs possess high potentials for natural disaster management, from rescue operation to locating the positions of injured persons. The main object of this paper is to use multi-agent systems to simulate activities and increase the efficiency of rescue groups. This research tries to offer a way to find relationship between the number of search agents and rescue agents with regard to the maximum number of surviving people. This system can be used for managing and decision-making before the earthquake. Results & Discussion Evaluation of the developed system took place in a part of Region 3 in Tehran. The proposed system consists of three parts: 1) Modeling environment and working groups with the use of GIS, analysis of the search operation by multi-factor system and visualization of the results. Therefore, environment has been modelled using spatial data, and the amount of space that each agent must search, is assigned for each agent. 2) Then, each of the search agents uses the ant colony algorithm for sequencing tasks in order to find a near-optimal solutions to look for environment. 3) The injuries that are found by search agents are assigned to rescue agents through net contract and then operation is executed. Conclusion The Result of this research is shown in the form of a diagram which highlights the relationship between the number of search agents and release agents (according to the number of survivors, and is done). The result offers a model in finding the number of people needed for rescue operations in different parts of the city.
Mahboobeh mohammad Yusefi Bohluli Ahmadi; Abdolreza Safari; َAnahita Shahbazi
Abstract
Abstract
Global gravity field is commonlymodelled in spherical harmonic basis functions to a certain degreeof spectral and spatial resolution. Non-uniformdistribution and different quality data limitthese functions in local gravity field modeling.Spherical harmonic basis functionsshow more global properties ...
Read More
Abstract
Global gravity field is commonlymodelled in spherical harmonic basis functions to a certain degreeof spectral and spatial resolution. Non-uniformdistribution and different quality data limitthese functions in local gravity field modeling.Spherical harmonic basis functionsshow more global properties that means they are suitable forshowing low frequency gravityfield. In local-scale studies, radial basis functionson the sphere with quasi-local support can improve gravityfields up to a high spatial/spectral resolution.The local modelsare usually moreaccurate than global modelsin the desired locations.These functions are usually notorthogonal on a sphere, which makes the modelling process morecomplex.In this study we evaluated the radial basis functions: point-mass kernel, radial multipoles, Poisson and Poisson wavelet ,and then we compared their performances in regional gravity fieldmodelling on the sphere using real gravity acceleration data in Farscoastal area. A least-squares technique has been used toestimate the gravity field parameters. Iterative Levenberg-Marquardtalgorithm is appliedfor nonlinear inverse problem solving and minimization of differences between calculated andobserved values. These parameters include number, location, depth and scalingcoefficients in radial basis function.In order to increase efficiency Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for solving gravity field modeling, the initial valueof theregularization parameter determined with a relation based on objective functionJacobian and also a method is provided for this parameter updates. Theresults showed that the accuracy of gravity field modeling forany types of radial basis function would be almost thesame, if the depths of SRBFs are chosen properly.
BiBi Mariam SajadianJaghargh; Alireza Vafaei Nezhad; Ali Asghar Alesheikh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
The ubiquity of mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, has contributed to the development of pervasive systems, including navigation and health systems. The main characteristicsof pervasive systems are the necessity of dynamic reconfiguration and proper adaptation to the ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
The ubiquity of mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, has contributed to the development of pervasive systems, including navigation and health systems. The main characteristicsof pervasive systems are the necessity of dynamic reconfiguration and proper adaptation to the continuous changes in different contexts. The existence of dynamic capabilities has been considered in the design and implementation of a context aware system, including context acquisition, context understanding and computing, decision making, and context presentation.Context acquisition: This domain of research focuses on using personal sensing devices which measure various parameters by means of portable devices and save them on the external/internal database for further processing. The aim of researches is collecting, sharing, and/or reusing data in other applications or through a web interface.Context understanding and computing: The most works are in the field of context monitoring, data management, understanding or computing. The ability to automate context reasoning about various types of contexts and their properties are considered using various context models and algorithms. Most applications are customized for a specific case such as air pollution, tourist, navigation, and health care. Context presentation: This category of research has commonly focused on context-aware application adaptation. The adaptation happens between the real world, the map and user’s location and orientation. A number of studies have been carried out in the field of tourist guides or navigation adapting the presentation style to the changing requirements of the user.Most studies in ubiquitous health care have only been carried out in a small number of areas and using external portable sensors and developing applications on mobile phones. A major problem with these kinds of applications is collecting and sharing data, monitoring, or reasoning without having an active role in decision making in different environmental conditions. Using external tools such as portable devices is costly and limits using the systems.
This paper has focused on the design and implementation of a context aware ubiquitous system which has been customized for severe environmental conditions (in particular, air pollution). Air pollution is a spatial-temporal phenomenon and it causes changes in health conditions and it increases mortality. Eclipse Kepler software, java, PHP programming language and MySQL and SQLit database and also Google Maps API was used in this research. The proposed system design approach is based on distributed architecture in the portion of data collection and processing. Data collecting is done by means of software and hardware sensors. The context aware system is able to automatically identify the user’s context and represent required data and information after computing and reasoning. Contexts based on their impact on the decision-making process can be divided into two categories: passive and active contents.We used an active context in the research such as time, location, traffic, direction, air pollution. Collecting required data is done automatically with high speed and accuracy, and data plays an active role in decision making. In the system architecture, servers were embedded to enter data automatically and only data relating to health conditions is entered manually. Processing environment was divided into two parts, in case of abounding calculations, processing is transferred to the server so that only light processing is performed on the client. At every stage of the process, the user interface provided outputs in the form of recommendations and notifications. The system represents user-friendly environment. Context information can be posted on the process server and retrieved from the history. The proposed system can become an important tool to enable patients to be aware of air pollution conditions, not only to be applied in managing and monitoring their health information, but also in decision making, finding the best solution in severe environment, sharing data and communicating with family and doctor. The application represents suitable solution for solving the shortest path problem according to spatial-temporal and traffic condition. In fact, the path with the lowest level of air pollution is chosen as the best path.The system indirectly encourages greater use of the ubiquitous health system and motivates patients to acquire an active role in their health management and helps them to improve their health condition. The information collected and posted on the server can be reused in professional station and it presents useful information to health experts. We are broadly concerned about patients’ privacy in the design of the system.
Mehrdad Bijandi; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Abolghasem Sadeghi Niaraki
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important challenges of this era is the rapid growth of urbanization. According to the United Nations report, around 66% of the world’s population, equivalent to 6.4 billion will live in urban areas by the year 2050, while this number was only about ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important challenges of this era is the rapid growth of urbanization. According to the United Nations report, around 66% of the world’s population, equivalent to 6.4 billion will live in urban areas by the year 2050, while this number was only about 746 million people, equivalent to 30% of the world’s population in 1950. This increasing trend is followed by the issues such as providing citizens with proper housing, providing energy, health services, education, employment, transportation etc., which should be resolved by appropriate policies and solutions. In this regard, modeling urban growth might play a key role in guiding urban strategies. Planners have traditionally used various models to formulate urban growth. However, these models lack sufficient dynamism and mobility and do not take the social behaviors of individuals and their interactions into account. The shortcomings of the previous methods have led to an increase in the use of modern modeling methods like cellular automata and agent-based model, particularly when presenting a perspective of the future urban growth is expected. Although the use of agents is a common tool in the modeling of the earth systems, few studies have been carried out in this regard in Iran, and various existing foreign studies are not in full agreement with the existing situation yet, due to the complex nature of the land use change problem. Therefore, researchers are still trying to provide new models by focusing on available findings and different aspects of the problem. In this research, a multifunctional system has been developed for the simulation of the urban growth by integrating the irregular cellular automata and the agent.
Materials and Method
The study area in this research is NajiAbad in the city of Kashan that is one of the city’s new districts. The texture of this district has taken shape in a designed and regular manner. The average area of its parcels is 250 square meters whose formation is mainly towards the northwest-southeast direction. Land use map of the year 2006 (1385), slope map, soil type, access map, floodway and river map were used in this research. The data of the year 1385 are used for the simulation of urban growth in 1392 and the results are compared with real data of 1392 and thus the results resulted from the model are evaluated. We have presented forecast of urban growth for the year 1400 subsequently. In the presented model, cadastral polygons act as irregular automata which have their own status and properties. In this model, the changes are updated in each replication, and each time step is considered to be one year. The first step in the evaluation model is the overall proportion of the land parcels which is one of the effective parameters in the decision-making process of the agents.
The calculation of the spatial proportion of the parcels for development is carried out by irregular cellular automata and based on four criteria of neighborhood, physical proportion, accessibility and constraints. Twelve effective factors were classified in proportion with these criteria and were normalized before the combination. The overall proportion of each land parcel has been calculated based on weighted linear combination function. In the next steps, the activity of the agents starts in the model. Many actors play roles in the development of the urban environment.
In this research, the agents are classified into 3 general classes of urban planning agent, developing agents and family agents. The family agents were classified into 3 classes of families with high, medium and low income according to the income level of the families. The urban planning agent estimates land demands and issues the segmentation permits for a number of lands. The developing agent calculates the profitability of the parcels, and segments those having separation permits and high profitability. The family agents search the environment and choose suitable land for habitation based on their preferences. This process is followed up until all family agents are settled and the demands are achieved.
Results and Evaluation
In this research, the output of the model and urban growth map in the study area for the year 2013 (1392) is calculated based on the input data of 2006 (1385). In this research, each time step is considered to be one year. In order to evaluate the model results, real data of 1392 has been used. In this research, the error matrix was used to calculate the accuracy of the results and comparison criterion is Kappa index. The Kappa index is a value between 0 (nonconformance of the calculated and observed maps) and 1 (full match of calculated and observed maps). Although there is no global standard, the Kappa index greater than 0.80 is often considered as a criterion of the proper conformation of calculated and observed maps. The Kappa index in this research was calculated to be 71% based on the error matrix. In this calculation the area of the previous developed regions has been eliminated. Although the elimination of the area related to these regions relatively reduces the overall accuracy of the model, it leads to a more accurate evaluation of the results. The accuracies of the user and producer in the developed lands feature a higher overall accuracy of the model, which can be a reason for desirable design of the model and its adaptation to the reality.
Conclusion
In this research, cellular automata were used to simulate the variations in the status of each land parcel in comparison with different spatial factors. Although the conventional cellular environment in cellular automata methods facilitates the possibility of urban growth modeling, it was attempted in this research to conduct modeling on the scale of irregular polygons of lands and in the form of base parcel. Although the use of cellular automata on this scale makes calculations more complicated and difficult, the results of modeling can be evaluated more realistically. In this research, the agents were classified into 3 general classes of urban planning agent, developing agent and family agents. The family agents were classified into 3 classes of families with high, medium and low income according to the income level of the families. The evaluation of the results with real data showed that the accuracy of the model was 71%. This study has been conducted in a vector structure and local scale that can be extended to other areas. This modeling can be done on a regional scale in future works.
Yashar Zaki; Atefe Golfeshan
Abstract
With the acceleration of the ‘globalization’ process, especially the "globalization of the economy," a group of scholars made new theories and argued that the process of globalization has eliminated the importance of "locations", and the "distance and boundaries" are no longer meaningful. ...
Read More
With the acceleration of the ‘globalization’ process, especially the "globalization of the economy," a group of scholars made new theories and argued that the process of globalization has eliminated the importance of "locations", and the "distance and boundaries" are no longer meaningful. With the acceleration of the process of globalization, especially the "globalization of the economy," a group of scholars have made new theories and argued that the globalization process eliminated the importance of "places", and "distance and boundaries" have no meanings any longer. They claimed (geography no longer exists) and "geographic maps" are not so effective in the new world. In response to these comments, many geographers have conducted a series of critical researches and compilation of articles criticizing this claim. One of these is the preparation of "new geopolitical maps”.In this research, a descriptive-analytical method and, library and computer resources were used to see what impact the globalization has had on geopolitical map and whether globalization has diminished the role of geography and political maps. As we know, cities in the globalization arena, took on new roles outside their political boundaries, and sometimes found their importance beyond their own governments. Instead of focusing on the countries and real boundaries, "new geopolitical maps" have moved towards maps that take the "urban relations" into consideration and in which, real boundaries are not so important. In this regard, some valuable works have been done, one of which is the work of Taylor and his colleagues. The "new geopolitical maps" focus on communication between cities around the world. Mapping the communications of cities around the world contributes to a new representation of the "space of global economic flows" that complements the "international political space of locations" rather than replacing it. In other words, new maps of the economic flows of global cities are only supplement to the international political map of countries that provide an appropriate space framework for understanding the new social changes under globalization conditions.
Ali Asghar Abdollahi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels enters a huge amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Continuous increases in greenhouse gas emissions and rising fuel prices ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels. Combustion of fossil fuels enters a huge amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Continuous increases in greenhouse gas emissions and rising fuel prices are key drivers behind more effective efforts to use renewable energy sources. Renewable energies include diverse sources of natural and accessible energy. Given that these energies are not ideal, their use reduces the consumption of oil products and creates jobs and reduces the amount of environmental pollution. The prospect of using this energy in Iran, as well as other developed countries, has become significant in the way that the government has made the necessary planning in the fifth development plan. Therefore, considering the global policies of developing these energies in our country, in order to solve problems and create employment, will be inevitable. Studies in this regard suggest that the development of the use of new energy can play a significant role in increasing the security of the country's energy system. Due to low latitudes, Iran has more capability to receive this energy. To exploit this energy, there is a need to build solar power plants. Solar panels used in solar power plants are converters of solar radiation into electrical energy. One of the most important issues in using solar energy is determining where to use it, which has a great impact on the efficiency of solar power equipment. Therefore, taking advantage of the potential of the climate can have a positive effect on the conservation of energy resources. In this regard, it is important to identify appropriate and prone areas where solar energy is sufficient and able to replace current energies. Materials & Methods The required data in this study was collected from the ‘Iran’s Meteorological Organization’ for 30 years and was entered into the Excel environment and analyzed. In the Arc GIS software environment, the locations of the stations, according to their geographical coordinates, were added to the digital map of the area and the database was formed. To prepare the map of the climatic parameters, the layer for each parameter was first prepared using the IDW interpolation method in the Geo-statistical Analyst field in the ARCGIS software environment, and then, using the AHP method, an intra-layer weight was defined. By using the ‘Reclassify’ command in the ARCGIS software, each layer was classified into several classes and each class was classified according to its importance and mapped to it. Then, to obtain a final map representing potential regions, the interlayer weight was applied according to the importance and effectiveness of each layer. Then, by overlapping the weighted layers, using the ‘Fuzzy overlay’ command in the ‘Spatial Analyst’ section, a map of all-potential regions that represents the areas with high potential for the construction of the power plant was obtained. Discussion and Results In order to quantitatively evaluate the climate of solar power plants in the study area, the layers obtained from the sunshine, cloudy, dust, relative humidity, altitude and precipitation have been weighted. For this purpose, the weight of the effective indices has been obtained using the AHP model. Then, using the ‘Raster calculator’ command in the ARCGIS software, weighted difference maps were obtained, and finally, using the ‘Fuzzy overlay’ command in the same software, the final map which is a combination of overlapping of the harmonious layers, has been obtained. At last, the final map was made up of a combination of overlapping harmonious layers and the selection of the regions with the highest capacity for the construction of solar power plants. Conclusion The method used in this study is important in determining the effective indices in locating solar stations as overlapping of the harmonious layers. This method is achieved by taking into account the relative importance of all the effective indices in the final layer, which can be more credible than other methods, because this algorithm, using degree weights, gives the power to decision- makers to place more important factors which in his view affect the problem more, in the problem with the same importance and due to this superiority, the results of this method has a better resolution.. Accordingly, the results show that Fars province has a high potential in terms of solar electrical energy which in the study area, the cities of Neyriz, Estahban and Fasa are more indicative in this regard and have higher potential. It can also be concluded that the total relative weight of all indices has a greater effect on locating and cannot be determined only by one or more of the indices.
Tahereh Ghaemi rad; Mohammad Karimi
Abstract
Forest fire is one of the most common ecological hazards whoseproper prediction of spreading is a vital issue in minimizing its destructive effects.This phenomenon depends on factors such as topography, vegetation and climate. Among the existing models, the definite empirical models presented in the ...
Read More
Forest fire is one of the most common ecological hazards whoseproper prediction of spreading is a vital issue in minimizing its destructive effects.This phenomenon depends on factors such as topography, vegetation and climate. Among the existing models, the definite empirical models presented in the form of raster including cellular automata are more populardue to their modeling simplicityand the ability to model complex systems. Different simulation systems have been developed to simulate and predict the spread of fire using cellular automata. The quality of the results obtained from these systems, in addition to the complexity of the model, depends on the accuracy and reliability of the input parameters, most of which have a degree of uncertainty. One of the constructive suggestions to overcome the uncertainty problem is the use of a two-stage simulation approach. In this approach, all of theexisting parameters in the model are first optimized by comparing the results derived from the simulation with the reality, then,the related simulation model will performthe simulation of the next step fire spread by considering the optimal values obtained for the parameters. One of the most important points in designing this system is the use ofdesirable optimization method. In this research, two optimization methods namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) have been used to overcome the uncertainty problem and enhance the accuracy of forest fire spread modeling and implementation of two-stage simulation approach for a part of the forests of Gilan province. The results show that the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm optimization method has abettercapability than the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to produce optimal parameters of the desired model.
Bahram Jomeh Zadeh; Sirus Hashemi; Ali Darvishi Bolourani; Majid Kiavarz
Abstract
Using satellite images with a medium spatial resolution to detect, monitor and predict urban built-up areas, has developed in recent decades. The most important step in predicting of the urban areas growth is extracting the urban features with a high precision but the greatest challenge in this way is ...
Read More
Using satellite images with a medium spatial resolution to detect, monitor and predict urban built-up areas, has developed in recent decades. The most important step in predicting of the urban areas growth is extracting the urban features with a high precision but the greatest challenge in this way is the complexity of urban components and the issue of mixed pixels. The purpose of this research is using sub-pixel analysis to extract the surface features of Rasht city to predict the future growth of the city’s built-up areas changes. To achieve this purpose, we used three Landsat images related to; 1990 (Landsat Sensor TM), 2002 (Landsat Sensor ETM +) and 2015 (sensor OLI / TIRS) years and Normalized Spectral Mixture Analysis (NSMA). In order to classify the images, the fraction layers were used as input layers, andend members were used as training samples and maximum likelihood algorithm was used as classifying algorithm. As a result, the overall accuracy of over99% and the kappa coefficient of over 89% were achieved for the images of three periods of study. In this research, however, in order to predict the urban growth by ANN model, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) with Back-Propagation learning algorithm (BP) were used. The results of comparison between the model’s output and the classification map of 2015 showed a 92% kappa coefficient, an 89% standard Kappa and a 93% classification Kappa (for classes), respectively. The used model in this research has been successful in predicting the growth of urban boundaries, but less accurate in predicting the individual built-up areas around the urban areas.
Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Saeed Mehri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Oak is a common species in Iran and the most important one in Zagros forests. Zagros forests play a crucial and effective role in water supply, soil conservation and climate modification in Iran. Unfortunately, a significant part of those forests suffer from oak decline. ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Oak is a common species in Iran and the most important one in Zagros forests. Zagros forests play a crucial and effective role in water supply, soil conservation and climate modification in Iran. Unfortunately, a significant part of those forests suffer from oak decline. Oak decline (or oak mortality) is a widespread phenomenon in oak forests around the world, which has gained the attention of many researchers in forestry over the past decade. In Iran, this phenomenon was first observed in Zagros forests in 2013. Factors affecting oak decline and their mutual interactions are not clearly identified, which makes understanding and modeling of these processes challenging. Only a few studies have been performed in relation to this phenomenon in Iran. Thus, we chose to determine the most effective parameters and find the best modeling method for oak decline in Iran and especially in Lorestan province.
Materials & Methods
In order to find effective environmental variables, related literature review was thoroughly investigated. Environmental parameters including temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope, direction, soil type, and amount of aerosols were selected as basic influencing parameters. All parameters were then interpolated to produce raster data with 30-meter cell resolution. To find the optimal combination of the parameters, four operators including multiplication, logarithm, hyperbolic transformations, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used. A total 385 different combinations of the influencing parameters were produced using the above mentioned operators. The relation and weight of each parameter are unknown, thus Artificial Neural Networks were used to model oak decline process. Three feed forward artificial neural network, including Back-propagation Neural Network (BP), Probabilistic neural network (PNN) and Support Vector Neural Network (SVNN) were selected as modeling methods. Then, 385 different combinations of the influencing parameters were used in the above mentioned models. To train and evaluate each neural network, a total number of 10000 samples were randomly selected from the study area. 70 percent of these random samples were used to train, 15 percent to evaluate and 15 percent to validate the models. Also, cross-validation method was used to avoid over fitting of neural networks. Finally, 1155 created NN models were compared using R parameter to find the best configuration for modeling oak decline and identifying the most influential environmental parameters in oak decline.
Results & Discussion
Evaluating 1155 different networks indicated that Probabilistic neural network (R=0.87) with 6 inputs, including 1) elevation, 2) slope, 3) direction, 4) aerosols, 5) soil type and 6) principal component of temperature and precipitation, performed better than SVNN and BP in modeling oak decline. Moreover, using different combinations of influencing factors improved the results and increased correlation coefficient (R) of optimal inputs by 0.05 as compared to initial inputs. Thus, it can be concluded that increased number of inputs does not necessarily guarantee a better performance. Furthermore, two principle parameters of temperature and perception have a more significant role in modelling drought stress as compared to other parameters.
Conclusion
Oak decline is a complicated phenomenon and different factors contribute to its occurrence. The present study investigates all environmental parameters affecting oak decline through a comprehensive literature review. Results indicate appropriate performance of probabilistic neural networks in modeling oak decline. Moreover, principal component analysis is considered to be a useful tool for modeling of drought stress in oak trees. Due to different accuracy and precision of these neural networks, it is necessary to evaluate different configurations. For further researches, it is suggested to use other parameters, such as distance from population centers, water table, age of oak trees, oak tree height and characteristics of other nearby trees.
Yaser Amini; Abbas Alipour; Seyyed Mostafa Hashemi; Sajjad Bagheri SeyeedShokri
Abstract
Introduction
Snow cover represents the amount of stored water, and the water from melting snow plays an important role in the formation of surface water and groundwater in the country's watersheds. Detection and determination of snow and ice different characteristics by using remote sensing data, ...
Read More
Introduction
Snow cover represents the amount of stored water, and the water from melting snow plays an important role in the formation of surface water and groundwater in the country's watersheds. Detection and determination of snow and ice different characteristics by using remote sensing data, which is widely used in hydrology, created new approaches in acquiring needed parameters in Hydrology.Results of the research show that the observations of the guesser have high potentials for detection of snowcover and the use of its data is suggested for calculating water of the equivalent snow in the areas such as Kerman Province which is facedwith the limitation of ground stations.
Materials & Methods
Since this area is able to have snow in winter, therefore the data about water equivalent to the snow in this area is necessary for many applications such as hydrology, meteorology, climatology and also producing hydroelectric and flood estimation. In this study, using brightness temperature from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A), on board the NOAA satellites and the artificial neural networks as well as multiple regression techniques, the snow water equivalent forthe catchment basins of Tehran in the winter during a 10-year period (2015-2006) has been calculated and verified. In total, data from 5 monitoring stations of snow for 104 days during the study period was used for the estimation and verification.
Results & Discussion
Based on the results we obtained, the best estimate is related to the artificial neural networks with an RMSE=0/05, MSE=0/11, Bias= 0/0006 and r=0/14.The results indicate the superiority of the artificial neural networks over the regression method.
Conclusion
This results also show that, the observations of this sounding has the high potential for indicating the coverage of snow which are useful information and it is suggested to calculate snow water equivalent in the regions like Kerman where has a limited ground stations of snow measurement.
Gholamreza Latifi; Sina Shahidi
Abstract
Extended abstract Introduction Over the past 3 decades,major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the ...
Read More
Extended abstract Introduction Over the past 3 decades,major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the Zionist regime (2006), the 22-day, 8-day and 40-day wars of the Zionist regime against the people of Gaza, the war of the ISIS terrorist group against Syria over the past 7 years and against Iraq over the past 3 years, and the war in Yemenover the past 3 years. The war of Yemen and the fight against ISIS are still going on, and it has become more difficult to resolve these conflicts due to the formation of a controversial coalition led by the United States of America. Due to its prominent position in its geopolitical and anti-arrogance policy, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been subjected to threats by the United States of America, the Zionist and othertotalitarian regimes in recent years.The expedients and guidelines of the Supreme leader of revolution are based on strengthening all infrastructure of the country against theenemy’s threats. In this regard, passive defense is considered as a complementary part for active or armed defense,which includes unarmed measures to increase deterrence and decrease vulnerability, sustaining vital activities, promoting national sustainability and favorable effectiveness of crisis management against threats and armed actions by the enemy.CivilDefense planning (Spatial organization) is a process which leads to the reduction of vulnerability and the increase of defensive reversibility, sustainability and tolerability against enemy’s attacks through reorganizing and rearranging spatial elements of a city.This research examines the passive defense indices in land use, urban texture and structure by taking the passive defense principles and requirements into consideration and then, zones the metropolis of Tehran from the civil defense planning perspective in an analytical manner,specifies its vulnerable and secure areas and providessolutions to increase its defensive sustainability. In this Regard, this research tries to zone different geographical regions of Tehran metropolis in the form of homogeneous classes based on their vulnerability conditions from the passive defense. For this purpose, 8 criteria were extracted after studying the literature and the history of the subject in the field ofnatural and man-made crisis management. Then, 48 indices or sub-criteria were determined, and classified under 8 predefined criteria in order to make these criteria measurable, based on accessible data. Afterward, using experts’ opinions, the criteria and sub-criteria were weighed by ANP method through paired comparisons in the form of questionnaire and then adjustedand modified in the Super Decision software (in order to maintain inconsistency rate of the comparisons within the acceptable limits). In addition to that, each indicator was categorized into 5 classes of desirability in order to achieve a result withgreater accuracy of comprehensiveness and more flexibility. Then, the maps related to each index were producedby inserting the indices into ArcGIS 10.5 and applying them to the city domain. By integrating and combining the sub-criteria maps related to each criterion, the zoning map based on that specific criterion, and finally, by combining the maps of these 8 criteria, the ultimate zoning map of civil defense spatial organizing was generated qualitatively (in 5 desirability classes). Materials & Methods Since this research seeks to discover causal relationships between indices and their effects on the city,based on the basic sources of research method, it is an exploratory research which uses an analytical-descriptive method with an applied goal to study and interpret the data. This research uses both qualitative and quantitative procedures that means using quantitative methods along with qualitative approach in data analysisto facilitate classifications, calculations, and deductions. The study area involves all 22 regions of Tehran municipality. Regarding the collection of data and information, this research is a documentary study that uses Persian and English books and articles, related maps, internet portals and other documents. In addition, questionnaires and interviews with experts have been used. Finally, the integration and classificationof the exploratory and documentary findings and research analyses are carried out using inferential statistics, then,research suggestions are presented. M.S. Excel, ArcGIS 10.5 and Super Decision were the software used to prepare tables, maps and to analyze data. Making use ofthe experts’ opinions to weighthe indices, these indices were inserted into M.S. Excel the elimination of the scale differences and normalization as well. Then, they were categorized into 5 distinct classes of desirability. In order to obtainthe final weight and priority of indices considering ANP method, theirpairwise comparisons were inserted into Super Decision software. Finally, the results in ArcGIS 10.5 environmentwere assigned to different areas of Tehran metropolis, and the final zoning map of the defensive vulnerabilitywas generated as a Likert spectrum based on 8 criteria and their 48 sub-criteria on 5 levels, through the combination and integration of the weighted indices layers. Results & Discussion, Conclusion According to the surveys, only 10% of the city of Tehran is in perfect, 27% is in moderate and appropriate,and about 63% is in completely inappropriate conditions. These numbers represent the critical state of passive defense in this metropolis, a densely populated city which is the capital city of a sensitive country in the geopolitics of the region and still has a centralizedmanagement method and has a serious and urgent need for attention and reorganization in this regard. Therefore, suggestions and solutions are proposed to increase the defensive tolerability and reducethe damages and losses following the occurrence of a possible attack. Some of the results of the research are as follows: - Providing the context to identify the vulnerable zones and to invest in order to increase their level of defensive tolerability. - Making use of secure zones in order to locate temporary habitation sites at the time of a possible attack and to copy the patterns of their defensive space organization in future developments. - Thinking ofimmediate measures to promote the level of defensive tolerability in inappropriate zones by building shelters, developing public safe havens, and developing permanent relief and rescue centers or temporary relief and rescue sites. - Locating important, sensitive and vital useswith regard to the performed zoning and determining the security effects resulting from them on the surrounding areas.
Mohammad Fallah Zazuli; Alireza Vafaeinezhad; Mir Masoud Kheirkhah Zarkesh; Fariborz Ahmadi Dehka
Abstract
Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition ...
Read More
Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition of information from geographic phenomena without any contact with them.Todetectthephenomenonofdusthaze,large-scaleimagesare needed withwidecoverageandhighfrequency. Therefore,theimagesrelatedtoMODISsensoraresuitablefor thestudies on thephenomenon of dusthazeduetothe presence of highspectralbands. Detection of the generating origin or the source of dust haze particles and its quick monitoring with accuracy and low cost is of great importance. The main objectives of this research are to identify the generating source of dust haze entering the West and Southwest regions of Iran and to monitor the movement of dust haze as well. In this research, the occurrence origin of dust haze phenomenon is related to June 18, 2012 which occurred in the Western and Southwestern parts of the country, and was identified with the help of satellite images and by using visible and thermal bands of MODIS sensor and usingthe Ackerman index.It was found out that, its main origin was the point where Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet, which is within the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq and western Syria, and It was further found that the images of the MODIS sensor are suitable for dust haze monitoring due to its availability, low cost, and its repeatability in 2 periods of time within 24 hours. Also, its synoptic analysis to detect the movement of dust haze from the source into Iran was investigated using 500 hectopascal level synoptic data of geopotential height, sea level pressure and the wind current direction maps of 500 and 1000 hectopascals. The results of the synoptic analysis have optimized the origin detection and the way of dust haze transmission, and makes it more appropriate to predict the path of the dust haze motion. Finally, its movement demonstration from the source into Iran was trackedby the use of GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools. Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition of information from geographic phenomena without any contact with them.Todetectthephenomenonofdusthaze,large-scaleimagesare needed withwidecoverageandhighfrequency. Therefore,theimagesrelatedtoMODISsensoraresuitablefor thestudies on thephenomenon of dusthazeduetothe presence of highspectralbands. Detection of the generating origin or the source of dust haze particles and its quick monitoring with accuracy and low cost is of great importance. The main objectives of this research are to identify the generating source of dust haze entering the West and Southwest regions of Iran and to monitor the movement of dust haze as well. In this research, the occurrence origin of dust haze phenomenon is related to June 18, 2012 which occurred in the Western and Southwestern parts of the country, and was identified with the help of satellite images and by using visible and thermal bands of MODIS sensor and usingthe Ackerman index.It was found out that, its main origin was the point where Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet, which is within the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq and western Syria, and It was further found that the images of the MODIS sensor are suitable for dust haze monitoring due to its availability, low cost, and its repeatability in 2 periods of time within 24 hours. Also, its synoptic analysis to detect the movement of dust haze from the source into Iran was investigated using 500 hectopascal level synoptic data of geopotential height, sea level pressure and the wind current direction maps of 500 and 1000 hectopascals. The results of the synoptic analysis have optimized the origin detection and the way of dust haze transmission, and makes it more appropriate to predict the path of the dust haze motion. Finally, its movement demonstration from the source into Iran was trackedby the use of GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools.
Shima Sadat Tabatabaei
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 69-74
Abstract
Growth and development of urbanism along with world-wide industrial development and expansion, induced urban authorities of industrial societies to change their attitudes fundamentally. The present research seeks to perform a descriptive-analytic investigation on the environmental situations and urban ...
Read More
Growth and development of urbanism along with world-wide industrial development and expansion, induced urban authorities of industrial societies to change their attitudes fundamentally. The present research seeks to perform a descriptive-analytic investigation on the environmental situations and urban management in Tehran during three historical periods. This goal is reached by identifying strengths and weaknesses in SWOT framework. Results indicate that social policies in Tehran are not completely in line with environmental policies, and this leads to the postponement of environmental sustainability in Tehran.
Akbar Moradi; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction The combination of spatial analysis, different methods of positioning and mobile and ubiquitous processing, positioning technology such as global positioning systems and a part of spatial analyses and GIS equipment have led to the emergence of a new trend as context-aware ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction The combination of spatial analysis, different methods of positioning and mobile and ubiquitous processing, positioning technology such as global positioning systems and a part of spatial analyses and GIS equipment have led to the emergence of a new trend as context-aware and mobile GIS. One of the context-aware services that has been welcomed by most people is location-based services. Location-based services provide services to users using the user’s position. Tourism is one of the areas that can be focused based on these applications. Tourists need structured information that is available to them at any moment and any place. This information helps them to justify their position to the place that may be new and unfamiliar to them. It helps them to find their desired locations and the best path which leads to that location. Context-aware systems match their behavior based on these contexts by examining the user’s current contexts. Materials & Methods To design and implement a context-aware tourism system, we initially should identify effective contexts, and specify and model the effect of each of these contexts. In this research, location context is used to provide services such as finding the right places like tourist spots, historical sites, gas stations, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, etc. which are close to user location, map graphic displaying , and to optimize the tour schedule. The user movement speed is another effective context in context-aware systems. Provision of information for users with different speeds is varied. Another effective context in providing services to tourists is the user movement direction. Direction can have different applications in providing information to tourists. For example, map details increase in the user movement direction or the map magnification changes according to the movement direction. For example, the size of the symbols of locations on the map can be changed according to the user’s direction. Time context is another important in providing information to tourists. This context may be dotted during a day or a period. One of the time application in the provision of information is the working time of different place. Results & Discussion Designing and implementation of a context-aware information system is usually complicated. It is well clear that mobility creates some challenges in these systems. Therefore, an operating system is needed to take the users and tourists’ demands into consideration in a dynamic environment. Context-aware applications aim to meet these needs and select various aspects of context such as the tourist or user’s current location, time, and other activities. In addition, increasing the amount of data makes it difficult to get access to this information through mobile equipment used by tourists. Accessing and finding the necessary information at the right time and with the right level of detail is very important for tourists. A questionnaire survey was designed to evaluate the system. A number of experts in tourism, municipality, and also citizens were asked to use the system for providing a comparison with non-context-aware systems. The results revealed that the proposed system was more efficient in terms of being easy to understand, having the necessary information, providing timely information for users, etc. Conclusion In this research, a context-aware system was designed and implemented to provide information to tourists in the city of Maragheh. The system provides related information to tourists based on contexts, such as location, movement speed, movement direction, the type of path and time context. The system introduced new contexts, that is, speed and direction. Some of the services in this system for tourists are creating tourism tours based on the type of attractions such as historic sites, sports sites, etc. In addition, the tourists can choose the type of path based on their preferences such as the shortest path, the most beautiful path, and the path of shopping centers. The implemented system was given to 20 users including 17 tourists, 2 municipality experts, and1 tourism expert for assessment. The results showed that an average of about 83.33% of users were satisfied with the implementation of the system and recommended it for using by other tourists.
Sara Karami; Mohammad Taleai
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Road signs not only provide drivers with the necessary information and guidance, but also inform them of related rules and probable risks along roads. Safety of roads, and thus minimum delay and discomfort for drivers depends on traffic order. This order is only achieved ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Road signs not only provide drivers with the necessary information and guidance, but also inform them of related rules and probable risks along roads. Safety of roads, and thus minimum delay and discomfort for drivers depends on traffic order. This order is only achieved if road signs can accurately guide drivers. Design of road signs have been evaluated in different fields of traffic engineering and urban design. Based on these evaluations, parameters like proper distance (distance in which a sign is legible for those driving in different speeds), and proper height (the height in which light reflection from the surface of the sign is minimized) have been introduced. Lack of a generalized method for designing and positioning of road signs, along with inadequate attention to their proper installation can cause a serious risk for drivers. Systematic positioning of road signs on highways and urban pathways with an especial attention to different criteria of sights has a significant impact on drivers’ ability to find the best route on time, and thus minimizes probable confusion and heavy traffic. Visibility in three-dimensional space refers to three-dimensional characteristic of different barriers along the roads. In most analytical studies, extruded objects and a perspective of the three-dimensional model are simulated. In this approach, three-dimensional analysis is usually performed based on an analysis in two-dimensional space. As an instance, the concept of spatial openness index (SOI) was introduced in 3D space. This concept refers to the volume of space observable for an observer. SOI is measured by defining a cone in the observers’ position based on which simulation is performed. In this way, the volume of observable space will be reduced in the presence of obstacles. 3D visibility analysis is closely related to human perception. When human eyes observe a scene, distant objects appear smaller than closer ones. Thus, if this difference in distance is considered, the final simulation will be closer to reality. Distance index shows the space width scale by calculating the distance between the observer and the target. In this method, a decrease in distance results in a more comprehensive perception, while increased distance decreases observers’ ability to perceive the environment. Based on the distance to target and observer’s view angle, three-dimensional projection simulates observers’ view and illustrates 3D obstacles on a 2D plane. The present study seeks to provide an approach based on spatial analysis in 3D space to evaluate the visibility of road signs. Materials & Methods Indices like height and direction of road signs, perceivable distance and horizontal angle between signs and the observer (driver), and finally perceivable area of the signs effect the visibility of signs. In the proposed method, total area of each sign perceivable for drivers driving in different situations is calculated using projective geometry. In order to evaluate visibility of road signs for vehicles (driver) in different positions, spatial indices such as overlap area (area resulted from the reflection of barriers on the sign face), distance between the center of road signs and the center of overlap area, and a combination of overlap area and distance are presented. Then, different simulation scenarios are designed for the vehicle’s motion on a simulated roadway and the performance of each indicator are evaluated. Index of combination (combination of overlap area and distance) was selected as final visibility measure. With an increase in distance from the center of the sign, the overlap area decreases and visibility increases. In order to determine visibility, visual status of the vehicle (driver) is evaluated based on four categories: poor, good, medium and excellent. Results & Discussion In order to simulate drivers’ vision, model spatial objects along the route and find optimal position for road signs, an appropriate analytical model is required. Results indicate that the proposed method can be used as an appropriate tool for optimal positioning of road signs along a route.
