Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 32-38
Abstract
In the round sky where the stars stand firm, astronomers noticed seven wandering objects that were moving eastward in the sky. They include the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Each of these wandering objects is associated with one of the days of the week, so in modern English, ...
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In the round sky where the stars stand firm, astronomers noticed seven wandering objects that were moving eastward in the sky. They include the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Each of these wandering objects is associated with one of the days of the week, so in modern English, the link between this list and the names of weekdays is revealed in Sunday, Monday, Saturday, but in other languages other criteria have been used for naming weekdays.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 32-41
Abstract
In this part of the study, we examine the status and direction of the potential development of Tehran as well as natural constraints such as land characteristics, slope of ground in the range of Alborz, position of Tehran on a major (earthquake) fault zone and other climatic conditions, as well as artificial ...
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In this part of the study, we examine the status and direction of the potential development of Tehran as well as natural constraints such as land characteristics, slope of ground in the range of Alborz, position of Tehran on a major (earthquake) fault zone and other climatic conditions, as well as artificial limitations of the region that are within the field of geographic studies. Next, according to the mentioned issues and in order to study the city’s development and expansion which are mainly focused on the western and northwestern parts of Tehran, we selected two samples of study: Kan town and Sulaghan town, due to their rural roots as well as admission of aspects of urban life, and the emergence of new social fabric that is taking place in these places, and the fact that they are currently combining their activities with the city of Tehran.
Marziyyeh Ja'fari
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 33-36
Abstract
The GPS / IMU hybrid system is widely used for accurate measurement of position and aerial imagery justification or other justification methods in recent years. In particular, with the advent of digital sensors, the introduction of this technology has been accelerating. However, some users of these systems ...
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The GPS / IMU hybrid system is widely used for accurate measurement of position and aerial imagery justification or other justification methods in recent years. In particular, with the advent of digital sensors, the introduction of this technology has been accelerating. However, some users of these systems face many problems in fully utilizing this technology. Most of these problems are not due to the failure of GPS / IMU system or problems encountered during flight operations, but due to the lack of proper understanding of position measurement and direct justification of photographs in photogrammetric operations. Particularly the use of the title Calibration may create ambiguity with regard to air sensors equipped with GPS / IMU systems. In this paper, various concepts of "Calibration" for the Camera / GPS / IMU system are discussed.
Esmaeil Shahkouei
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 33-38
Abstract
Golestan province has a favorable climate due to its geographical location, weather conditions, land lay, relatively vast vegetation and quantities of available water.The average precipitation of the province is approximately 3 times the average precipitation of the country. The total volume of surface ...
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Golestan province has a favorable climate due to its geographical location, weather conditions, land lay, relatively vast vegetation and quantities of available water.The average precipitation of the province is approximately 3 times the average precipitation of the country. The total volume of surface and groundwater in the province is 2.4 billion cubic meters, of which 52% is surface water and 48% is groundwater.Currently, half of the total water resources of the province are exploited, and most of it is out of access. Water resources of the province can be divided into two main types of surface and underground.
Mohsen Hassanzade Shahraji; Ali Mohammadzadeh; Kurosh Khoshelham
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 34-39
Abstract
In recent years, a new sensor called Lidar Continuous Wave has been introduced into the commercial laser scanners family. The main advantage of this new type of sensors is the complete recording of the return pulse after the collision with various ground features along the path of the laser pulse to ...
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In recent years, a new sensor called Lidar Continuous Wave has been introduced into the commercial laser scanners family. The main advantage of this new type of sensors is the complete recording of the return pulse after the collision with various ground features along the path of the laser pulse to the surface of the ground. With full wave recording, the output of the cloud of points has a higher density and more reliability, along with new parameters, including pulse widths and pulse amplitudes for each point. These new parameters help us analyze and investigate outcomes of the three-dimensional cloud of points of these types of sensors ever more correct and comprehensive . Lidar's output can be applied in various fields, including updating 3D databases, extracting ground features, providing a 3D model of buildings, providing forest models, urban management and planning, traffic management, air pollution control, tourism industry, crisis management, and many other applications. In this article, we first discuss some points about the Lidar Continuous Wave sensor, the signal processing carried out on it so far, and how to extract the three-dimensional points from it. Examining different types of these sensors and a brief history of their evolutionary process forms the next section. In the end, various applications of this data in forest, urban and hydrographic fields are discussed.
Seyyed Saeed Hashemi; Mohammad Reza Rezvani; Siavush Imeni Gheshlagh
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 34-43
Abstract
The general objective of development is the all-around growth of human societies, so in the process of planning for development, especially sustainable development, attention to hazards (natural, human, environmental, social, economic, etc.) is absolutely necessary. The high vulnerability of rural areas ...
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The general objective of development is the all-around growth of human societies, so in the process of planning for development, especially sustainable development, attention to hazards (natural, human, environmental, social, economic, etc.) is absolutely necessary. The high vulnerability of rural areas to natural disasters on the one hand, the low level of rural people's awareness, the high level of risk and uncertainty in rural activities on the other, are among other factors that make attention to risk management in rural development planning necessary, because inattention to risks and lack of their proper management leads to the failure of rural development programs. This study was conducted due to the importance of this issue (risk management) in rural environments and the necessity to pay attention to it in rural planning, and the results of the research indicate that "risk management" is a new topic in Iran (even at academic level). That is the reason why there is no other major source among Farsi texts (in the form of a book, research, or dissertation) specifically written on this subject except for a few translations of foreign papers. Furthermore, despite the importance of the issue of risk management in rural communities, it has not been paid due attention to in rural development planning, and we can even say that it has not been paid attention to at all, while in many countries risk management is considered a major part of planning.
Alireza Azmoodeh Ardalan; Mohammad Edrisian
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 34-41
Abstract
Considering the importance of position determination the and ease of using satellite methods in determining position, today global positioning systems such as GPS have become widely used in everyday life and military applications. The point that is generally forgotten when using these satellite systems ...
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Considering the importance of position determination the and ease of using satellite methods in determining position, today global positioning systems such as GPS have become widely used in everyday life and military applications. The point that is generally forgotten when using these satellite systems is the military basis of such systems. In addition, the strategic quality of position requires that the makers of such systems reserve the selective and exclusive access to the system in times of emergency and war. Due to the huge cost of establishing and maintaining such systems, this policy is not to be blamed, but it is necessary for national applications and purposes to determine an alternative or complementary positioning system in order to ensure that it can be relied upon in an emergency to continue positioning service. In this paper, a complete overview of land and satellite position determination methods including GPS, Transit, Glonass, Doris, Lauren A, Loren C and Omega types have been carried out and finally, according to the country's facilities and various analyses, Lauren C's positioning method or a similar system has been proposed as a national positioning system, with complementary role in peacetime and as substitute in emergency situations. The Lauren C positioning system is currently the GPS’ reserve system.
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 34-36
Abstract
The era of paper maps is gradually coming to an end, and these maps are replaced by integrated databases that enable cartographs to store and update data.The result of this transformation will be the availability of less expensive and more up-to-date maps, both in paper and in digital form.Since the ...
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The era of paper maps is gradually coming to an end, and these maps are replaced by integrated databases that enable cartographs to store and update data.The result of this transformation will be the availability of less expensive and more up-to-date maps, both in paper and in digital form.Since the beginning of the new era, art, like science, has received considerable attention in production of maps.Obviously, maps record the discovered features of the surface of the earth accurately and comprehensively. However, preservation of the beauty of the map as well as recording of cultural heritage are not forgotten, because the thoughts of each community are involved in most methods of mapping.This fact still holds; but just as any society is undergoing change, cartography is also experiencing transformation. We are in the middle of a revolution in map production methods.
Roghiyyeh Golvari (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 34-36
Abstract
Using current GPS receivers, is not possible to navigate (explore) inside a building. Seoul National University (SNU) has developed a closed-space navigation system based on pseudo-satellites in which the results of the RMS errors are limited to 1-2 mm in determining the static position and to 5-15 mm ...
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Using current GPS receivers, is not possible to navigate (explore) inside a building. Seoul National University (SNU) has developed a closed-space navigation system based on pseudo-satellites in which the results of the RMS errors are limited to 1-2 mm in determining the static position and to 5-15 mm in the dynamic position determination.
Hamid Reza Varesi
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 34-37
Abstract
The region of Dena is located in the north of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province and partly in south of Isfahan province. Its delightful nature and pleasant weather, diverse flowers and overturned tulips, clear springs and colorful vegetation, the water sound and beautiful and magical nature fascinate ...
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The region of Dena is located in the north of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province and partly in south of Isfahan province. Its delightful nature and pleasant weather, diverse flowers and overturned tulips, clear springs and colorful vegetation, the water sound and beautiful and magical nature fascinate the imagination, and attract every beauty-seeking soul to this area. There are charming sceneries at the waterfall of Yasuj and apple and grape gardens of Sisakht, each of which is an ode to the beautiful court of creation; this area is one of the regions that can be attractive to tourists who want to visit nature (ecotourism).
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 34-37
Abstract
The surveying profession has been influenced by a rapid evolutionary path in terms of technology and innovation in recent years. Today, most surveyors generally use digital level, laser planes with mapping cameras known as total stations and GPS. Nevertheless, ISO (International Standard Organization) ...
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The surveying profession has been influenced by a rapid evolutionary path in terms of technology and innovation in recent years. Today, most surveyors generally use digital level, laser planes with mapping cameras known as total stations and GPS. Nevertheless, ISO (International Standard Organization) has so far been able to provide certain and specific standards for such new devices. ISO is still busy updating and implementing its early standards for older devices, such as EDM, theodolites, and levels. This paper presents the general and specific needs of surveyors for standards. Therefore, we describe two compound and simple field test procedures for determining the accuracy of leveling devices. The purpose of the compound procedure is to determine leveling precisely, and the simple procedure is considered for leveling in construction sites.
Saeed Sadeghian
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 34-40
Abstract
The point of connection between aerial photos and data of satellite digital sensors is the high-resolution satellite photography using KFA-1000 cameras. In this paper, characteristics of KFA-1000 camera and satellite images, their systematic errors and the way of removing them, their methods of internal ...
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The point of connection between aerial photos and data of satellite digital sensors is the high-resolution satellite photography using KFA-1000 cameras. In this paper, characteristics of KFA-1000 camera and satellite images, their systematic errors and the way of removing them, their methods of internal justification, geometric correction, assessment of geometric precision and applications are examined.
Piruz Mojtahedzadeh
Volume 6, Issue 22 , August 1997, , Pages 34-37
Abstract
The land of Oman was called “Mazun” before Islam. Its entrance from Iran, namely the conical peninsula including the United Emirates and northern Oman was called “Mazundum”. This name is still used as “Masandam” for referring to the small peninsula at the northern ...
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The land of Oman was called “Mazun” before Islam. Its entrance from Iran, namely the conical peninsula including the United Emirates and northern Oman was called “Mazundum”. This name is still used as “Masandam” for referring to the small peninsula at the northern end of the United Emirates and northern Oman. This is the reason why the author uses the term “Mazundum” or “Masandam” to refer to whole the peninsula containing the United Emirates and northern Oman.
The term “Mazundum” or “Masandam” is an Iranian compound word, and the suffix “dam” in this compound is the same which has been used since ancient times by Persians to refer to a certain time or place. The name “Oman” existed in Sassanians’ time as “Umana”, and the port of Sohar in Oman was called “Masun”.
Karim Hoseinzadeh Dalir
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 34-37
Abstract
After the Industrial Revolution, urban and other residential areas’ planning became significantly important. With rapid growth of population and expansion of cities, more and more activities were undertaken to prepare and develop suitable models for distribution of urban population. Urban planners ...
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After the Industrial Revolution, urban and other residential areas’ planning became significantly important. With rapid growth of population and expansion of cities, more and more activities were undertaken to prepare and develop suitable models for distribution of urban population. Urban planners have defined urban planning activities in different ways, and in general two major methods have been recognized in urban planning and design:
1) The method that mainly focuses on the body of the city and is called physical urbanization. 2) A method that thoroughly examines the development of the city to make certain that urbanization is not limited to a physical plan.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 34-37
Abstract
Geographic map is the most important means of working, and in a sense, the handy tool of geographer, and as it is clear to all, for more than half a century most (if not all) geographic maps related to Iran have been prepared by the Geographic Bureau of the Army, which later gained legal status as National ...
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Geographic map is the most important means of working, and in a sense, the handy tool of geographer, and as it is clear to all, for more than half a century most (if not all) geographic maps related to Iran have been prepared by the Geographic Bureau of the Army, which later gained legal status as National Geographic Organization (1968), and which is today called Geographic Organization of Armed Forces. Hence, this organization should be considered as the most important factor in the progress of geographic studies and research, especially in the regions around the country. The great geographic service of this organization in the field of surveying and cartography has wide and varied dimensions.
Seyyed Ramin Ghafari
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 35-42
Abstract
The present article seeks to clarify the relation between economic function of women in villages and sustainable development of rural areas. Documentary research methods, questionnaires and monitoring were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a model derived from PSR model are the usual pattern ...
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The present article seeks to clarify the relation between economic function of women in villages and sustainable development of rural areas. Documentary research methods, questionnaires and monitoring were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a model derived from PSR model are the usual pattern in data classification and analysis. Statistical society consists of 8619 women in active ages in 564 villages of more than 15 household in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari. The volume of selected points and households are classified using probable sampling. Results indicate that economic function of rural women is under the influence of local-spatial structures and has a significant relation with factors like general skills and access or control of producing factors. Upgrading education level, holding different educational-promotional courses, providing necessary requirements to increase rural women access and control over producing resources and factors with solutions like cheap bank facilities, etc. are among solutions which is expected to increase economic functionality of rural women in the process of sustainable development.
Key words: sustainable development, economic function, rural women, rural points
Mahdi Gharkhlou; Mohammad Hossein Janbabanejad Touri
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 35-41
Abstract
Today environmental sustainability and improvement of urban environment are among the main concerns of urban experts and designers, which have become more pronounced in metropolitan areas due to complexity of spaces and functions. To solve this problem, various solutions have been suggested by experts ...
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Today environmental sustainability and improvement of urban environment are among the main concerns of urban experts and designers, which have become more pronounced in metropolitan areas due to complexity of spaces and functions. To solve this problem, various solutions have been suggested by experts whose implementation is not practical due to high costs. Hence, a more convenient way of resolving this problem is to create urban green space. The green space of city, which has both social and environmental efficiency, determines shape of city as a vital factor along with city's body, and it is important to develop it as a solution to the environmental problems. The construction of green space and tree planting across the city have their own standards and regulations that should be considered in their design. In this research, which is of applied type and uses descriptive-analytical method, the degree of acceptability of green space utilization in the city, per capita standards of green space in Iran and the world, existing and applicable standards in the field of tree planting, appropriate standards concerning their density and deploy, as well as rules and regulations related to their design in the urban area are studied.
Mojtaba Ghadiri Ma'soum; Mohammad Mahdi Zia' Nushin; Mas'oud Mahdavi
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 35-39
Abstract
Achieving sustainable rural development is the most important goal of rural planners. On the other hand, water has been the most important factor in rural development in Iran from distant past. Water is known as the most important and limiting input of agricultural production in Iran. Due to the fact ...
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Achieving sustainable rural development is the most important goal of rural planners. On the other hand, water has been the most important factor in rural development in Iran from distant past. Water is known as the most important and limiting input of agricultural production in Iran. Due to the fact that water is considered as an important and very limited input in agriculture of the region, and due to climate constraints (consecutive droughts) and lack of water management, sustainable use of water has become a necessary requirement. Issues such as severe water and soil erosion, surface and underground water decline, excessive consumption of water in the agricultural sector and lack of appropriate infrastructure threaten the sustainable development of agriculture in the study area. Meanwhile, the region and villagers’ economy are extremely dependent on water resources of the region. In this article, by studying the subject literature, we have studied the indicators of water resources sustainability and based on these indicators, we have prepared and completed a questionnaire and information analysis; then we have studied and evaluated the sustainable status of water resources of Kuhin rural district. Therefore, in order to preserve the future of agriculture in the region, its status is evaluated and the constraints and factors of water resources instability are identified and regulations and proper management in order to eliminate these barriers are addressed. Finally, some suggestions are presented.
Mehran Maghsudi; Sepideh Zandieh
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 35-38
Abstract
Today, almost all reports, scholarly research and applied projects that somehow deal with the dispersion of geographic phenomena use thematic maps. In the European countries production of thematic maps go back to the 17th century, but in our country, the preparation of these maps began with the compilation ...
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Today, almost all reports, scholarly research and applied projects that somehow deal with the dispersion of geographic phenomena use thematic maps. In the European countries production of thematic maps go back to the 17th century, but in our country, the preparation of these maps began with the compilation of atlases by some organizations in the 1960s. A special type of thematic maps which has been widely used, is the choropleth map. Choropleth maps are used to display the distribution of quantitative phenomena over a political or administrative area such as province, city, district and rural districts. Choropleth maps are usually represented by graduated color or hachures. An important point in the development of choropleth maps is to find the appropriate classification system for the data utilized. In fact, there are various classification systems in this regard that may be confused by users if a proper classification system is not selected for information display. In this research, we tried to study the classification methods in choropleth maps and specify the characteristics of each of them.
Mathias Lemman
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 35-38
Abstract
The potential benefits of satellite imaging to urban applications have been recognized since about thirty years ago at this field’s early stage. However, the combination and integration of this extraordinary technology in processing of information and in everyday management and urban and local ...
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The potential benefits of satellite imaging to urban applications have been recognized since about thirty years ago at this field’s early stage. However, the combination and integration of this extraordinary technology in processing of information and in everyday management and urban and local affairs is still far away. Why is it that most of the officials involved in the management and administration of the city use the high resolution images of modern satellites only at incidents, while they are in urgent need of certain and decisive information? This is the question that forms the basis of the author’s discussion. The author argues that in order to realize the application of satellite imagery in urban management, achieving value added industry is required to bridge the gap between researcher and end-user.
The trend of history has shown that the sharp increase in urban migration to urban areas has led to the fact that half of the world's six billion people are now living in cities. As the population continues to accelerate into urban areas, a certain percentage of current land in cities will expand to agriculture and natural ecosystems.The problems associated with this development, such as uncontrolled migration and population growth, traffic congestion pollution and problems caused by extreme rainfall have so far been enormous and everyday new issues add up to previous ones due to impacts of urban activities on surrounding eco-system. In this regard, there is a chance and opportunity for finding solutions provided that sufficient, accurate and up-to-date details on land information are obtained and applied in a proper and coordinated manner by well-trained and knowledgeable experts.
Fereshteh Tavakkoli
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 35-38
Abstract
Geomorphologic studies of areas are among the important issues that need to be addressed in construction studies. The necessity of conducting these studies and other relevant research is more acutely felt for areas that have still remained free from the settlement and passage of great human populations. ...
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Geomorphologic studies of areas are among the important issues that need to be addressed in construction studies. The necessity of conducting these studies and other relevant research is more acutely felt for areas that have still remained free from the settlement and passage of great human populations. Obviously, with the establishment of residential, commercial and especially industrial and agricultural centers, natural instabilities that were not taken into consideration in the past gain special importance. According to natural principles, it is necessary to first study the geological structure and in particular the geomorphological evolution of the region.In this paper, a study was conducted on the blue lake located in Lorestan province and attempts have been made to identify the stages of its formation and, based on this knowledge, to implement constructional, agricultural, commercial and industrial plans. As discussed in the article, Gohar Lake, located in Lorestan province, will be under the feet of millions of travelers, tourists and explorers.
Abbas Khosravi; Zohreh Ahmadi Taheri
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 35-42
Abstract
Traffic is the result of utilization of roads and transportation vehicles by human being for economic and social aims. Undoubtedly, modern vehicles, like other manifestations of civilization, cannot be dismissed by humans due to their advantages. However, societies can reduce traffic problems to a minimum ...
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Traffic is the result of utilization of roads and transportation vehicles by human being for economic and social aims. Undoubtedly, modern vehicles, like other manifestations of civilization, cannot be dismissed by humans due to their advantages. However, societies can reduce traffic problems to a minimum by strict enforcement of devised laws and regulations, and even exploit traffic as a positive and useful factor.
Hosein Hataminejad (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 35-43
Abstract
Writing an article about convergence and divergence in urban development of Europe and North America simultaneous with overturn of material importance of political systems is a task of great importance. Forty five years of development after World Wars is over; Germany’s division is abolished, and ...
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Writing an article about convergence and divergence in urban development of Europe and North America simultaneous with overturn of material importance of political systems is a task of great importance. Forty five years of development after World Wars is over; Germany’s division is abolished, and it seems that establishment of “European Common House” is facilitated. Cynical fears about the growth of European unity which was prevalent during 1980’s was developed through Spengler’s views concerning decline of the West, and has now become forgotten. On the eve of the beginning of the third millennium, all the world’s affairs takes place in Europe. Creation of “united European nations” is not merely an illusion any more. These facts are important for the future of urban developments in a number of ways: Gigantic projects such as tunnel construction are being carried out; new long tunnels under the Alps seem possible. The network system will grow through roads with eastern and southern branches. Vast investment in financial network of railways will lead to efficiency of the EC.Wide network. Dense urban areas which so far have been receiving large shares of the fourth (economic) part in research and development establishments will gain the most benefit from growth of equipment. The upper levels of national urban systems will be placed to a great degree under the title of international power of the European common market. There will be competitions among these sections according to new local benefits. In this way, a type of “European Elite” status will emerge among the large metropolitan areas. Regional policies in European communities will not only change the economic map of Europe, but create a new classification of “regional centers” which will be recognized only by the capitals of lands annexed to the Federal Republic of Germany. There is no way to determine at this moment whether expansion of institutions for social leveling and advanced spatial distributions in prosperous countries will remain undisturbed, or to what level the social expansion will be separated from economic policies, or to what extent will the expansions impose policies beyond national level. Housing policy after World Wars is a good example of the latter case. This question is connected with convergence and divergence in urban development.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 35-38
Abstract
Examination of significant changes in environment due to human activities is the first step toward finding a solution for the problem of pollution in industrial societies. This problem is on the increase in St Petersburg area; an environmental information system is being developed that will facilitate ...
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Examination of significant changes in environment due to human activities is the first step toward finding a solution for the problem of pollution in industrial societies. This problem is on the increase in St Petersburg area; an environmental information system is being developed that will facilitate methods of identification and provide a valuable basis for regional decision-making and management.
St Petersburg, the second largest city of Russia, is now threatened by a great environmental danger by metal mining activities, thermal power stations and factories surrounding the city. The local government is trying to change the current situation. However, the limited financial resources of government and other problems have prevented investment in environmental research projects to be the foremost priority. Even when compensation for the government’s budget deficiencies and coordination of ecological priorities seem to be more reasonable courses of action, the instability of Russian economy will prevent such investments. Nevertheless, investments of smaller scales have been realized by the help of local officials and international organizations.
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 35-38
Abstract
Our Solar System
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, one of the millions of galaxies in the universe, is so vast and colossal that a missile thrown at a speed of 160,000 kilometers along its diameter will require 670 million years to reach from one side of it to the other, while in comparison it takes the same ...
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Our Solar System
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, one of the millions of galaxies in the universe, is so vast and colossal that a missile thrown at a speed of 160,000 kilometers along its diameter will require 670 million years to reach from one side of it to the other, while in comparison it takes the same missile moving at the same speed only 4 years and 2 months to pass from our solar system and cover the distance between the sun and the furthest planet associated with it, Pluto.
For centuries, man thought that the Earth was the center of creation, while the truth is much more marvelous. We live on a very small planet circling around a medium-sized star (the sun) and the star itself, along with thousands of millions of other stars in one of the millions of galaxies in the universe, is circulating in the infinite universe.
Asghar Norouzi Avargani
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 36-43
Abstract
Rural development is essential not only because of the large number of inhabitants living in villages, but also in order to achieve comprehensive development of the country. On the other hand, the complexity of the issue of rural development requires a comprehensive effort by the government, brokerage ...
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Rural development is essential not only because of the large number of inhabitants living in villages, but also in order to achieve comprehensive development of the country. On the other hand, the complexity of the issue of rural development requires a comprehensive effort by the government, brokerage firms and organizations and the people. What is certain is that different villages differ in terms of facilities, environmental infrastructure, social, economic and cultural conditions. Therefore, it is not possible to recommend a single and effective rural development model or strategy, and any society should adopt different rural development approaches and strategies according to conditions and priorities.The general objective of this paper is to examine the main approaches and strategies of rural development, especially in the developing world, including strategies that have social or economic orientation, as well as spatial strategies. The research method in this paper is documentary and we have utilized secondary studies and electronic sources. In this study, a brief description of rural development is presented and then the approaches and strategies of rural development are described from different points of view.From the studies and examinations carried out in this regard, it can be concluded that an approach can be successful in responding to needs and pushing the village towards a sustainable rural development provided that it emphasizes the sustainability of development and, at the same time, its criteria are permanent, all-round, and beyond the attention to the present and the needs of today.
Darab Fattahpour Mariki
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 36-38
Abstract
The nomadic society of the country, affected by the upcoming conditions, has in its historical course experienced processes of settlement, one of its prominent characteristics depending on the effective mechanism of stability or lack of stability. The purposeful study of these trends can familiarize ...
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The nomadic society of the country, affected by the upcoming conditions, has in its historical course experienced processes of settlement, one of its prominent characteristics depending on the effective mechanism of stability or lack of stability. The purposeful study of these trends can familiarize experts with the systematic structure of the nomadic community which, with its dynamic and flexible ability, has been able to pass various stages of transformation, and help them guide the system for the sustainable development of the nomadic tribal community, providing an illustrating guide to understand the future of plans related to nomadic society, as ignorance of this fact will lead to expenditure of financial sources on irrelevant causes and waste of expert forces’ efforts. Accordingly, those nomadic settlements that are spontaneously adapted to the summer, winter, and middle residences formed the most accepted form of settlement in order to reach a reasonable dispersion of the population in the land to make optimal use of resources in the varied expanses of the area and embody the full adaptation of sustainable settlement. In this way, identifying the spontaneous nomadic settlement areas can act as a reliable point of reference for integrating and uniting the settlement plans of the relevant organizations with the inner will of the nomads and an appropriate setting for a sustainable and dynamic settlement; if these plans are organized according to the time requirements will lead to purposeful and active ‘’sedimentation’’ of the nomadic. Based on this, recognizing these regions as a stage in the dynamism and systemic evolution of the nomadic community leads us to a correct understanding of the "dynamic system" that has passed many historical developments with proper performances, and makes the efficient management of current developments of this system possible.
Parviz Abdi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 36-41
Abstract
Since Quaternary organizations form the basis of human society's life, the Quaternary study is the study of the enormous and potential natural reserves of each country, which should be the study-basis of sustainable development. High-resolution satellite digital images with different wavelengths, along ...
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Since Quaternary organizations form the basis of human society's life, the Quaternary study is the study of the enormous and potential natural reserves of each country, which should be the study-basis of sustainable development. High-resolution satellite digital images with different wavelengths, along with utilization of GIS systems and special data processing software, have provided commentators with the possibility to study various issues related to natural resources with very high accuracy and speed. Accordingly, in this paper, using ETM Landsat satellite images, a method for the preparation of Quaternary alluvial maps has been proposed. In order to carry out this research, after collecting required data and ETM Landsat satellite images, these data were processed and a Quaternary map was prepared in the GIS program environment. By summing up the results, we can say that from a combination of 6 bands (bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7) out of the seven information bands of ETM in the range of visible to thermal near-infrared wavelengths, different color composites for the purpose of separation of lithological units were fabricated, the best of which being a combination of three bands of 5, 3 and 1. In this image, various lithological units are well separated, and by carrying out the necessary examinations, its accuracy was estimated to be about 90%, which indicates a very satisfactory coefficient of reliability. Using the results of these studies, we can identify and exploit the potentials of this system according to their visual characteristics.
Hamid Reza Varesi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 36-40
Abstract
Kuhrang is located in northwest of Chehear Mahal and Bakhtiari Province at a mountainous place. This region is of significant desirability due to mild mountainous weather in hot seasons of the year.In this paper, it has been tried to introduce natural potentials and tourist attractions of Kuhrang and ...
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Kuhrang is located in northwest of Chehear Mahal and Bakhtiari Province at a mountainous place. This region is of significant desirability due to mild mountainous weather in hot seasons of the year.In this paper, it has been tried to introduce natural potentials and tourist attractions of Kuhrang and to present suggestions for attracting tourists.
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 36-37
Abstract
The layers that are formed due to recurrent erosion, the active and eliminated stalagmites, and the various clefts of the ceiling altogether show the long time and complex process of formation of Parau cave. The following may represent only a summary of the cause of existence and the qualities of the ...
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The layers that are formed due to recurrent erosion, the active and eliminated stalagmites, and the various clefts of the ceiling altogether show the long time and complex process of formation of Parau cave. The following may represent only a summary of the cause of existence and the qualities of the Parau cave, but all details are expressed.
Dorreh Mirhaidar
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 36-43
Abstract
On March 2, 1992, the number of UN member states rose from 166 to 175. Among the 9 new members, the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan were in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Caucasus. Only Georgia has not yet applied for membership in the UN.
However, ...
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On March 2, 1992, the number of UN member states rose from 166 to 175. Among the 9 new members, the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan were in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Caucasus. Only Georgia has not yet applied for membership in the UN.
However, these newly independent states, regardless of problematic economic conditions not discussed in this paper, are faced with many conflicts in terms of borderline, ethnic and territorial issues, as well as contradiction between Russian and non-Russian and between native and non-native elements of population. All these differences are historically rooted, and are the product of the strategies and policies applied by the Tsarist government of Russia and its successor, the Soviet communist state. However, the Soviet government has used the same methods with more violence and under the pretext of ideology.
Naser Mohammadi
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 36-40
Abstract
GIS or geographic information systems have been widely developed in educational, government and commercial sections. The term GIS is often used to describe a number of systems and operations. This term can be complicated for beginners and newcomers because it seems to encompass different definitions ...
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GIS or geographic information systems have been widely developed in educational, government and commercial sections. The term GIS is often used to describe a number of systems and operations. This term can be complicated for beginners and newcomers because it seems to encompass different definitions and cover different study areas and subjects.
This paper, with an introduction to the growing trend of geographic information systems, addresses the nature of the GIS and the history of its developments.
Hasan Shamsi
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 36-39
Abstract
We have seen the definition of electromagnetic waves in previous papers. Parts of the spectrum of these waves used in new surveying and geodetic equipment include: 1) Infrared radiation 2) Visible light 3) Microwave All of these three are used in new tools to measure lengths and distances.
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We have seen the definition of electromagnetic waves in previous papers. Parts of the spectrum of these waves used in new surveying and geodetic equipment include: 1) Infrared radiation 2) Visible light 3) Microwave All of these three are used in new tools to measure lengths and distances.
Fariba Karami
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 37-40
Abstract
Rockfall is one of the important types of massive movements of mountain side materials. This natural phenomenon is considered a natural disaster if it affects residential settlements including urban and rural, communication networks and other human infrastructure, causing enormous casualties and financial ...
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Rockfall is one of the important types of massive movements of mountain side materials. This natural phenomenon is considered a natural disaster if it affects residential settlements including urban and rural, communication networks and other human infrastructure, causing enormous casualties and financial losses. In addition to mountainous towns and villages that are exposed to this phenomenon, in recent years, beautiful natural landscapes and pleasant weather of mountainous regions have attracted great numbers of people. As a result, summer and snow cities gradually assume a generalized form. Apparently, there is no danger to these areas, while the evolution and formation of these areas is related to massive movements of the materials arising from the pre-glacial morphogenesis system, which occurs alternately after relatively long periods of time, and seriously threatens buildings, roads and other facilities as natural hazards.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 37-47
Abstract
According to the studies conducted and publish through the journal’s last volume under the title “Graphic Information in Urban Studies”, we now describe the role of environmental factors and natural environment that Tehran has located on as a space for scanning the city, and eventually ...
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According to the studies conducted and publish through the journal’s last volume under the title “Graphic Information in Urban Studies”, we now describe the role of environmental factors and natural environment that Tehran has located on as a space for scanning the city, and eventually continue with presenting a general view of its continuous development in order to achieve appropriate solutions.
Amir Gandomkar; Turan Ra'eesi
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 38-40
Leila Shafi'ei Ardestani; Majid Mofidi Shemirani
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 38-46
Abstract
Consideration of climatic and regional criteria, prevention of destruction of main ecosystems, maintaining the health of urban areas and preserving natural resources and energy are very important factors in designing sustainable residential complexes, because the primary nucleus of the formation of cities ...
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Consideration of climatic and regional criteria, prevention of destruction of main ecosystems, maintaining the health of urban areas and preserving natural resources and energy are very important factors in designing sustainable residential complexes, because the primary nucleus of the formation of cities are residential units, which create residential complexes on their own premises. In this article, after recognizing and studying the role of geographic factors in creating natural cooling in warm regions of the country, the principles governing the design of residential complexes are formulated with the aim of achieving the process of designing sustainable residential complexes in three large, medium and small scales with the emphasis on natural cooling solutions. In this regard, among various ways of providing physical comfort, application of static and supra-static systems, with the maximum utilization of natural energies, has a very effective role in reducing the short-term and long-term costs associated with the provision of facilities and equipment for building.
Rasul Ghorbani
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 38-43
Abstract
Land re-zoning or integrated development can be a tool for the development of new lands or the organization of existing urban areas. All landowners will share their lands for street and other public spaces, implement the necessary infrastructures wholly or separately, adapt the existing boundaries to ...
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Land re-zoning or integrated development can be a tool for the development of new lands or the organization of existing urban areas. All landowners will share their lands for street and other public spaces, implement the necessary infrastructures wholly or separately, adapt the existing boundaries to the new design, and new construction sites are located according to regional conditions or the value of land-related data. This article describes its methods and applications in different countries, and discusses the possibilities, advantages and problems of the above mentioned method for future methodological development.
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 38-47
Abstract
In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through ...
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In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through space travels, seek to discover the secrets of the universe and conquer the space, and, it is to say that on the way to this end, the thoughtful man has acted bravely and avoided no effort.
Rahim Sarvar; Mohammad Reza Abdoli
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 39-44
Abstract
Today, airports are not complexes like passenger terminals and large railroad stations, with cars and passengers on the one side, and on the other side the planes, but airports have gained a multi-purpose existence. Nowadays, by increasing the capacity and efficiency of the airports on the one hand, ...
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Today, airports are not complexes like passenger terminals and large railroad stations, with cars and passengers on the one side, and on the other side the planes, but airports have gained a multi-purpose existence. Nowadays, by increasing the capacity and efficiency of the airports on the one hand, and paying attention to issues such as sustainable development and environmental protection on the other, consideration of geographical factors in the location of airports is deemed very important, as in developed countries It receives a great deal of attention. Among the geographic factors affecting the location of the airport, the climatic and topographic components play a greater role, as they have a great influence on the efficiency and activity of the airport. The main objective of this paper is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the locating process of the country’s airports based on climatic and topographic factors. To achieve this goal, secondary and field methods have been used. Based on the findings of this research, insufficient attention to climate and topographic factors in the location of airports in the country has led to a decrease in the safety and health of the flights and, in some cases, severe and fatal accidents. This Situation can be improved by correction of existing deficiencies and the application of geographic factors in future plans.
Hossein Hataminejad; Ebrahim Jahangir
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 39-46
Abstract
Globalization is a term now found in many scientific texts, and practically all scholars have had certain contemplations about it. Undoubtedly, if there are thoughts about achievement of globalization, both desirable and unwanted results of it must be taken into account, and it is certain that a process ...
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Globalization is a term now found in many scientific texts, and practically all scholars have had certain contemplations about it. Undoubtedly, if there are thoughts about achievement of globalization, both desirable and unwanted results of it must be taken into account, and it is certain that a process of this power involves influence and change. The process of globalization on the one hand, and its impacts on cities on the other, indicate the need to pay attention to the interactions of these two, which is vital for cities as the main and most important human settlements. This discourse, along with presenting a brief history of globalization, highlights impacts of this process on cities, and examines the nature of these effects in developed and underdeveloped or developing countries in economic, socio-cultural, environmental and physical terms.
Parviz Abdi
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 39-47
Abstract
Climate is one of the fundamental pillars of human life whose protection becomes more and more important with advancement and development in the world. The effects of climate change on the hydrological cycle as changes in water resource in the soil area, aquifers and lakes, as well as change in the amount ...
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Climate is one of the fundamental pillars of human life whose protection becomes more and more important with advancement and development in the world. The effects of climate change on the hydrological cycle as changes in water resource in the soil area, aquifers and lakes, as well as change in the amount and time distribution of river runoff. These changes may occur positively or negatively, but it is certain that the amount of accessible water will change in the future. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative recognition and evaluation of the sensitivity of water resources to these climate changes is of great importance and requires special attention.
Nasrallah Mowlaei Hashjin
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 39-46
Abstract
Our country, due to its special geographic position, especially the location of its north and northeastern borders which have been gates for entrance of nomadic tribes, has been affected by the phenomenon of nomadism since early times. Consequently, it is considered as one of the most important areas ...
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Our country, due to its special geographic position, especially the location of its north and northeastern borders which have been gates for entrance of nomadic tribes, has been affected by the phenomenon of nomadism since early times. Consequently, it is considered as one of the most important areas of nomadism in the world. In general, Iran has a history of nomadism of about eight thousand years, a fact confirmed by relics found in the northwest of Iran.
Therefore, Iran is a land familiar with nomadism in which nomads, despite their decreasing trend of population, have been recognized as the third population group of society along with rural and urban settlers since long ago.
Unfortunately, this small and scattered population faces problems concerning its three fundamental bases, namely human, livestock and rangelands all over the country.
In this paper, using theories, experiences and statistical information, it has been tried to examine the necessity of transforming the manner of nomadism in Iran into transhumance in order to help nomads enjoy existing infrastructures and facilities, an aim in line with the policy of homogeneous economic, social and cultural development of the country.
In this regard, first a brief overview of nomadic life characteristics and difficulties has been presented, and then transhumance and its role in different aspects of the life of nomads have been studied.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 39-41
Abstract
Stars consume all the energy existing in the nuclei. Stars with great masses reach this state earlier than those with smaller masses, because their fuel runs out rapidly. In this part, the next stages of a star’s life and the developments it experiences in future are studied.
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Stars consume all the energy existing in the nuclei. Stars with great masses reach this state earlier than those with smaller masses, because their fuel runs out rapidly. In this part, the next stages of a star’s life and the developments it experiences in future are studied.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 40-44
Abstract
The earth has a very complex and variable surface. Its terrain shapes and compositional materials reflect rocky substrates and non-solid materials that are located in the lower part of the earth and always cause changes on the surface of the earth following changes in internal factors. Any type of rocks, ...
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The earth has a very complex and variable surface. Its terrain shapes and compositional materials reflect rocky substrates and non-solid materials that are located in the lower part of the earth and always cause changes on the surface of the earth following changes in internal factors. Any type of rocks, cracks or fractures is caused by internal movements of the earth, and any erosive or sedimentary feature is a process that has led to their creation.
Mohammad Ali Rajabi
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 1993, , Pages 40-53
Abstract
This paper is a review of the analysis of the GPS-based observations conducted to exactly determine the relative coordinates of points of two crust deformation control networks on the western coast of Canada. Following the description of the networks and timing of the observations, the software used ...
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This paper is a review of the analysis of the GPS-based observations conducted to exactly determine the relative coordinates of points of two crust deformation control networks on the western coast of Canada. Following the description of the networks and timing of the observations, the software used to process the information was investigated and, following that, the typical errors of determining the relative position by the GPS were discussed. By comparing the pure open-length results and overall network adjustment, internal compatibility of GPS positioning for both networks was assessed. The result was that the compatibility of horizontal coordinates was better than that of vertical coordinates by a coefficient of about three; using standard atmospheric information for one of the networks located in the mountainous area improved the compatibility of horizontal coordinates. The results by network adjustment of the GPS were compared by those from adjustment of EDM ground observations according to open lengths, and their comparison revealed a relative comparison coefficient of 0.5 PPM with a residual difference (RMS) of 8 mm. With the precision of such a GPS control network, it is possible to determine the accumulated space over the next five years.
Gholamreza Latifi; Alireza Samani
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 41-44
Abstract
The transfer of the capital is a problem that has always been a concern of the past governments of Iran, so that after various experiences of the transfer of the capital by Shah Abbas, Nadir Shah, Karim Khan Zand and others to cities such as Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz, Aghamohammadkhan of Qajar, ...
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The transfer of the capital is a problem that has always been a concern of the past governments of Iran, so that after various experiences of the transfer of the capital by Shah Abbas, Nadir Shah, Karim Khan Zand and others to cities such as Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz, Aghamohammadkhan of Qajar, determining Tehran as the everlasting capital, sewed the dress of traffic jams on Tehran's body and started the process which led to multi-billion trades in this city so that the small village became such a metropolis. The capital or political center in Iran, like its political boundaries, has had many ups and downs during the history of the country, and, subject to the change of government, its capital, except in a few cases, has been moved from city to city. A glance at the historical past of this change reflects the various motivations that have displaced the political center of the country in accordance with the time, place and social structure of the state, by preserving the political strategy and geopolitical issues of the time. These motives were mainly first political-security, and in the second place economic-social. Tehran, which today is the capital of Iran, does not have a long urban history. This city has long been one of the small villages of Rai, and the city of Tehran has grown since the Qajar period and its capitalization. These days, some have raised the issue of transferring the capital or the center of the country to another place. Concerning this suggestion, various and different opinions have been expressed. In this paper, we tried first of all to consider the transfer of the capital, in general and by considering the circumstances we are in on the one hand, and on the other, the experience and objectives of the countries that have chosen the new capital. Then, in contrast to the proposal to transfer the capital in the present situation, which public opinion may consider as a kind of escape from responsibility, we attempted to examine the main issue or the search for a solution that would allow the gradual elimination or modification of the problems of Tehran metropolis.
Hadi Babapour; Ahmad Javaheri; Ali Mohammadpour
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 41-44
Abstract
Given the existing sanctions on the use of new technologies in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing, and given that the Geographic Organization has one of the most advanced digital cameras in the world, the importance of localization in the field of production and self-sufficiency is increasingly ...
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Given the existing sanctions on the use of new technologies in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing, and given that the Geographic Organization has one of the most advanced digital cameras in the world, the importance of localization in the field of production and self-sufficiency is increasingly felt.
The installation of digital camera on a plane was one of the problems which, thankfully, was solved by the experts of the Geographic Organization. In the next step, the status parameters (translation and rotation parameters) of the digital camera should be determined relative to the two GPS and INS systems. Therefore, the first digital images were obtained by designing control points and appropriate flight paths over a test area.
Finally, the magnitude of rotation parameter (Bore Sight), magnitude of shift (GPS Drift) and also the effect of Self-Calibration equations in final results and the determination of the magnitude of extra parameters were determined.
Hosein Asakareh
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 41-48
Abstract
Biological responses to climate have led climatologists to recognize bio-evidence as one of the most appropriate patterns of studying past climatic developments. Biostatic evidence includes plant, animal and human evidence. Plant evidence includes plant remains and annual growth rings of trees. Animal ...
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Biological responses to climate have led climatologists to recognize bio-evidence as one of the most appropriate patterns of studying past climatic developments. Biostatic evidence includes plant, animal and human evidence. Plant evidence includes plant remains and annual growth rings of trees. Animal evidence can be studied and evaluated in aqueous and terrestrial areas, as well as in dry or humid regions. The habitations of the early humans, caves, agricultural lands remaining from ancient civilizations, types of livestock and livelihood of primitive human beings in every place indicate the climatic conditions of that place in each period.
Tracing and recreating climatic conditions of distant past based on evidence in the African Continent (Sahara), Europe, the United States and Asia have shown acceptable results with regard past climate changes. The findings from the study of past biological conditions have been confirmed by other methods. Therefore, biological methods of studying past developments are among the most useful methods for examining climate change. It should be noted that the methods of studying distant-past climates utilize the results of research in other scientific fields as well, and, along with other methods of study, provide with a more satisfactory image of the past climatic conditions.
Masoud Taghvaii; Hamid Reza Hakimi
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 42-49
Abstract
Urban crises after the unexpected incidents, especially earthquakes, are among the ongoing problems of urban societies and are becoming more and more important with the concentration of population in urban areas and the accumulation of activity and residence in them. Today, "pre-crisis planning" is one ...
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Urban crises after the unexpected incidents, especially earthquakes, are among the ongoing problems of urban societies and are becoming more and more important with the concentration of population in urban areas and the accumulation of activity and residence in them. Today, "pre-crisis planning" is one of the three areas of activity that is considered in agenda 21 on the development of human settlement planning and management in disaster-prone areas. (Travati, Hamid and Seyyed Amir Ayat, 1998, p. 81). Therefore, it is important that the crisis management planning recognize its position in the development of cities of our country more seriously, especially metropolises, and in this case the role of the green and open spaces in the planning of crisis management are undeniable. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to rely on the secondary and documentary data, field observations and surveys, and the use of quantitative analysis to evaluate the green spaces of the city of Borujen and assess the city's ability to face crises (especially earthquakes). The results of the studies clearly indicate a relatively favorable situation for green and open spaces in this city. But in order to achieve the desired status, measures should be taken to develop and normally re-distribute green spaces and equip them with suitable facilities in this city. Increasing the extent of green spaces is only justified by the role of the city as the supportive center of the province in the planning of crisis management.
