Ali Abdi
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
Decrease in production capacity of soils is one of the problems in the country. This decrease is affected by factors such as soil erosion, especially surface erosion. Exit of more than 2 billion tons of sediment per year from the watersheds of the country shows the depth of the disaster. Among other ...
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Decrease in production capacity of soils is one of the problems in the country. This decrease is affected by factors such as soil erosion, especially surface erosion. Exit of more than 2 billion tons of sediment per year from the watersheds of the country shows the depth of the disaster. Among other factors that play a major role in reducing the fertility of soils is the salinity of land. This phenomenon occurs in natural resources (low lands) and agricultural lands (inappropriate drainage and improper management). Preparation of soil salinity map is one of the first steps in identifying these areas. There are several methods that can be used to achieve this goal. One of these methods is the application of satellite imagery and spectral reflections in order to provide a map of salinity in different regions of the country, because these images are completely new and up-to-date and display the latest changes on the Earth's surface. In this paper, which is the result of implementation of research project, the application of satellite imagery in preparation of Qazvin plain salinity map using satellite images of Landsat ETM in 2000 and Landsat TM in 1987 in a spectrophotometric manner was investigated. Comparison of the obtained results with experimental data of soil samples and field observations confirms the high accuracy (83.3%) of the prepared Qazvin salinity map by the spectral method.
Mohammad Javad Valadan Zowj; Asghar Milan Lak; Mahdi Gholam Ali Majd Abadi
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Dynamism of satellite images with linear arrangement has made it possible to use highly complex algorithms requiring information from the satellite's orbit to carry out geometric correction of these images with high precision. On the other hand, in new satellite imagery, sellers of these images are not ...
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Dynamism of satellite images with linear arrangement has made it possible to use highly complex algorithms requiring information from the satellite's orbit to carry out geometric correction of these images with high precision. On the other hand, in new satellite imagery, sellers of these images are not interested in sending this information. For this reason, in order to perform the geometric correction of these images, we need new mathematical models to perform the geometric correction and meet the required precision without any need for satellite information. One of these models is the Rational Function Model, which is used for this purpose. The other is the modified DLT. In this paper, these models have been investigated for geometric correction of satellite images, for which purpose programs have been written in Visual C environment. To test these models, the results of these models’ implication on IRS, IKONOS and SPOT satellite images were surveyed. The results of this study showed that these models were able to perform the geometric correction of these images. Although they are less accurate than the models that use orbit parameters, the value of these models lies in their independence from satellite orbit parameters, their vast capacity of processing and also in the simplicity of these models.
Hamid Reza Varesi; Hosein Ali Kazemi
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 9-14
Abstract
New cities are newly-built settlements that lack the previous initial core, built on a pre-designed plan and structure, with thousands of years of history in the world.Indeed, it can be argued that the discussion of new cities is as old as urban history, but the idea of creating new cities in its classical ...
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New cities are newly-built settlements that lack the previous initial core, built on a pre-designed plan and structure, with thousands of years of history in the world.Indeed, it can be argued that the discussion of new cities is as old as urban history, but the idea of creating new cities in its classical and extensive form should be sought in the early twentieth century. The Theory of New Cities is inspired by various theories, and Ebenezer Howard has been recognized as its main theorist.The industrial revolution and its consequences led to the expansion of urbanization and acceleration of urbanization, especially in mother cities, which have faced serious problems through industrial developments and expansion of capitalism in large cities. In developing countries, with increasing population growth, especially urban population, numerous problems have appeared. Disproportionate distribution of population across the countries and mass concentration of population in large cities has led to problems such as housing shortage, marginal settlement, high population density, traffic congestion, air pollution, destruction of agricultural lands around large cities, etc., which call for special measures. One of the measures was to create new cities to reduce major problems and organize the space in those areas. In fact, the goals and strategies of the new cities are often based on demographic decentralization. The urbanization process in our country has also been influenced by the developments and dominance of capitalism and has been steadily increasing over the past decades. The urban area of Isfahan is not isolated from the situation of the urbanization system of the country and has high urbanization coefficients which has led to numerous consequences and problems in the region. In order to reduce these problems, absorption of population overflows of this city and settling the employees of the industrial sector in the region have been reviewed and creation of new cities has been confirmed. Shahr Jadid Baharestan (the New City of Baharestan) is considered as the main basis for this paper, which has been examined and evaluated through different frameworks.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be conducted at different levels of complexity, from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, according to complexity of the interactions between surface and sub-surface features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Ramin Kiamehr
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
One of the methods for determining the seismic pattern in space and time is to study the occurrence of strain by registering changes in the Earth's Crust constantly using geodetic monitoring networks and satellite and spatial observations. In this paper the method of analysis of movement in geodetic ...
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One of the methods for determining the seismic pattern in space and time is to study the occurrence of strain by registering changes in the Earth's Crust constantly using geodetic monitoring networks and satellite and spatial observations. In this paper the method of analysis of movement in geodetic networks by GPS method is described in detail, and, while highlighting the important points in GPS satellite observation planning, the accuracy necessary for these issues, the advantages of using this method and finally the method of strain analysis and obtaining the maximum shear and dilatation parameters in order to interpret the displacement in these networks by finite difference and finite element methods are described in detail.
Hossein Hataminejad; Samira Nowzari
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 10-14
Abstract
Given that cities are carriers of culture, derived from nature and reflecting the spectrum of our social goals, technology, values and institutions, they are considered as significant subjects of study for cultural geographers as they provide the scholar with a deep insight into human mosaics. ...
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Given that cities are carriers of culture, derived from nature and reflecting the spectrum of our social goals, technology, values and institutions, they are considered as significant subjects of study for cultural geographers as they provide the scholar with a deep insight into human mosaics. City is considered a cultural phenomenon and therefore it should be viewed from the point of view of cultural geography. Cultural geography, which is considered by some thinkers as including social and economic geography, is a worthwhile view that can help examine some of the social, economic and physical qualities and effects of the city. Cultural geography covers the study of spatial changes of cultural groups and spatial functions of society, and relies on description and analysis of differences and similarities in language, religion, economics, government and other cultural phenomena from place to place. Given that cultures are formed by human groups, cultural geography, therefore, necessarily involves humans in aggregate. In this paper, we try to investigate the internal structure of city with emphasis on some of the well-known concepts of cultural geography perspective, such as urban cultural areas, cultural broadcasting and cultural perspective of the city.
Asghar Milan Lak; Majid Hamrah; Gholam Ali Majd Abadi
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 10-17
Abstract
The collection of ground control points for photogrammetric blocks adjustment is one of the costly and time-consuming parts of photogrammetric surveying, and photogrammetrists have always sought a way to reduce the number of ground control points to the extent possible. Today, the application of GPS ...
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The collection of ground control points for photogrammetric blocks adjustment is one of the costly and time-consuming parts of photogrammetric surveying, and photogrammetrists have always sought a way to reduce the number of ground control points to the extent possible. Today, the application of GPS data in surveying activities has been widely considered: from acquisition of coordinates of ground control points to the obtainment of the coordinates of image centers and camera justification parameters at the moment of shooting, in Mobile Mapping, cadastral surveying and in combination of GPS data with INS2 data which is currently undergoing extensive research, because it reduces the number of control points. In this study, the precision of adjusted blocks with the help of GPS auxiliary data in the adjustment of the 1:25000 blocks of Iran with independent and bundle adjustment models methods has been examined, and the results of the study show that it gives satisfactory precision on the considered scale for the region of Iran.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 10-18
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art and science of acquiring information about an object, region, or phenomenon by analyzing the data obtained by a tool that is not in physical contact with the object, region, or phenomenon under investigation. As you read these words, you are using remote sensing. Your eyes act ...
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Remote sensing is the art and science of acquiring information about an object, region, or phenomenon by analyzing the data obtained by a tool that is not in physical contact with the object, region, or phenomenon under investigation. As you read these words, you are using remote sensing. Your eyes act as sensors that respond to the light reflected from this page.
Mas'ud Taghva'ei; Parvin Shafi'ei
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 10-20
Abstract
Ardestan County lies between the east longitude of 52 degrees and 22 minutes and north latitude of 33 degrees and 22 degrees. It is limited on the north to salt pan, on the south to Isfahan, on the east to the city of Na’ine and on the west to the cities of Natanz and Kashan. It is 1209 meters ...
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Ardestan County lies between the east longitude of 52 degrees and 22 minutes and north latitude of 33 degrees and 22 degrees. It is limited on the north to salt pan, on the south to Isfahan, on the east to the city of Na’ine and on the west to the cities of Natanz and Kashan. It is 1209 meters above sea level, its highest point is 3200 meters and it is approximately 17643 kilometers. Its population is 45150 people, and it consists of 3 cities called Ardestan, Zavareh and Mahabad, 2 central districts and 7 rural districts.In terms of the geographical location of the city, it has a good position among the cities of the country because it is located on the main strategic route connecting the north to the south. This is the reason why the city continues its life in spite of difficult environmental conditions. The Tehran – Kerman railroad crosses the city (between Zavareh and Ardestan), a special privilege enjoyed only by a few cities. There is a certain kind of relationship between the city and the surrounding countryside which need to be carefully reviewed.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 10-14
Abstract
Heavy snowfall is one of the characteristics of highlands, and its gradual melting in heights is considered as one of the important water resources in arid areas. Heavy snowfall before winter or in spring might cause delay in beginning of expected weather conditions in different seasons. Heavy snowfall ...
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Heavy snowfall is one of the characteristics of highlands, and its gradual melting in heights is considered as one of the important water resources in arid areas. Heavy snowfall before winter or in spring might cause delay in beginning of expected weather conditions in different seasons. Heavy snowfall brings about certain problems and issues. Its lack, on the other hand, leads to water shortage in many regions.
Abdalkarim Gharib
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 10-13
Abstract
Scandinavia’s ice cap is a large ice cap belonging to the fourth age (Scandinavia's fourth age can be distinguished by its southern front from wandering moraine and rocks carried there from Norway, Sweden and Finland. The southernmost front of the Scandinavian glacier from the southern England, ...
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Scandinavia’s ice cap is a large ice cap belonging to the fourth age (Scandinavia's fourth age can be distinguished by its southern front from wandering moraine and rocks carried there from Norway, Sweden and Finland. The southernmost front of the Scandinavian glacier from the southern England, had been passing through London surroundings and also through Manche, covering the Netherlands and North Germany, down to the valleys of the Don and the Volga, and again northward to the Ural. Everywhere in this vast area, many glacier traces and glacial rivers can be found. There were glacier sub-periods in which the glaciers went to the more southerly regions. In the sub-periods between the glaciers, the glaciers retreated to the north. This sequence have been detected by speculation in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. It is very difficult to recognize to which ice age a certain moraine deposit belongs. Older formations have been destructed by newer formations or eliminated through erosion before protecting deposits could form. In addition, the glaciers, by means of shorter periods of advance and retreat, are recognizable to the extent that some geologists such as Sergel have been able to determine the severity of the cold and also eleven short periods on Loess. This number is also confirmed by marine deposits.
Dorreh Mirhaidar
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 10-16
Abstract
In this paper, the term "government" indicates the general meaning of an independent state. A government is a political unit with a permanent population and territory, systematically and economically organized and with a regular communications network that enjoys sovereignty.
Sovereignty means independence ...
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In this paper, the term "government" indicates the general meaning of an independent state. A government is a political unit with a permanent population and territory, systematically and economically organized and with a regular communications network that enjoys sovereignty.
Sovereignty means independence and freedom from direct supervision of a foreign power. Above all, a political unit must be recognized by a number of governments in order to achieve international character and receive the title of “the state”.
Heydar Lotfi; Mandana Ghanbari
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 11-16
Abstract
Developing Kavir national park is especially crucial in all ecological, economic and political dimensions. This national park is one of the largest national parks in Iran. Sustainable development of Kavir national park requires great precision, due to its ecologic nature as a desert, presence of specific ...
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Developing Kavir national park is especially crucial in all ecological, economic and political dimensions. This national park is one of the largest national parks in Iran. Sustainable development of Kavir national park requires great precision, due to its ecologic nature as a desert, presence of specific ecosystems, rare and scarce animals. Its development must be performed based on a precise understanding of the present situation, pilot planning and continual environmental management. The present article seeks to identify environmental situation, evaluate strength and capacity of the land and its ecosystems and propose pilot plans based on the environmental capacities, relative advantages and susceptibilities and disorganizations. Regarding the necessity of producing functional output, economic and social dimensions were concisely considered in the planning process. Evaluating the capacity of Kavir national park indicates that tourism land use has a larger capacity for development. Furthermore, it should consider preservation. With valuable plant and animal resources, and other exceptional and miscellaneous features, this park is a cultural and national heritage. Implementing the results of this study requires a development plan and environment management system. An outline of this plan is provided in the conclusion and suggestion section along with other necessary solutions and arrangements. However with the assistance of authorities, applying strategies and results of the plan provide the necessary situation for compiling and settling environment management system. Though, settling such a system has not yet been accomplished and does not seem to be accessible in near future. But it seems completely accessible in Kavir national park, due to its nature as a desert and presence of biosphere reserve and ecosystem trend. This is in fact a relative opportunity and chance for Kavir national park.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 11-17
Abstract
By relying on the identification of the capacities and capabilities that are the basis of convergence in the Islamic world, and on the other hand the divergent factors that threaten the continuity of the Muslim world, and considering the need to address the future and to attempt to build it in In order ...
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By relying on the identification of the capacities and capabilities that are the basis of convergence in the Islamic world, and on the other hand the divergent factors that threaten the continuity of the Muslim world, and considering the need to address the future and to attempt to build it in In order to provide the resources of the Islamic world, this paper examines the concept of future thinking and introduces it into the field of scientific discussions and then addresses the possible futures for the Islamic world. Future research is in fact the decision-making about the future in the present. The knowledge and insight that future-research makes available to the researcher will help him in acquiring a superior position in the competitive field, and as a result of understanding the forces and factors affecting personal and organizational activities, Will make him/her more vigilant about the possible changes in the future. In fact, using the imagination of possible events and evaluating probabilities, one can equip oneself and others for the future, identify opportunities and challenges and plan against them or to acquire them.
Mohammad Hassan Nami; Reza Agha Taher
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 11-18
Abstract
Management is the art of decision making. In urban environments, which are basically complex assortments of a wide range of components and interactions, managers should display their decision-making ability on a high level. The importance of this matter will be intensified when we know that urban environments ...
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Management is the art of decision making. In urban environments, which are basically complex assortments of a wide range of components and interactions, managers should display their decision-making ability on a high level. The importance of this matter will be intensified when we know that urban environments are the most vulnerable environments, particularly to natural disasters. In addition, the results of such hazards are all-encompassing and lead to human casualties and various economic and social losses. One of the most recognized threats to urban environments is the earthquake. The frequency of earthquakes and their results, especially in areas susceptible to earthquakes, has caused urban managers feel pressed by society and policy makers to adopt effective strategies to address this issue. These strategies can be observed in the area of policy-making and strategy-determination to create a good level of coordination and subsequently integration of resources for addressing the management of earthquake crisis, as well as in the use of various research and technologies concerning recognition of different aspects of the earthquake phenomenon and its effects. In this context, urban crisis management can be defined as an integrated combination of strategies, policies, research, and technology. In this regard, international efforts to develop macro strategies and to encourage communities to follow them in order to provide an adequate level of security and prosperity of urban life indicate the universal importance of urban crisis management, and in particular earthquakes. Since Iran, and especially Tehran, are always subject to earthquakes, this paper examines the activities carried out in connection with natural hazards of earthquakes, especially in urban environments around the world and Iran.
Hasan Asakareh
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 11-15
Abstract
Wetlands are significant not only materially, but ecologically as well. Hence the recognition of these natural ecosystems and efforts to protect them must be placed at the forefront of scientific and practical attention. In this regard, recognition of some of the ecological features of Hoor Shadegan ...
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Wetlands are significant not only materially, but ecologically as well. Hence the recognition of these natural ecosystems and efforts to protect them must be placed at the forefront of scientific and practical attention. In this regard, recognition of some of the ecological features of Hoor Shadegan as one of the vital zones will be sought. Hoor Shadagan is ranked as the twenty-second wetland in the world, and has various ecological, scientific, aesthetic, economic and hydrological values. The Shadegan wetland has been declared by the Environmental Protection Agency as a wildlife refuge due to the migration of various birds from northern areas of the globe to this place during the winter and early spring. This wetland was registered on 23 June 1975 by the Ramsar Convention as an internationally important wetland (especially for aquatic birds). (Majnounian 1998)The Shadegan wetland is located in a warm and dry climate, and in some years it is encountered in warm seasons with water shortage or aridity over a large part of it. The animals have adapted themselves to these ecological conditions over the years. (Farrokhian et al., 1997)
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 11-18
Abstract
Although multi-beam echo-sounders have been utilized to transmit and use several types of audio pulses simultaneously in hydrography (to determine the depth and topography of the sea floor) for a long time and are presented at the market for hydrographic equipment, but the extensive use of this type ...
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Although multi-beam echo-sounders have been utilized to transmit and use several types of audio pulses simultaneously in hydrography (to determine the depth and topography of the sea floor) for a long time and are presented at the market for hydrographic equipment, but the extensive use of this type of echo-sounders in marine affairs and military and civilian hydrographic surveying are also very useful.Establishing port facilities and conducting surveying for such civilian applications using old methods (single-beam echo-sounders) requires utilization of a specific and orderly method of hydrography on a series of parallel and pre-designed lines, which is very difficult and time consuming to implement.
The purpose of this discussion is to provide suitable solutions for dealing with hydrographic issues in order to collect precise depth data with better quality and more density. Due to its compact size, echo-sounder can be easily fitted on small marine vessels, and can be used to fulfil the IHOS-44 standard using the great amount of depth-measurement data it collects. On the other hand, modern hydrographic equipment, in turn, necessitates proper and serious hydrographic methods and quality control of marine maps. The proposed methods renowned today are more closely linked to a series of modern hydrographic software that are easily adapted to modern equipment. The stage of processing, which is guaranteed in these equipment by certain software, is dependent on the ability and speed of the computer used for processing throughout its practice: from the stage of collecting raw depth data to application of tidal values, necessary corrections for the device and related errors, and also the stage of mapping and related calculations.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 11-19
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 11-16
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted. There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement. The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues. Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Majid Hamrah
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 11-17
Abstract
Although in the past centuries humans have used ground observations and direct presence on the site to study their environment, in the present century by conquering space by humans these studies are being carried out through space. Since humankind has been able to overcome the gravity of the earth and ...
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Although in the past centuries humans have used ground observations and direct presence on the site to study their environment, in the present century by conquering space by humans these studies are being carried out through space. Since humankind has been able to overcome the gravity of the earth and to separate from the surface of the earth, his imagination and observations concerning the information on the earth has changed. He studies and controls phenomena remotely from space, and from this point spatial remote sensing begins. Investigating phenomena while standing on the earth certainly has limitations. Spacecraft remote sensing features include comprehensive vision. Today in space remote sensing we inherit technology and transformations that thousands of people have made in their efforts to achieve this possibility, and even lost their lives in this way. The history of spatial remote sensing is full of successes and frustrations. In this article, we first look at the past developments of spatial remote sensing and then examine its outlook in the 1990s.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 11-13
Abstract
In the previous issue, we discussed on the movements of the Earth, but we went a little astray from our main point due to some considerations, and expressed a brief account of the Solar System, which seemed necessary to anyone interested in geography.
In this issue, we follow our story about the Earth's ...
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In the previous issue, we discussed on the movements of the Earth, but we went a little astray from our main point due to some considerations, and expressed a brief account of the Solar System, which seemed necessary to anyone interested in geography.
In this issue, we follow our story about the Earth's motion: our Earth has two distinct moves, one rotation (around its own axis) and one revolution (around the Sun).
Zohreh Maryanaji; Hossein Karimi Javid; Yusof Sheykholmoluki
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 12-16
Abstract
In the present article, Isfahan annual temperature parameters were analyzed to determine long-term time trend and its potential changes in 1976 to 2005 time period. To do so, any of the temperature data series received from the five weather stations (Isfahan, East Isfahan, Kashan, Kabutar Abad, Khor) ...
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In the present article, Isfahan annual temperature parameters were analyzed to determine long-term time trend and its potential changes in 1976 to 2005 time period. To do so, any of the temperature data series received from the five weather stations (Isfahan, East Isfahan, Kashan, Kabutar Abad, Khor) were investigated based on Mann-Kendall statistical tests and normal residuals cumulative curve. Based on the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method, maximum temperature in Kabutar Abad and Khor stations had increased significantly, while other stations lack a trend. Minimum annual changes also shows a relative increase in eastern stations and average temperature in East Isfahan and Kabutar abad stations have an increasing trend. Normal residuals cumulative curve which divide data into two domains has similar results. According to this method, temperature in kabutar Abad and East Isfahan stations have increased significantly. The results which indicate temperature increase in most provincial stations (especially central ones) can be applied to zoning and predicting future droughts along with planning and managing water resources in the area.
M.H. Ramesht; - Nojavan; - Enteshari
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 12-21
Abstract
In geographic studies, one of the main concerns of geomorphologists is the achievement of analyses that can be explained within the framework of landform and geomorphic processes. This issue is not possible without field surveys and direct observations, especially for small-scale phenomena, and although ...
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In geographic studies, one of the main concerns of geomorphologists is the achievement of analyses that can be explained within the framework of landform and geomorphic processes. This issue is not possible without field surveys and direct observations, especially for small-scale phenomena, and although visual remote sensing is able to help solve the problem to a degree, availability of images and their utilization are not as easy as access to 1: 50000 topographic maps.This paper, which is the result of a research project at the Islamic Azad University, describes a method that studies and analyzes the form of contour lines in topographic maps in order to explain the geomorphic forms and processes that create them, and to determine the principles and basics that are based on formic assessment of contour lines in topographic maps.
To achieve such principles, the assessment of thirty regions in terms of field surveys, analysis, recognition and classification of landforms and contour lines and the relationship between landform and the type of contour lines have been carried out in the framework of an experimental comparative method. The most important result obtained in these studies is that the form of contour lines in topographic maps indicates the spatial content, which means that it is possible to recognize the form and process as well as the forming material of sediments of a region without possession of geological information by relying on certain theorems and analyzing the morphology of contour lines in topographic maps.
Hosein Asakareh
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 12-15
Abstract
Although the best method of studying environment is utilization of evidences available in environment itself, exploitation of historical documents and application of different theories and their combination can provide us with useful results about past environments.Using the above method, the approximate ...
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Although the best method of studying environment is utilization of evidences available in environment itself, exploitation of historical documents and application of different theories and their combination can provide us with useful results about past environments.Using the above method, the approximate age of the Shadegan Delta was determined and it became known that sedimentation and development of the Shadegan Delta began simultaneously with glacial periods in the Pleistocene. This delta did not exist until four thousand years ago and its emergence occurred after that date.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 12-21
Abstract
This paper presents the role of GIS in urban planning and its applications at the San Diego Association of Governments. SANDAG is an example where planning strategies are based on short and long term information. Therefore, the principles that characterize it are compatible with the state of many urban ...
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This paper presents the role of GIS in urban planning and its applications at the San Diego Association of Governments. SANDAG is an example where planning strategies are based on short and long term information. Therefore, the principles that characterize it are compatible with the state of many urban environments. The primary use of GIS is in modeling. Four illustrative examples indicate the application of GIS in locating for development, scheduling unexpected events, determining the location of fire stations, crime control, and providing documentation.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 12-14
Abstract
The dual elevation system has been used in distribution of the North American Datum (NAD-83), with few people around the world aware of this, if they have previously heard about it at all. The application of this topic here is in fact as a kind of reminder, because there are many geodetic issues that ...
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The dual elevation system has been used in distribution of the North American Datum (NAD-83), with few people around the world aware of this, if they have previously heard about it at all. The application of this topic here is in fact as a kind of reminder, because there are many geodetic issues that are easier to access than this issue. This paper tries to state what this matter is, and why we do need to use it.
Note: "The Canadian part of the Datum (NAD-83), which in some cases has been considered as different from the rest of the Datum parts, is not part of this discussion."
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 12-19
Abstract
Considering the advancements in GPS technology and applications of this important tool in the world, having a knowledge of the different ways of positioning by this system seems essential. The high precision of this system and its universality are reasons for utilization of this system in all surveying, ...
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Considering the advancements in GPS technology and applications of this important tool in the world, having a knowledge of the different ways of positioning by this system seems essential. The high precision of this system and its universality are reasons for utilization of this system in all surveying, geodetic, hydrographic, imagery (photo) and other works. As an introduction, we will first review the GPS and N.N.S.S positioning systems, and then discuss the mathematical equations and observations of the GPS system in full.
Generally, space-based positioning was begun by NASA since 1960's using the Doppler system. However, it’s time-consuming process and lack of precision caused the US Department of Defense (DOD) in 1974 to declare its need for a comprehensive and global positioning system for its military purposes. This led to the creation of GPS (Global Positioning System), and in 1983, the launch of the first GPS satellite was an effective step in the history of surveying. With the rise of the GPS system all previous systems, including ballistic cameras, Doppler (N.N.S.S.), the LONG-C, OMEGA and SECOR gradually disappeared.
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 12-19
Abstract
In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through ...
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In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through space travels, seek to discover the secrets of the universe and conquer the space, and, it is to say that on the way to this end, the thoughtful man has acted bravely and avoided no effort.
Mohammad Purkamaal
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 12-14
Abstract
On the 11th anniversary of the 1979 Revolution (Feb. 11, 1990), a map of the Islamic world in the size (70 * 100 centimeters), which represents the percentage of Muslim population in each of the countries of the world, has been published with interesting and exceptional quality and characteristics. The ...
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On the 11th anniversary of the 1979 Revolution (Feb. 11, 1990), a map of the Islamic world in the size (70 * 100 centimeters), which represents the percentage of Muslim population in each of the countries of the world, has been published with interesting and exceptional quality and characteristics. The honor of presenting this service was granted by the great and merciful God to the "Geographical Organization” and the “Ministry of Defense and Support of the Armed Forces". The importance and reliability of such thematic maps are not only in the degree of accuracy and integrity of the information presented in them, accompanied by the high quality and elegance of the cartographic technical work embedded in each map, but also in the fact that It is possible that maps of this type alone replace the contents of several volumes of books. There has been no talk about this map and what has been done to prepare it and what features are involved in this work yet, so we asked Professor Mohammadpour Kamal, who has been responsible for the compilation and technical supervision of the project, to introduce the map and its features, along with the efforts and the stages of the work, which he, with all the greatness of the work, has written this writing with all possible modesty due to his decisive role in it. The printing of this map proves that the Holy Land of Iran, in the light of the blessings of Islam, is the place of great efforts and praise-worthy services. Sepehr deems it necessary to thank all those involved in this great "Islamic-technical" service, especially Professor Pourkamal. Other people mentioned in this article also deserve to be commended and thanked.
Hossein Asakareh; Saeedeh Ashrafi
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 13-17
Abstract
Climatic phenomena are complex. The complexity is that the phenomenon has many causes. The interrelationships between climatic elements and factors have led to the application of statistical methods, including multivariate statistical methods in climatic studies. One of these applications is to study ...
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Climatic phenomena are complex. The complexity is that the phenomenon has many causes. The interrelationships between climatic elements and factors have led to the application of statistical methods, including multivariate statistical methods in climatic studies. One of these applications is to study and predict the relationship between climatic elements and factors. Application of statistical methods facilitates these studies. In this study, the relationship between the annual relative humidity and annual temperature with the number of annual days of precipitation of Zanjan station during the statistical period of 1956-2005 have been investigated. For this purpose, Pearson correlation methods have been used. Correlation means the covariance of two variables. The results show that the correlation coefficients of the variables are significant. furthermore, simple linear regression is used to estimate the number of annual days of precipitation with respect to annual relative humidity. Two-variable regression will be used to estimate the number of annual days of precipitation with respect to annual relative humidity and annual temperature.
Alirerza Sofianian; Samereh Falahatkar
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 13-18
Abstract
Remote sensing and GIS are widely used in identifying and analyzing land use change. Satellite remote sensing provides multi-time and multi-spectral data that can be used to quantify the type and amount and position of land use change. Furthermore, the GIS also provides a flexible environment for displaying, ...
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Remote sensing and GIS are widely used in identifying and analyzing land use change. Satellite remote sensing provides multi-time and multi-spectral data that can be used to quantify the type and amount and position of land use change. Furthermore, the GIS also provides a flexible environment for displaying, storing and analyzing the digital data needed to detect changes. Since environmental changes are important in order to give a general impression of the region's environment and build credible hypotheses based on sustainable development, detecting these changes is an important process in the monitoring and management of natural resources and urban development. Detection of changes is also considered as a part of modern science due to dependence on remote sensing sciences and GIS. With the rapid growth of cities in recent years, the recognition of their biophysical compounds and their dynamism is of particular importance and is considered as an important research topic. The operations that are carried out in the course of digital analysis and interpretation of satellite data and with the aim of identifying and distinguishing ground phenomena can be summarized in three stages of initial surveys and information preparation, classification of information and finalized reviews and processing. Geometric correction of images and their classification based on existing methods and algorithms, and the accuracy of production maps, and finally comparing the maps at different times are among the stages of detecting changes. In the present study, we try to describe the steps briefly.
Iran Ghazi; Rahim Salimi Jazi
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 13-20
Abstract
In the last four decades, almost all of the Qanats of Borkhar in northern Isfahan have dried up. Agriculture-oriented surface water wells are converted into semi-deep and deep wells. Currently, due to the water deficit of these wells, the agricultural water supply of this plain is confronting a crisis. ...
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In the last four decades, almost all of the Qanats of Borkhar in northern Isfahan have dried up. Agriculture-oriented surface water wells are converted into semi-deep and deep wells. Currently, due to the water deficit of these wells, the agricultural water supply of this plain is confronting a crisis. The type of agricultural water resource management in Borkhar has affected its development. Lack of water resources and absence of proper management of these resources have, along with other factors, changed the use of agricultural lands. This paper has utilized national and international scientific documents and reports, field study, interviews and results of questionnaires. The results of research and data analysis show that due to water deficit and lack of proper management of water resources in the production, transportation, distribution and consumption processes, agriculture in Borkhar has become unstable and is heading for destruction. Close cooperation is needed between the local people and the Water Organization regarding problems of water resource management. Land use changes in the future must also be carried out by study and research and a specific plan, and combination of traditional and modern techniques must be utilized in Borkhar.
Ramin Kiamehr
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 13-15
Abstract
Determining the difference between the elevations of points by geometric leveling method using leveling cameras is one of the most commonly used methods for implementation of developmental projects in the country. Implementation of projects such as preparation of longitudinal profiles of rivers, roads, ...
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Determining the difference between the elevations of points by geometric leveling method using leveling cameras is one of the most commonly used methods for implementation of developmental projects in the country. Implementation of projects such as preparation of longitudinal profiles of rivers, roads, power transmission lines, etc. requires leveling. In addition, this method is used in the implementation of nation-wide leveling networks and creation of base points (ground control) for converting aerial and satellite images into maps. Despite the extreme accuracy of the traditional leveling method, implementation of this method is time-consuming and costly, and so far no alternative has been considered by surveyors as feasible. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative accuracy of the GPS-based leveling method using the available Iranian Gravitational Geoid file in different parts of the country. The results of the research confirm the possibility of using this method to achieve the accuracy of normal leveling (of third degree) in most regions of the country.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 13-15
Abstract
Military geography is a science which is considered as one of the branches of geography according to one of the comprehensive definitions of this science. It examines the impact of natural and cultural environment on military / political attitudes, plans and all types of combat and support operations ...
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Military geography is a science which is considered as one of the branches of geography according to one of the comprehensive definitions of this science. It examines the impact of natural and cultural environment on military / political attitudes, plans and all types of combat and support operations on the world, regional and local scales.Spatial relationships are undoubtedly among the most important geographic elements and factors. The position, size and shape of land, along with the location of the water that is on the military activities' path, form the basis on which all land features are positioned. Dry lands of the earth include three major parts that are militarily important, namely the highest, the widest, and the deepest lands, each of which has its own unique conditions and includes distinctions and special methods.
Khosrow Khajeh
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 13-16
Abstract
Since the developments of geomatic sciences proceed rapidly and provision of higher education related to this discipline in academic environments does not enjoy the necessary coherence and coordination, instructors and professors have to search for new ways of providing academic courses. The Internet ...
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Since the developments of geomatic sciences proceed rapidly and provision of higher education related to this discipline in academic environments does not enjoy the necessary coherence and coordination, instructors and professors have to search for new ways of providing academic courses. The Internet provides great potential for distance education.The Old Dominion University, located in Virginia, USA, is one of the few universities that have adopted distance education technologies as the main method of presenting courses.New types of university courses’ presentation that use the Internet technology are quickly brought on the network. (This article, while expressing the Old Dominion’s experience of adopting the new method in education, identifies the problems encountered during implementation of this experiment.)Distance education is a process in which the instructor is separated from students in terms of location and time, or students are separated from one another.The implementation of computer and electronic technology has influenced current practices in such a way that the professor and student can interact and communicate either immediately or with a delay whenever necessary.
Hassan Lashkari; Zahra Hojjati
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 14-21
Abstract
In order to investigate synoptic-dynamic situations which results in thunder storms in South Western parts of the country, data were exploited from 16 synoptic stations in South West of Iran during a 10 year statistical period (1996-2005). Fitting the precipitation data, six types of severe storms were ...
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In order to investigate synoptic-dynamic situations which results in thunder storms in South Western parts of the country, data were exploited from 16 synoptic stations in South West of Iran during a 10 year statistical period (1996-2005). Fitting the precipitation data, six types of severe storms were identified. Exploring the exploited systems, two general patterns were identified for thunder storms with severe precipitation. The first pattern follows integrated systems pattern, so a ridge from North West Africa to Scandinavia causes cold weather falling on the Mediterranean Sea and deepens the Mediterranean trough, which in turn strengthen the East Mediterranean low altitude center. Continuous cold weather falling on this cyclone center increase pressure gradient in east Mediterranean area and makes penetration of 500 hecto Pascal trough toward middle Red Sea possible. Increased temperature gradient over North Africa and the Red Sea strengthen Sudanese system and while moving toward North of this system integrates with low pressure Mediterranean system and results in unsustainability in West and South West Iran. The Second pattern is a low pressure Sudanese one. Low pressure Scandinavian system result in cold weather of pole neighboring latitudes falling into lower latitudes. Azore anticyclone which is formed over North Africa transfers cold weather to North Africa, aggravates unsustainability, strengthen Sudanese system and creates a weather front. Thunder storms require access to hot and humid weather which is injected into the area due to the proximity of Southern seas.
Yeganeh Sepasi; Afshin Danekar
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 14-20
Abstract
The islands, as special structures formed by various geological reasons, are of significant importance. Geological factors cause the islands to be of different types (including continental, oceanic, and coral). On the other hand, owing to the isolation of the island's environment, many aspects of life ...
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The islands, as special structures formed by various geological reasons, are of significant importance. Geological factors cause the islands to be of different types (including continental, oceanic, and coral). On the other hand, owing to the isolation of the island's environment, many aspects of life on the islands are unique, which makes living in the islands different from life on the continents in various ways. Issues such as isolation, access, vulnerability and biogeographic theories of islands are considered to be among exclusive features of the islands. Furthermore, due to the particular characteristics of the islands, development in them should be carried out with special considerations in order not to damage their fragile ecosystem.
Iran Ghazi; Hosein Zare'an; Alireza Ma'manpoush
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 14-21
Abstract
The lands on the right side of the Nekooabad Diversion Dam are located at a place near the upstream part of the Zayandeh Rud river’ basin, and due to this position it is at first thought that in principle it should not face any shortage of water, and water distribution management seems to be a ...
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The lands on the right side of the Nekooabad Diversion Dam are located at a place near the upstream part of the Zayandeh Rud river’ basin, and due to this position it is at first thought that in principle it should not face any shortage of water, and water distribution management seems to be a simple matter. However, with any change in the amount of available water, including occurrence of drought, the effectiveness of implemented management and planning is challenged.The most important water resources used in the area concerned are surface waters (water of the Zayandeh Rud river through canal) and underground waters (surface, half-deep and deep wells).
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
Different land characteristics are important for soil scientists, geologists, geographers, civil engineers, urban and regional planners, architects, urban land developers and others who are interested in assessing land suitability for different applications.Since land conditions and features significantly ...
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Different land characteristics are important for soil scientists, geologists, geographers, civil engineers, urban and regional planners, architects, urban land developers and others who are interested in assessing land suitability for different applications.Since land conditions and features significantly affect land suitability to help grow different types of plant species, understanding aerial photo interpretation is of importance for land evaluation as well as for botanists, forestologists, specialists and others who are involved in the preparation of vegetation maps and assessments.The main characteristics of land features that can be estimated by aerial photo interpretation are a variety of rocky substrates, landforms, soil texture, site’s drainage conditions, flood harnessing capability and depth of fluid (non-firm) materials on rocky substrates.
In addition, the slope of the land’s surface can be estimated by interpreting aerial photos and measurement using photogrammetric methods.In the following chapter, we will examine land characteristics and identification of the most common types of bedrocks and remaining sedimentary as well as displaced soils and organic soils through aerial photos. The aerial photo interpretation process described here highlights the terrain features that are visible on stereo aerial photographs.
Atusa Bigdeli
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 14-22
Abstract
Applied climatology has greatly participated in the implementation of scientific, economic and industrial projects in recent years through employing climate data. Climatic effects of the environment are also very important in medical fields. However, geographic aspects of climatology have become more ...
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Applied climatology has greatly participated in the implementation of scientific, economic and industrial projects in recent years through employing climate data. Climatic effects of the environment are also very important in medical fields. However, geographic aspects of climatology have become more commonly used, and development of applied climatology has a fundamentally geographical background.In this study, the relationship between climatic factors and pollution and the number of patients with myocardial infarction in Tehran during the 1990-94 statistical period was examined using descriptive statistical methods as well as by utilization of correlation coefficient between variables and the Student Test’s assumptions, and the following results were obtained.
Wherever there is an increase in the number of hospital patients, the level of some of the air pollution factors, especially CO, NO2, and SO2 show significant increase compared to standard values. The number of illnesses in the winter increases due to the frequency and variety of inversions, the length of nights and increased levels of contamination. The incidence of myocardial infarction depends on a variety of factors, one of which is the air pollution, as confirmed by this research.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 14-19
Abstract
The Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces, in line with its research in the field of surveying sciences, successfully completed the installation and running of GPS antenna on Fokker and Falcon aircrafts, the implementation of which was announced with the arrival of the twenty-first anniversary ...
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The Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces, in line with its research in the field of surveying sciences, successfully completed the installation and running of GPS antenna on Fokker and Falcon aircrafts, the implementation of which was announced with the arrival of the twenty-first anniversary of the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution. The project was conducted with the aim of making implementation of aerial photography using satellite observations of the GPS system possible. In this research project, the experts of the Organization managed to connect the RS-10A RC-10 aerial camera to a new generation of GPS receivers that can receive waves transmitted from Glonass and GPS satellites. The project was implemented while the manufacturers of these types of cameras prevented from carrying it out, considering it impossible to realize. With the implementation of this project, a test flight with the new system was carried out over the Varamin area in Tehran, the results of which were then calculated with appropriate accuracy after processing and analysis of errors of this method. In this test flight, aerial photos taken from the area were calculated with the accuracy of 2 to 3 cm on the computational datum of Iran. This level of accuracy is very satisfying for aerial photography centers that provide photogrammetry cover maps.
However, to ensure the accuracy of the measurements and calculations, the results of aerial triangulation were tested in preparation of 1: 25000 maps, and the results of this comparison were satisfactory. Therefore, it can be argued that by performing aerial photography and triangulation along with GPS, the cost and time of the implementation of common photogrammetric projects fall to a third of their figures when practiced by old methods without causing a problem for the accuracy of cover maps in geographic terms.
Fatemeh Tarkarani; Hosein Asakareh
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
Application of the “CN” curve is in calculation of the detention coefficient’s value. This index is necessary for estimation of the delay and concentration times of the basin as well as the height of runoff by the SCS method. Since common and traditional methods of preliminary studies ...
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Application of the “CN” curve is in calculation of the detention coefficient’s value. This index is necessary for estimation of the delay and concentration times of the basin as well as the height of runoff by the SCS method. Since common and traditional methods of preliminary studies are time-consuming and costly, the best methods recommended in this regard are reasoning-based methods.One of such methods for calculation of the detention coefficient and number of curve is utilization of basin’s runoff coefficient. This method was used in the Nojian basin, one of the head-branches of the Dez River in southeast of Khorramabad, Lorestan. The runoff coefficient in this basin was calculated to be 0.59, the detention coefficient 0.41 and the average CN about 19.61.Lack of direct relationship between the basin’s monthly precipitation and runoff makes exploitation of the index mentioned above for short periods impossible. Therefore, this index can be calculated monthly only in basins where precipitation is mostly liquid and also monthly precipitation justifies runoff of the same month.
Susan Mesgari (Translator); Ali Jahani (Technical Editor)
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 14-15
Abstract
Today computer systems have found vast applications in various fields, including preparation of maps and analysis of descriptive and spatial information. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as computer systems utilizing modern software and hardware facilities, have been able to present remarkable services ...
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Today computer systems have found vast applications in various fields, including preparation of maps and analysis of descriptive and spatial information. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as computer systems utilizing modern software and hardware facilities, have been able to present remarkable services in collection, analysis and display of information. In this regard, the Global Positioning System (GPS) is of greater importance as one of the most important sources of providing information for GIS. In this paper, the author has tried to raise major questions regarding the precision of collected data through GPS/GIS, and to discuss the qualities of spatial and characteristic data in different aspects.
Rahmat Mohammadzadeh
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
While in the past the limited area of cities and ease of access of inhabitants to the surroundings had caused green spaces to have their manifestations mainly in activities concerning beauty and appearance of urban areas, today, owing to reasons such as population growth, physical growth of cities, development ...
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While in the past the limited area of cities and ease of access of inhabitants to the surroundings had caused green spaces to have their manifestations mainly in activities concerning beauty and appearance of urban areas, today, owing to reasons such as population growth, physical growth of cities, development of industry and vehicles and the consequent environmental pollutions, such spaces are paid serious attention as organs of cities’ breathing. In many architectural texts, green space is considered as one of the important criteria of quality of human-made environments. Based on such belief, this article discusses topics such as scientific definition of green space, standards, patterns and regulations recommended by well-known thinkers as well as standards confirmed by the Ministry of Housing and Urbanization and various applications of green space, especially its role in physical development of cities.
It is hoped that this article will be useful for readers in line with quantitative and qualitative development of such spaces.
Zahra Ahmadipour; Ehsan Lashgari
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 15-21
Hossein Mohammadi; Hamideh Afsharmanesh; Sadegh Barzegar
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 15-18
Abstract
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency that often leads to hospitalization. Hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal part is the most common complication of gastric ulcer (peptic ulcer) (1) with high mortality and cost. In spite of the fact that the physical, psychological and social ...
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Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency that often leads to hospitalization. Hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal part is the most common complication of gastric ulcer (peptic ulcer) (1) with high mortality and cost. In spite of the fact that the physical, psychological and social dimensions of health are affected by the climatic elements, there is no detailed information on the effect of these elements on the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in Kerman. Also, the pattern of seasonal fluctuations in gastrointestinal bleeding has not yet been shown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the relationship between climatic elements such as temperature and atmospheric pressure on the number of gastrointestinal bleeding and its seasonal fluctuations in Kerman. Information about gastrointestinal bleeding of 393 patients recorded in Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman during 2006 and 2007 were studied in relation to seasonal fluctuations and climatic elements such as atmospheric pressure and temperature of the city during the two years mentioned above. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and T test.The results of the Anova test showed that the number of gastrointestinal bleeding increased in summer and decreased in winter (P = 0.012). Also, Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there was a direct statistical relation between monthly number of gastrointestinal bleeding cases and mean monthly temperature As with rise in temperature, the number of gastrointestinal bleeding also increased (P = 0.023, r = 0.46). However, the number of gastrointestinal bleeding did not show a significant relationship with the mean pressure of the atmosphere (P = 0.77, r = 0.66).According to the results of this study, the geographical situation and climatic conditions can be considered as one of the factors associated with gastrointestinal bleeding.
Hassan Beik Mohammadi; Moslem Asadi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 15-19
Abstract
Politicians and people have a great deal of hope for the development of small rural industries. These industries can play a significant and effective role in creating jobs and income for the villagers, and in more equitable distribution of income in rural areas and the like. In order to achieve this ...
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Politicians and people have a great deal of hope for the development of small rural industries. These industries can play a significant and effective role in creating jobs and income for the villagers, and in more equitable distribution of income in rural areas and the like. In order to achieve this goal in the development process, it is necessary to pay attention to the establishment of these industries in rural areas. Considering the inability of agricultural sector to provide full and optimal employment of human resources, land and rangeland restriction, agricultural mechanization and small agricultural lands in rural areas (county), attention to small industries in rural areas and their improvement and progress is necessary in order to achieve rural development. The existence of capabilities, talents and favorable environmental conditions in the studied area will allow the growth and prosperity of small industries, especially the converting and complementary industries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of small industries and the need to pay attention to these industries in the studied area. Data were collected using papers, books, reports, statistics, interviews and field studies. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The results of this study indicate that job creation for villagers has not been successful, and small industries can play an important role in development and employment, given the potential of the region. Creating and expanding small industries in the region will lead to more development and employment and increase rural incomes.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 15-19
Abstract
Prior to 1941, the Axis Powers were at height of their power. Almost all of Europe was occupied by Germany. The fate of Moscow and Stalingrad changed as a result of a small threat. Rommel (the German commander during the Second World War) was freely advancing in North Africa. The Japanese, with quick ...
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Prior to 1941, the Axis Powers were at height of their power. Almost all of Europe was occupied by Germany. The fate of Moscow and Stalingrad changed as a result of a small threat. Rommel (the German commander during the Second World War) was freely advancing in North Africa. The Japanese, with quick and simultaneous invasions in eight regions, achieved an astonishing position and, with this success, a new power emerged in Asia. The Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor forced the Americans to fight against the Axis states. The American forces first entered the battle at the end of 1942 in North Africa. In the Battle of KASSRIN-PASS, the German Air Force, which was weaker than the US forces in terms of number of forces and equipment, carried out such heavy attack against them that led to their defeat. By analyzing this failure, the Americans came to the conclusion that their main mistake was lack of unity in command and control, as well as their lack of attention to multiple air forces controlled by numerous commanders, including many ground-force commanders. Command and control play very important roles in almost all societies. The advantages and disadvantages of their absence are well known. Command is assigned by commanders and applies to specific resources that usually include human resources. A person who is senior to a commander in terms of hierarchy, can monitor and control the resources that are under that commander’s authority. Therefore, control can be exercised by various organizations within an organizational hierarchical structure, depending on the task assigned to each of them, but command is only imposed by the official commander.
