Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 50-53
Abstract
Atlas of Iran: Book of Iran's Mountains
In collection of necessary information for writing "Book of Iran's Mountains", Mr. Ja'fari has had all geographic encyclopedias and available maps of Iran ready for use and has utilized them, and, as he has stated himself, a part of the work has been extracted ...
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Atlas of Iran: Book of Iran's Mountains
In collection of necessary information for writing "Book of Iran's Mountains", Mr. Ja'fari has had all geographic encyclopedias and available maps of Iran ready for use and has utilized them, and, as he has stated himself, a part of the work has been extracted out of his personal notes.
Farhad Ja'fari
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 51-56
Abstract
The sediments are generally located in various masses close together and form different land lays. Therefore, their examination makes interpretation of the environments of sedimentation as well as past and current geography possible. The present paper presents the characteristics, evolution, geometric ...
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The sediments are generally located in various masses close together and form different land lays. Therefore, their examination makes interpretation of the environments of sedimentation as well as past and current geography possible. The present paper presents the characteristics, evolution, geometric shapes and morphology of alluvial fans with emphasis on the conditions of the Marand depression’s fans. Before examining this phenomenon, it is necessary to state the position and the process of formation of the Marand depression.
Hasan Beik Mohammadi
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 51-57
Abstract
Although the history of construction of new cities with previous plan dates back to the time B.C., the New City movement is related to the beginning of the twentieth century, at the suggestion of Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928). In Iran modern urbanization has begun since about 1921 and construction of Noshahrs ...
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Although the history of construction of new cities with previous plan dates back to the time B.C., the New City movement is related to the beginning of the twentieth century, at the suggestion of Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928). In Iran modern urbanization has begun since about 1921 and construction of Noshahrs (new cities) in recent decades has been considered in order to settle the overflows of population of large cities and inhabitants of industrial centers and for military, political and economic purposes. The urbanization of Isfahan province has increased dramatically in the last decades in terms of developing economic activities in the agricultural, services and especially industrial sectors, and, in addition to creating inconsistencies in geographical distribution of urban population of the region and the province, it has caused many social and environmental problems and difficulties. Therefore, urban planners have chosen the policy of creating new cities in Isfahan region and constructed new cities in line with the policy of urban centers development, settlement of surplus of population of Isfahan city and reduction of its problems as well as settling industrial section employees. It is worth noting that some of these Noshahrs, while accepting part of the population surplus in Isfahan, face particular problems. In this paper, using scientific, descriptive and documentary methods, the situation of the Noshahrs of Isfahan region has been analyzed and finally some strategies have been proposed for the planners of new cities.
Bahram Najafpour
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 51-52
Abstract
Middle East is an area in Southeastern Asia and Northeastern Africa which includes Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, countries of Arabic Peninsula as well as Egypt and Sudan. Some also consider Afghanistan and Pakistan as belonging to the Middle East. The term “Middle East” ...
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Middle East is an area in Southeastern Asia and Northeastern Africa which includes Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, countries of Arabic Peninsula as well as Egypt and Sudan. Some also consider Afghanistan and Pakistan as belonging to the Middle East. The term “Middle East” became customary by the British Army during the Second World War, and this area is of great importance in strategic and geopolitical terms.This article is a summary of the report of a travel in the Middle East countries for study of water crisis, which, considering its great attention to different aspects of the issue, can be of great value.
Abbas Ali Salehabadi
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 51-56
Abstract
When in 1986, GPS satellites were launched into space, nobody could have predicted that this system should overtake traditional and classic methods in surveying activities (such as triangulation and traverse). Since then, almost two generations of GPS receivers have been produced. With advancements in ...
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When in 1986, GPS satellites were launched into space, nobody could have predicted that this system should overtake traditional and classic methods in surveying activities (such as triangulation and traverse). Since then, almost two generations of GPS receivers have been produced. With advancements in human technology and knowledge regarding production of precise computers on smaller scales and with higher speeds of processing, new generations of GPS receivers have become smaller, lighter and of greater power and potential of implementation and storage of satellite measurements in comparison with old receivers. Considering these facts, the new generation of GPS receivers introduced into mark from the year 2000, offer vast hardware and software abilities with wonderful efficiency. These receivers, along with small size and lightness, have high power of initial processing in connection with preparation of positional information. These receivers are able to store information in the main memory up to 16 Mb. They can also receive all the information sent on L1 and L2 carrier frequencies. Therefore, it is possible through utilization of such receivers to achieve the same precision that old receivers obtained by observations as long as about thirty minutes. One of the innovations used in new generation of GPS receivers is a computer chip (IC) that has an astonishing power for removing effective systematic errors that affect GPS measurements, and therefore can provide new GPS receivers with the possibility of precise positioning. This computer chip, known as Paradigm Chip, acts like a small computer “brain” that controls all observational and calculative activities in the receiver.
Mojgan Afshar
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 52-56
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate the factors affecting landslide formation. In this regard, after identifying these factors, the fashions of occurrence of this phenomenon in some places, including the district of Shahrak and Barikan in Taleghan and the road of Haraz in areas such as: Mobarak ...
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This research was conducted to investigate the factors affecting landslide formation. In this regard, after identifying these factors, the fashions of occurrence of this phenomenon in some places, including the district of Shahrak and Barikan in Taleghan and the road of Haraz in areas such as: Mobarak Abad, Jajroud and Emamzadeh Ali have been addressed.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 52-55
Abstract
The greatest characteristic and advantage of human being compared to other creatures is his ability to speak. It has been through this ability that man has been able to transfer his thoughts to other humans, and by the same transfer of thoughts that the civilizations and cultures that today’s mankind ...
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The greatest characteristic and advantage of human being compared to other creatures is his ability to speak. It has been through this ability that man has been able to transfer his thoughts to other humans, and by the same transfer of thoughts that the civilizations and cultures that today’s mankind inherits formed during tens of thousands of years of human existence on earth. Language, either in speaking or written form is the main factor in the transfer of concepts. Obviously, the transfer of mental concepts through language has steps and limits, and It is natural that no concept can be transferred from mind to mind unless there is a common level of understanding of the language between the speaker and the listener or the writer and the reader. It is worth recalling that all the efforts of civilized human beings in the creation of schools, colleges and universities and any kind of educational institution in general are intended to establish a common language between the speaker and the listener so that they can understand each other's meanings and intentions, and the knowledgeable teacher will be able to convey to his listener/student the great mental concepts created in his mind through long and arduous efforts.
Esmaeil Shahkouei
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 53-55
Abstract
In this paper, which studies the state of winds in the Golestan plain, the information of sixteen years (1969 to 1985) of Hashem Abad synoptic station of Gorgan were used.In order to better understand the data related to information processing and statistical analysis, the average number of times of ...
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In this paper, which studies the state of winds in the Golestan plain, the information of sixteen years (1969 to 1985) of Hashem Abad synoptic station of Gorgan were used.In order to better understand the data related to information processing and statistical analysis, the average number of times of occurrence, annual percentage of winds in the eight directions, the mean frequency of seasonal repetitions, dominant and second dominant wind, their percentage and velocity are presented through chart and graph.
Mas'oud Moayyeri
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 53-56
Abstract
Construction rocks and minerals have formed an important part of the world's income since long ago. The utilization of these resources is increasing day by day due to the concerns regarding beauty and strength in the construction of public and private buildings. On the other hand, a transformation occurs ...
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Construction rocks and minerals have formed an important part of the world's income since long ago. The utilization of these resources is increasing day by day due to the concerns regarding beauty and strength in the construction of public and private buildings. On the other hand, a transformation occurs in urban morphology and landscape due to this ever-increasing utilization of these resources.The land of Iran is of great value and importance among the countries of South West Asia and the Middle East owing to vast resources of construction rocks in the Alborz and Zagros mountains, the central masses and foothills whose formation started since the second period of geology and completed its evolutionary stages in the third period.The emergence of rich construction rock masses in most parts of Iran and the existence of great roads in the north and south of the country are economically important advantages for Iran.
Historical documents and evidences show that utilization of these rocks as export commodities has been customary in Iran since ancient times. Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran’s the strategy for economic development and its emphasis on expansion of non-oil exports, and the huge reserves of these valuable resources in different regions of the country and also the need of different countries, especially the countries around the Persian Gulf, to these resources, it is clear that such reserves have great potentials for foreign exchange earnings and economic development of the country, and thus can be considered as a valuable source for non-oil exports. In this paper, the author attempts to use historical and descriptive methods to introduce these resources and analyze the economic-commercial value and potential of these export items in the development and progress of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Mahdi Mo'meni
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 53-55
Abstract
One of the dynamic manifestations of Islamic culture is its encouragement of people to travel and to show travelers great respect and provide them with facilities. This dynamic mentality, urged by Quran and Islamic Tradition, Jurisprudence and even mysticism, is so lively and strong that it has never ...
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One of the dynamic manifestations of Islamic culture is its encouragement of people to travel and to show travelers great respect and provide them with facilities. This dynamic mentality, urged by Quran and Islamic Tradition, Jurisprudence and even mysticism, is so lively and strong that it has never lost its influence and has always been a source of Islamic society’s inspiration.Today traveling has gained such value and breadth that attraction of travelers has been recognized as a profitable industry and a source of employment which plays a vital role in earning foreign exchange and cultural influence, to the level that today this branch of activity is taught academically and is considered by a great number of countries as one of the main sources of revenue.
Mahdi Nourbakhsh
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 53-57
Abstract
Time is one of the major factors in natural events whose accurate prediction has always been considered by human. Sudden and unexpected occurrence of some of such events, especially those with great range of changes, have brought humans many problems. Today, it is tried to predict the return period of ...
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Time is one of the major factors in natural events whose accurate prediction has always been considered by human. Sudden and unexpected occurrence of some of such events, especially those with great range of changes, have brought humans many problems. Today, it is tried to predict the return period of events using mathematical equations and statistical relationships, especially statistical distributions.
The main goal of this paper is precise prediction of events with relatively great range of changes. In this regard, common distribution models have been exploited in a way that this goal can be achieved. This research is based on statistical relationships, and it has been tried to estimate the quantitative values of events and their time of occurrence.
Sirous Ghanbari; Arman Ghazi Askari Na'eenei
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 54-60
Abstract
In order to prevent, counteract and reduce the effects of natural disasters such as earthquakes, we have to deal, in addition to technical matters, with crisis management and planning how to deal with crises caused by natural disasters. If the probable problems arising from the crisis are not foreseen, ...
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In order to prevent, counteract and reduce the effects of natural disasters such as earthquakes, we have to deal, in addition to technical matters, with crisis management and planning how to deal with crises caused by natural disasters. If the probable problems arising from the crisis are not foreseen, the cost of reconstruction and repair of damages by the crisis will be very high. Crises caused by natural disasters will have significant socio-mental and economic effects on society. Therefore, recognizing the principles of proper methods of disaster management can be effective in preventing the occurrence or reduction of the negative effects of these incidents and preventing them from becoming social, economic and environmental crises. Therefore, the availability of proper management plans in times of crisis will, on the one hand, strengthen the foundations of society in all fields and, on the other, significantly decrease the amount of financial and life damages and prevent social, economic and environmental collapse.
Sima Buzari
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 54-60
Abstract
Women comprise almost half of the rural population, and more than half of rural socio-economic activities rely on their efforts, but before 1970 it was assumed that the process of development affected men and women equally, because at the time the amount of production was in balance with the cash economy; ...
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Women comprise almost half of the rural population, and more than half of rural socio-economic activities rely on their efforts, but before 1970 it was assumed that the process of development affected men and women equally, because at the time the amount of production was in balance with the cash economy; consequently much of the work by women was ignored. When it became clear that economic development does not automatically eradicate poverty through the effects of "penetrating down", the issue of equal distribution of benefits between men and women has become of major importance in developmental theories, and the topic of human force development and related issues have been raised.
The members of rural communities in general and rural women in particular are undiscovered treasures that have always suffered cultural deprivation due to lack of access to cultural resources and in particular the educational facilities. As a result, they have never been able to fully utilize their innate abilities and talents and have always faced inattention by the authorities and others in the process of development.A look at the situation of rural women in Iran and the extent of participation of women in developmental planning will make this matter clearer.
Hasan Ahmadi
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 54-63
Abstract
It should be noted that there is a correlation between different natural factors, so that each region is characterized by its specific features as a climatological unit or bioclimatic region formed by various morphopedologic environments, and each containing a special plant species. The use of natural ...
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It should be noted that there is a correlation between different natural factors, so that each region is characterized by its specific features as a climatological unit or bioclimatic region formed by various morphopedologic environments, and each containing a special plant species. The use of natural resources must be done in such a way that it does not create a disturbance in the environment’s balance. Some factors such as fire, flood, volcano, earthquake, climate change, erosion and, eventually, human interference can disrupt this balance, in which erosion emerges as a warning factor. It indicates that soil is collapsing; the vegetation that caused the balance is now being destroyed. To balance or mitigate destructive factors and be able to protect and maintain natural resources, each ecological or bioclimatic unit should be identified and assessed in terms of its factors. In this regard, Iran is divided in terms of bioclimatic conditions into 5 regions (humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, arid and desert bioclimatic regions), each of which was divided into smaller sub-units, so that in each region the morphopedologic environment was examined and dominant plant species was determined; then, the degradation and erosion characteristics were determined according to the structure of the rock (lithology), and for each unit region, a sample was thoroughly examined and general suggestions for preservation and maintenance were presented (see Appendix tables).
Fatemeh Dehghan Nejad
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 55-59
Abstract
Since the foundation of the Naghsh-e Jahan Square, the significance of this square has been increasing due to the existence of historical monuments and traditional markets around it, and there is rarely anyone who has no desire to see this square or not have enjoyed its visit already. It would then be ...
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Since the foundation of the Naghsh-e Jahan Square, the significance of this square has been increasing due to the existence of historical monuments and traditional markets around it, and there is rarely anyone who has no desire to see this square or not have enjoyed its visit already. It would then be nice and desirable to make an optimal economic utilization of this great potential of tourist attraction, so that in addition to the prosperity of the market for handicrafts and creating employments for young people in this market and so relieving them from unemployment sufferings, we can keep the art and reputation of the art of the artisans of Isfahan alive.
Hosein Ghahra'ei
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 55-57
Abstract
The borders of Iran have always been changing throughout the country's several thousand years. The study of Iranian documents and historical sources shows that this change has been so vast that the influence of national sovereignty was sometimes far beyond the Iranian plateau, and sometimes limited only ...
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The borders of Iran have always been changing throughout the country's several thousand years. The study of Iranian documents and historical sources shows that this change has been so vast that the influence of national sovereignty was sometimes far beyond the Iranian plateau, and sometimes limited only to a small part of the plateau. The borders have not been constant over the course of the sovereignty of a certain dynasty and have changed according to the power and weakness of the rulers of each dynasty. This means that with every victory in a war, the borders expanded and, on the contrary, with every defeat, part of the land was lost, and the borders retreated to the political core of that dynasty.
Sima Buzari
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 56-61
Abstract
Basically, it should first be noted that regional planning takes place in the light of regional development theories, and since these theories originate from the concepts of development in general and regional development in particular, it is necessary before addressing regional planning to examine the ...
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Basically, it should first be noted that regional planning takes place in the light of regional development theories, and since these theories originate from the concepts of development in general and regional development in particular, it is necessary before addressing regional planning to examine the concepts of development and its role in the formation of regional planning.
Masoud Abedi Pashtiri (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 56-64
Abstract
CCD linear arrays have been used in the structure of most of advanced cameras. Stereo photos are taken while camera’s platform is moving. Mathematical model for measurement of photogrammetric points in aerial photography is based on polynomials, considering that in aerial photography the five orbit ...
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CCD linear arrays have been used in the structure of most of advanced cameras. Stereo photos are taken while camera’s platform is moving. Mathematical model for measurement of photogrammetric points in aerial photography is based on polynomials, considering that in aerial photography the five orbit conditions are also taken into account. The results of computer simulation for measurement of points in simultaneous block adjustment indicates that using more transverse coverage of bit strips as well as cross-strips will lead to better results. The advantages of using CCD cameras have been examined and proper mathematical models for measurement of points by the MEOSS airborne camera and the MOMS-02 space camera have been provided. The results for MEOSS and MOMS-02 cameras were obtained with a precision of 1 Pixel and less; this precision was confirmed by independent control points.
Hosein Hataminejad
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 56-64
Abstract
Undoubtedly, applied geography plays a significant role as a dynamic science in all land development and planning programs. The intellectual transformations of contemporary geographers on the role of geography and its application in the development of different regions do not leave concern for experts ...
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Undoubtedly, applied geography plays a significant role as a dynamic science in all land development and planning programs. The intellectual transformations of contemporary geographers on the role of geography and its application in the development of different regions do not leave concern for experts in various fields, because in the opinion of geographers the various natural and human phenomena on the earth's surface have complex interactions, each of which requires recognition of other phenomena and estimation of possible interactions among them. In addition, multi-dimensional view of geographers and their study of phenomena in different aspects have guided them in their attempts to solve the urban, rural and nomadic problems. Therefore, the geographer considers the compatibility of rural development programs with the geographical features of rural space, so that the geographical and economic landscape of the area is not damaged. It should be noted that the physical development of villages is only part of the rural development process; its main lines are depicted in the form of physical changes in villages.
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 56-57
Abstract
Most of the activities a surveyor carries out in the context of his professional tasks needs measurement. Traditionally, the community looks at the surveyor as an expert skilled in land measurement. For this reason, they expect him to collect information about land. Therefore, such a requirement necessitates ...
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Most of the activities a surveyor carries out in the context of his professional tasks needs measurement. Traditionally, the community looks at the surveyor as an expert skilled in land measurement. For this reason, they expect him to collect information about land. Therefore, such a requirement necessitates measurement and its application in mathematical formulas. Measurement, in the real sense, is more than what it appears. Although, from the perspective of an operator, it is possible to restrict measuring entirely to field operations, a particular person needs to have a deeper look, and field measurements are only a small part of measurement work and steps to provide the information necessary for next steps. In addition, before field measuring, it is necessary to design measuring work according to the precision that is ultimately needed.
Mas'oud Taghvaei; Morteza Fazeli
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 57-60
Abstract
The rapid growth of urbanization and the growth of metropolitan cities in developing countries, the movement of today's and tomorrow's economy towards urban characteristics, the imposition of environmental and geographical conditions on societies, and the alignment of the world toward a unified system ...
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The rapid growth of urbanization and the growth of metropolitan cities in developing countries, the movement of today's and tomorrow's economy towards urban characteristics, the imposition of environmental and geographical conditions on societies, and the alignment of the world toward a unified system has led the necessity of a multifaceted science called urban management be increasingly felt. Lightning and thunderbolts are two very interesting phenomena in the face of which human beings have long been doomed, and it has not been long since they have been able, by relying on the science of electrical conduction, to save their lives and their structures from unpredictable invasions of thunderbolt. In this research, which is conducted by the secondary method, information from different sources and books is collected and classified using note-taking method. The findings of this research show that the broad dimensions of casualties and losses caused by thunderbolt necessitates extensive research in the field of optimization and immunization of cities. In this regard, in urban development plans, reducing the vulnerability of citizens and society to lightning phenomena is necessary. Therefore, for sustainable development, cities must work towards sustainability. It is according to this view that cities and citizens should be trained in ways, including crisis drills, to enhance their readiness in order to be able to deal with natural disasters (thunderbolt), and so be able to survive and grow.
Zahra Hejazizadeh; Zeinolabedin Ja'farpour; Nader Parvin
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 57-61
Abstract
Since immemorial past, drought has been one of the dangerous natural disasters for human life. As it is seen in historical texts, this phenomenon has always caused many social-economic changes, such as wars, famine and immigration. In this research, the wet and dry periods of some of meteorological stations ...
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Since immemorial past, drought has been one of the dangerous natural disasters for human life. As it is seen in historical texts, this phenomenon has always caused many social-economic changes, such as wars, famine and immigration. In this research, the wet and dry periods of some of meteorological stations of Lake Urmia Basin, located in the northwest of Iran, have been analyzed. For this purpose, first the stations of Urmia, Tabriz, Saqez and Miandoab have been normalized using yearly methods. In other words, the precipitation was turned into a standard score (Z-Score). Then, the intensity of either of dry and wet periods was defined in two classes: weak to average dry (-1.5 <z <-0.5), severe dry (z<-1.5), weak to average wet (+0.5 <z <+1.5) and extreme wet (z> +1.5). In addition, the roughly normal period (-0.5 <z <+ 0.5) was considered as a period neither significantly wet nor suffering from drought. In the next step, a Run Test was performed on monthly precipitation data and their homogeneity was confirmed. Subsequently, using time series method (SARIMA), the monthly precipitation of these stations was modeled and predicted for the future (based on the most appropriate model) until 2002. Finally, according to the predicted values, the degree of severity of the year’s wet-or-dryness has been determined. The results of the study show that the annual precipitation of this basin in the years 2001 and 2002 is almost normal and will be accompanied by an upward trend and exit the state of drought.
Mohammad Fahimi (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 57-60
Abstract
Practical applications of digital photogrammetric systems are increasing day by day. An important feature of digital photogrammetry (DP) is its capability to combine photogrammetry with other technologies such as computer science, computer graphic design, implementation of design identification, image ...
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Practical applications of digital photogrammetric systems are increasing day by day. An important feature of digital photogrammetry (DP) is its capability to combine photogrammetry with other technologies such as computer science, computer graphic design, implementation of design identification, image processing, geographic information engineering and many other possibilities found in ordinary computers.
Ali Jahani (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 57-60
Abstract
Over the past two decades, applications of satellite information have expanded along with advancements of remote sensing technology. Expansion of applications of satellite data, while in itself an important step toward fulfilment of needs of human being for information, requires researchers to produce ...
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Over the past two decades, applications of satellite information have expanded along with advancements of remote sensing technology. Expansion of applications of satellite data, while in itself an important step toward fulfilment of needs of human being for information, requires researchers to produce information with spectral, spatial and radiometric characteristics that provide repetition of different temporal coverage. In this regard, some governments and private companies are making great efforts to continue their space plans until the year 2000, and to set advanced satellite systems on their orbits around the Earth. In this paper, the characteristics of four groups of satellites belonging to the early twenty-first century have been described and their capabilities examined.
Rostam Saberifar
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 58-65
Kamal Nowzari; Masud Rajabdust
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 58-62
Abstract
The old regions of our cities must be modernized and take on today's functions in order to come out of the current state of stagnation. This requires a purposeful and continuous plan over time.
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The old regions of our cities must be modernized and take on today's functions in order to come out of the current state of stagnation. This requires a purposeful and continuous plan over time.
Susan Mesgari (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 58-59
Abstract
In recent decades the fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level has inflicted damages on the people and lands around it. Climate changes and inattention to ecosystem have certainly played role in this issue. However, this fact has remained much unrecognized.The Caspian Sea, the largest lake on the earth, ...
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In recent decades the fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level has inflicted damages on the people and lands around it. Climate changes and inattention to ecosystem have certainly played role in this issue. However, this fact has remained much unrecognized.The Caspian Sea, the largest lake on the earth, covers an area vaster than the country of Norway. Its geological structure has formed millions of years before, and over thousands of years its area has been increased or decreased. The Caspian Sea was once an open sea, and was connected to oceans via the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and the Azov Sea.This Sea, which was once possessed by Iran and the Soviet Union, has now attracted the attention of the five coastal countries surrounding it for its natural gas resources. In addition to Iran and Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have shares in these resources.
Rostam Saberifard
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 59-67
Abstract
Our cities and villages had once been the best examples of sustainability. Considering the ecological limitations of places such as water, attitudes such as development compatible with nature, saving resources, using indigenous materials, developing effective methods for survival such as aqueducts and ...
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Our cities and villages had once been the best examples of sustainability. Considering the ecological limitations of places such as water, attitudes such as development compatible with nature, saving resources, using indigenous materials, developing effective methods for survival such as aqueducts and windbreaks, and ... were considered as examples of approaches sustainable and compatible with environmental potentials. But the increase in population and the rise in material and spiritual demands of man and the change in attitude toward nature, have greatly eliminated this balance. This situation appears more critical in environments with higher natural limitations. The city of Ferdows is one of those environments that locates on the outskirts of the desert and faces many problems. With the increasing trend of population growth in the current way and the continuation of production trends in the traditional way, the continuity of life in this part of the country will be faced with many barriers. This paper intends to reduce some of the existing pressures and threats by introducing unused capabilities of the city and how to exploit them.
Gholamreza Latifi; Alireza Samani
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 59-64
Abstract
The capital of Iran, located in Tehran, is virtually the center of all activities in the country and is still attractive to absorb the population. While Tehran can be developed as the focus of some of the future activities, such as higher education and advanced technology in the future, it should be ...
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The capital of Iran, located in Tehran, is virtually the center of all activities in the country and is still attractive to absorb the population. While Tehran can be developed as the focus of some of the future activities, such as higher education and advanced technology in the future, it should be gradually taken out of the position of the general center for all of the country's affairs. To this end, the focus of the growth of other issues can be transferred outside Tehran - in different cities, or at a new point.
2) Iran’s capital is facing various problems - from traffic, transportation and access to air pollution. These issues should be solved or at least partly healed by employing efficient managers and utilizing a variety of facilities - human resources and equipment and funds.
3) The geographical situation of Iran is such that its different regions have different climates. Having a metropolis like Tehran, which is practically the center of political, educational, industrial, health and medical care and business of the whole country, necessitates the displacement of large groups of people of the country to or from Tehran – or residing in there- for the sake of their activities development. With these conditions, it is better to have a few metropolitan areas, instead of a major metropolis.
4) The situation in Tehran in view of the fact that most of its recently developed parts are located in hazardous areas in terms of natural disasters - earthquakes and the vicinity of active faults, the floating domains and the possibility of landslide, instability and land subsidence, flood risk and its history in Tehran, The issue of surface and underground water and droughts for several decades or more - has gradually increased the risk of life in Tehran. The process of migration to Tehran has continued according to the latest data of Iran's statistics center. One of this issue’s results is the growth of slum dwelling, insecurity development - especially in the marginal areas of the city and new cities, delinquency and unemployment and other problems in Tehran. Multiculturalism in Tehran turns into cultural problems, instead of cultural development of Tehran.
5) With this condition, Tehran’s growth is practically accompanied by the destruction of spaces and urban fabric with house-garden identity. The Capital that has neither it’s old nor a modern identity, practically loses the qualification of being the Capital to a country with civilization and cultural history of Iran.
6) Air pollution in Tehran is such that, in particular in the cold season, it is associated with the unnoticed loss of life of our young and old countrymen and those with respiratory problems. I called these casualties to be unnoticed, because many of those whose lives are being shortened because of this crisis, neither themselves nor the others count them as casualties due to air pollution. Along with these challenges and other important reasons for the necessity of stopping the growth of Tehran, the simultaneous attempts to make it possible to live in it and the gradual transfer of part of the activities out of the province of Tehran, as well as the need to find options for a completely new capital - not an existing city that will eventually lead to a fate like Tehran - there are various issues raised by critics of this transfer, main ones of which are: 1) Many problems in Tehran are urgent. There is no time left to spend energy on other options. Any amount of energy should be allocated to improve the current situation in Tehran. Answer: This summing up was done about the city of Tehran after the end of the war with Iraq, whose consequent was of course the creation and development of urban and modern infrastructure, and simultaneously, unplanned urban development, sale of licenses for building extra floors, and management according to money and imbalanced urban development. What’s more, estimate of urgent and daily needs are always met with the challenge of “forgetting major planning”.
Hamid Reza Varesi
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 59-62
Abstract
Sister City is a covenant and a contract that is usually established between two cities which have some commonality in particular aspects, and hence certain connections are established between them. These connections are essential in identifying the characteristics of each of the cities. After the formation ...
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Sister City is a covenant and a contract that is usually established between two cities which have some commonality in particular aspects, and hence certain connections are established between them. These connections are essential in identifying the characteristics of each of the cities. After the formation of such a relationship, certain legal steps are taken by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the highest authorities of the two cities sign the Sister Cities contract. Sister cities take certain actions as signs of friendship, including naming a street or park after their sisters. The reason for choosing such a title for such contracts (sisterhood) is that the word "city" is a female noun. The city of Isfahan is currently considered as one of the most important cities in the world (one of 10 historic cities in the world). Its historical works, including Imam (Naghsh-e Jahan) Square, have been pronounced as amongst the human’s great heritage. The city has now ten Sister cities. The cities of Florence in Italy, St. Petersburg in Russia, Xi’an in China, Lasi in Romania, Yerevan in Armenia, Havana in Cuba, Freiburg in Germany, Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, Barcelona in Spain and the city of Kuwait are the Sister cities of Isfahan. Proposals have also been made to strengthen such agreements, including establishment of a marketplace called the Market of Nations to showcase the traditions and handicrafts of each of the Sisters, or of the establishment of the Garden of Nations. What can be said about these cities (Sisters) is that most of them have unique and sometimes world-famous historical or artistic works, each of which can be regarded as artistic achievement in its own right, and that these arts and historical works have played significant role in expansion of relations with such cities. In the present article, first historical and artistic features of the city of Isfahan will be briefly discussed, and next the characteristics of the Sisters of Isfahan will be examined.
Mostafa Mohajerani
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 59-64
Abstract
In this part of the vast Asian Continent, over the course of a few thousand years the tribal communities moved all over the region. Their lifestyle was such that they constantly traversed long ways looking for water and fodder around the area. Livestock products provided them with food, clothing and ...
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In this part of the vast Asian Continent, over the course of a few thousand years the tribal communities moved all over the region. Their lifestyle was such that they constantly traversed long ways looking for water and fodder around the area. Livestock products provided them with food, clothing and housing, and they were almost self-sufficient, sometimes supplying their needs with selling part of their products. Their dominant economy was a pastoral one.
Each tribe possessed certain rangelands and they enjoyed the principles of peaceful coexistence. The differences between them were solved by mediation of elders and mutually-accepted arbitrators. There was no particular government system. The pattern of work and life of these societies was different from those in the rural and nomadic communities of China, Iran, India and, generally, the Middle East.
Hassan Lashkari; Ghasem Key Khosravi
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 60-66
Abstract
Strong winds have been named storms, which, in various forms and at high speed, blow over for a short time and are usually accompanied by unstable air. If unstable air is humid, a thunderstorm, and if it is dry, a dust storm will form (Alijani, 2000). In all stations of Hamadan province the majority ...
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Strong winds have been named storms, which, in various forms and at high speed, blow over for a short time and are usually accompanied by unstable air. If unstable air is humid, a thunderstorm, and if it is dry, a dust storm will form (Alijani, 2000). In all stations of Hamadan province the majority of thunderstorms occur in the spring. In this season, the greatest number of thunderstorms have occurred due to increased solar radiation energy, which is characterized by significant atmospheric moisture content due to evaporation and vegetation cover, wet lands and transitional thermodynamic systems from the west and southwest of the country. The fall season is second in terms of the number of Thunder storms. In this season, due to the high radiation energy and the arrival of unstable systems with an appropriate moisture source, the number of thunderstorms is significant. The smallest number of thunderstorms belongs to winter. The maximum average of dust storms occurs mainly in dry areas without vegetation, and the number of these storms is less in the mountainous areas of Hamadan. The seasons with most frequent storms in the districts of Ekbatan, Hamadan, Noghe and Malayer are spring and summer, and at Nahavand station the summer season. The study of the trend of hourly changes in storms frequency shows that the maximum occurrence of these storms is from 9 am on, and at 6 p.m. their intensity and frequency decreases, and in all stations the frequency of these storms is higher in days than in nights. According to the conducted surveys, the most activity of dust storms is in the spring and summer. Although during this period of time the ground for local instability is provided due to the high radiation energy and suitable topographic conditions, but the energy of the systems is evacuated as dust storms because of the lack of adequate moisture.
Ali Akbar Rasuli; Mas'ud Minaei
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
This paper presents an introduction of air pollution’s situation assessment in an urban area. The author uses the GIS, which combines the vehicle distribution model, pollutant release model, progress model and related data, in order to estimate the propagation and spatial distribution of traffic ...
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This paper presents an introduction of air pollution’s situation assessment in an urban area. The author uses the GIS, which combines the vehicle distribution model, pollutant release model, progress model and related data, in order to estimate the propagation and spatial distribution of traffic pollutants in the city of Taichung in Taiwan. This model can not only analyze the exact location of pollution, it can also predict emissions affected by changes in specific traffic conditions or strategic management. The results show that more CO emissions occur around areas located in the center or south of the city in Taichung, and the range of highway 1 suffer SOx, Nox and TSP pollutions more than rest of the city. Although the part of highway 1 within Taichung is not very long, it nevertheless plays a role in production of a significant portion of total suspended particulate (TSP), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) in this area. Moreover, the prediction of several hypothetical designs suggests that the main effect of advanced engines on reducing TSP emissions is more than 10%, while the average speed increase of urban road traffic may reduce CO by more than 14%.
Mahdi Saghafi (Translator)
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
Desertification is a major problem of lands that are located in arid areas of the world and consequently gradually destroyed. Elimination of soil and vegetation has adverse effects, as almost 50% of land degrades as a result of human mismanagement of agriculture and rangelands. A large part of North ...
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Desertification is a major problem of lands that are located in arid areas of the world and consequently gradually destroyed. Elimination of soil and vegetation has adverse effects, as almost 50% of land degrades as a result of human mismanagement of agriculture and rangelands. A large part of North America and Spain are covered by arid areas that have experienced desertification. Excessive grazing of livestock and felling of forest trees tend to increase desertification in rangelands. Agricultural activities that increase the rate of water and wind erosion play the largest role in consuming water for agricultural products, and mismanagement of water resources may cause salinity and therefore reduce water resources’ potential of utilization. In addition to destruction of vegetation, erosion and salinization, the effects of desertification on the fertile Loess soils can be seen as soil compression and shelling. Urbanization, mining and tourism have undesirable effects on different parts of land because these lands are also categorized as rainfed or irrigated agricultural lands. If there are proper financial sources and practical policies, combating the phenomenon of desertification using known techniques can be of consequence.
Behrouz Dehzad; Ali Didevar Asl; Javad Zahmatkesh Momtaz
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
In today's world, if the proper structures and rules of life are not applied and the economic, social and environmental systems are not in agreement with standards adapted to the environmental, there will be great threat of harmful and irreparable damages. Today, human beings must learn that today's ...
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In today's world, if the proper structures and rules of life are not applied and the economic, social and environmental systems are not in agreement with standards adapted to the environmental, there will be great threat of harmful and irreparable damages. Today, human beings must learn that today's life should be based only on harmonization with the environment, and paying attention to this issue not only provides the conditions for creating a suitable environment for living, it also spreads its positive and innovative structures and make a bright future for tomorrow's generation. Of course, human beings should not always expect favorable behavior from the nature. It is possible that a disturbance appear in the life cycle and some natural disasters such as drought, flood, landslide and ... disturb the balance of human’s life. This is where the difference between the modern world and the traditional one becomes clear, and the way humans behave towards these disturbances is revealed. Drought portrays the face of this environmental disturbance. This is the case in the whole of our country as an environmental problem, and will continue into future. Now that we are faced with these conditions, it is better to find a principled approach to adapt to it, and this can not be done unless the organization and prioritization of water resources are based on environmental needs and the elimination of factors inconsistent with the environment. This paper seeks to express this issue in three forms of recognition, assessment and organization.
Rahim Sarvar; Parvin Parvizian
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 61-66
Abstract
Today, tourism certainly can be a sustainable resource of income. In areas with higher density, there is higher needs for a place to spend leisure time on one hand and on the other hand the need for employment is more severely felt. Shahreyar with a population of one million is a large population center ...
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Today, tourism certainly can be a sustainable resource of income. In areas with higher density, there is higher needs for a place to spend leisure time on one hand and on the other hand the need for employment is more severely felt. Shahreyar with a population of one million is a large population center in Tehran province. A large part of this population depends on Tehran or Karaj for their income and even for spending their free time which results in increasing traffic jams of these metropolises. The area is a green plain covered with fruit gardens whose beauty and maintenance depends on planning and increasing the benefits of garden owners. Otherwise, these gardens will end in the construction section as it has happened in the last few years. In the present research, the area was investigated from different perspectives and field information were collected. Results indicate that the area is in need of powerful planners with the capability of long term planning and providing the necessary requirements to attract capital and create confidence for investment in building new creative contexts and eliminating or minimizing limitations and obstacles. Obviously, green plain of Shahreyar has more powerful rivals like towns in North of Tehran and if it is going to maintain its status, new plans must be implemented in the area.
Hossein Hataminejad; Mohammd Hossein Janbabanejad
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 61-66
Abstract
Postmodernism is considered to be the most prevalent feature of modernism, which is characterized by a combined imitation (Pastiche). The postmodern moment comes when the avant-garde (modern) is no longer able to continue and advance, and can not go a step further. The postmodern response to modernity ...
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Postmodernism is considered to be the most prevalent feature of modernism, which is characterized by a combined imitation (Pastiche). The postmodern moment comes when the avant-garde (modern) is no longer able to continue and advance, and can not go a step further. The postmodern response to modernity implies acknowledgment of the fact that the past must be reconsidered or revised, because the past can not really be destroyed, because the destruction of the past leads to silence. Postmodernism indicates a new kind of crisis in the modernist culture itself. This crisis emphasizes that scattered, decomposing, passing, turbulent and disordered aspect in Baudelaire’s formulation. Post-modern state of affairs has been closely associated with the growth of cities, particularly with the dramatic trend of urbanization and migration to major cities in recent decades. But this growth of cities was beyond what Le Corbusier and Max Weber considered to be for civilized and rational groups. In general, modernism and postmodernism have influenced various fields of literature, art, architecture, urban sociology, social theory, and urbanization, and their influence is still evident in these areas. In this article, written by descriptive-analytical method, we try to consider the concepts and characteristics of modernism and postmodernism in the field of urbanization, their differences and effects, especially of postmodernism, in different urban areas including physical and non-physical.
Hassan Mohammadian Mosammam
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 62-71
Abstract
Although the importance of urban management in achieving sustainable urban development has become increasingly clear to the general public and urban managers, there is a wide range of contradictions and confusion regarding the content of urban management in China, which are considered amongst important ...
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Although the importance of urban management in achieving sustainable urban development has become increasingly clear to the general public and urban managers, there is a wide range of contradictions and confusion regarding the content of urban management in China, which are considered amongst important practical barriers. This paper examines some of the issues faced by Chinese cities during the experience of urban management. The most interesting part is the need for a comprehensive understanding and a strategic model focusing on the Gwangju case study and its regional development to improve the capacities of the Chinese urban management. This paper, using some quantitative evaluation criteria, shows that implementing a comprehensive urban management strategy is beneficial in improving the urban management process.
Mohammad Sargeran Ghavi
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
The spatial distribution of vulnerability groups in Tokyo is not exactly clear. However, there is a significant correlation between the distribution of wood houses vulnerable to earthquakes and that of old communities. A strategic study on homelessness in Tokyo showed that the highest number of people ...
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The spatial distribution of vulnerability groups in Tokyo is not exactly clear. However, there is a significant correlation between the distribution of wood houses vulnerable to earthquakes and that of old communities. A strategic study on homelessness in Tokyo showed that the highest number of people without housing were concentrated in limited areas of the city such as parks, railroad stations and the borders of levees. It should be noted that, according to international standards, there is only a small number of homeless people in Japan. The emergence and growth of the homeless population in Tokyo is a response to the lack of luck and the economic recession in small industries, which had once attracted a large number of rural migrants in the city due to ease and unskilled nature of work in those businesses. Although systematic planning to increase the participation of homeless people in activities designed to reduce and minimize disaster risks and damages is a valuable and technically feasible measure, it has faced many Japanese citizens' resistance. This research is about social vulnerability in Tokyo, which was first examined by Yuno (1998) and Wiesner (1998). The purpose of this research is to study two issues. First, it wants to show that the vulnerability to incidents has demonstrated certain spatial patterns in Tokyo. It has been deducted (1994) that social factors are affected and shaped by accidents. So in Tokyo, we see that the social and spatial structure of the city is influenced by the vulnerability pattern of incidents. Second, this study is an introduction to the description of homelessness distribution in Tokyo, which has been taken as a primary step for a public analysis of social solidarity due to urban vulnerability. In order to reinforce this, at first a brief overview of the social evolution of Tokyo has been presented.
Hassan Rajabpour Kaari
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the historical evolution of Babolsar in the geographical context of its neighborhoods, which has led to the formation of Babolsar's current neighborhoods. In this paper, the author has tried to study Babolsar in 5 crucial stages of its evolution, and to draw ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the historical evolution of Babolsar in the geographical context of its neighborhoods, which has led to the formation of Babolsar's current neighborhoods. In this paper, the author has tried to study Babolsar in 5 crucial stages of its evolution, and to draw a parallel between its past neighborhoods and the current ones. Most of the discussion is based on the geographic location of the old neighborhoods and imagination of Babolsar's past based on its current state.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
Before emergence of GPS, the science of navigation couldn’t offer high accuracy in positioning during the day. But, at least it is comforting to remember that the Sun, stars and other celestial bodies are not controlled by super powers. Here, the author describes a system which always receives ...
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Before emergence of GPS, the science of navigation couldn’t offer high accuracy in positioning during the day. But, at least it is comforting to remember that the Sun, stars and other celestial bodies are not controlled by super powers. Here, the author describes a system which always receives its directions from Pentagon and military forces of the United States, and it is possible thanks to the great number of celestial bodies.
Hosein Kamsari (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
The satellites, which have revolutionized the transfer of information across the globe through their advanced technology, are unfortunately identified by those unfamiliar with the complexity of new technologies with only the television images, cinematic films and at most visual reports, while satellites ...
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The satellites, which have revolutionized the transfer of information across the globe through their advanced technology, are unfortunately identified by those unfamiliar with the complexity of new technologies with only the television images, cinematic films and at most visual reports, while satellites can scan the depths of the Earth, pull out news and facts from the oceans and observe the movements of the smallest creatures of the planet clearly. What you'll find in this article is a scientific and comprehensive look at satellite technology that can be one of the most effective commercial tools. A tool by which knowledge marches ahead, and unfolds newer areas of the world to the eyes of scholars and researchers. The term “geo-stationary satellites” in this article refers to communicational, spying, meteorological, and in general, satellites designed for specific purposes and placed in the orbit (36,000 kilometers from the surface of the ground).
Robert Barr
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
When experts and professionals in the world of GIS gather together or discuss with each other, their claimed field is not merely geographic. One of the interesting issues in the GIS world is the existence of different people with different specialized fields. Each of them, regardless of their fields ...
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When experts and professionals in the world of GIS gather together or discuss with each other, their claimed field is not merely geographic. One of the interesting issues in the GIS world is the existence of different people with different specialized fields. Each of them, regardless of their fields of activity, feels that the realm of GIS is mainly dependent on their own profession or discipline, and others are just visitors or deal with GIS for fun or personal interest. To make this clearer, I'll mention examples of comments in this regard.
Seyyed Hadi Ayyazi
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 63-67
Abstract
The war in Afghanistan has shown that the US approach in international considerations has shifted toward the east, while in the past it was more oriented towards the Middle East. The foreign policy of the United States in the east has been based on the interests of this country in the Middle East. Central ...
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The war in Afghanistan has shown that the US approach in international considerations has shifted toward the east, while in the past it was more oriented towards the Middle East. The foreign policy of the United States in the east has been based on the interests of this country in the Middle East. Central Asia is a tense region with its own security concerns. In addition, the activities of Russia and China in this region add to the region’s complexities. The two countries have strong, traditional and often long-lasting political ties with the countries of the region. Initially, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) included five countries from Central Asia and all East Asian countries. Apparently, the organization's approach was based on economic, social, and political considerations. However, SCO is an organization that often seeks the interests of Russia and China in the region. It apparently does not have any negative attitude toward world powers, but it has, however, shown various signs over time that have aroused international concerns. It has also considered the demands of countries such as Iran, India and Pakistan for membership in the Cooperative Organization. Therefore, it can be said that members of SCO are not merely small political economic partners, but they have developed considerably and are becoming regional powers. SCO policies and practices have often clashed with US policies. Among the challenges facing this relationship are the war in Afghanistan, the US-Taiwan defense treaty and the US missile defense system in this country. Considering these comprehensive issues, we can cite America's serious concerns about SCO plans.
Behnam Moghani Rahimi; Zahra Porbar
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 64-67
Abstract
The importance of climatic effects on architecture necessitates exclusive studies and researches, especially in our country which possesses climatic diversity and diverse architecture. Climate can be defined as an organized collection of vegetation, precipitation, heat, temperature, and sunlight in the ...
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The importance of climatic effects on architecture necessitates exclusive studies and researches, especially in our country which possesses climatic diversity and diverse architecture. Climate can be defined as an organized collection of vegetation, precipitation, heat, temperature, and sunlight in the area. In order to identify local architectural structures and increase the level of comfort among its inhabitants, we inevitably have to consider local climatic features.
If we reach an awareness of climatic elements and direction of buildings in Shiraz, recognition of appropriate materials and choosing appropriate size for windows, we can think of measures so that its inhabitants feel comfortable and can supply the necessary cooling and heating for their house. Information collection was performed in the form of a secondary, documentary and survey research.
Hossein Hataminejad; Rasul Darabkhani
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 65-69
Abstract
The Central Place Theory of Walter Christaller, a well-known German geographer, was first proposed in his 1933 book "Central Places in South Germany". The term central point or place is used to refer to a location that supplies goods and services to its surrounding areas, and is thus central to several ...
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The Central Place Theory of Walter Christaller, a well-known German geographer, was first proposed in his 1933 book "Central Places in South Germany". The term central point or place is used to refer to a location that supplies goods and services to its surrounding areas, and is thus central to several areas and the source of their needs. In fact, this theory is designed to respond to the spatial distribution of cities and the systems of hierarchy among them, and the centrality of a site increases and decreases with corresponding increase and decrease in the level of service received by that location. In this paper, first the hypotheses and principles of the theory of Christaller are presented based on whose assumptions it can be said that in this theory all phenomena are placed in their ideal state, something that can be rarely found in reality. After assumptions, the urban hierarchy has been examined; according to his observations on central locations in southern Germany, Christaller found that there is a hierarchical system in the economic and administrative system of these central locations. His belief in the existence of a hierarchy among the central locations of the southern regions of Germany led him to classify them according to their population and degree of centrality. According to the Central Place Theory, the spatial distribution of central places takes shape in a regular geometric space that is displayed in the form of conventional and overlapping polygons (hexagons). After urban hierarchy, the concept of threshold and the concept of the sphere of influence of goods and services in the Central Location Theory, the factors affecting the return of consumers to the central location, the assessment of economic activities in a hierarchical system and the application of central places in regional planning are examined, and after reviewing these cases, Christaller’s theory has been evaluated, and finally a conclusion has been made.
Masoud Taghvaei; Fahimeh Soleimani
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 66-73
Abstract
Flood is an exceptional, extreme water stream that may be overflowed from the natural bed of the river and occupy the land around the bed. Flooding can be the result of heavy rain, quick melting of snow and ice, or the destruction of dams. Whatever the reason for this process, when it enters the urban ...
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Flood is an exceptional, extreme water stream that may be overflowed from the natural bed of the river and occupy the land around the bed. Flooding can be the result of heavy rain, quick melting of snow and ice, or the destruction of dams. Whatever the reason for this process, when it enters the urban areas, it causes damage and sometimes heavy casualties, as the city invades the natural hydrological spaces (rivers and river beds) during its development.
Over the past few decades, new methods have been developed to deal with floods, and these methods are of a more pre-emptive and non-therapeutic nature. By laying down and implementing specific plans for urban land use, regulations and laws, as well as education of people, flood damage can be reduced and minimized, while avoiding heavily costs of the construction of flood control structures.
In this regard, the present study, by documentary study, identifies the effects of natural factors (precipitation) and the resulting crisis in urban planning, which results in attention to crisis management in urban planning in order to prevent flooding and reduce rainfall damages as well as extending the optimal use of rainwater in a variety of aspects.
Mohsen Zare Ahmadabad; Ali Nabi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 68-74
Abstract
Fault is a kind of break which happens due to pressure on the crust and following the displacement of layers. It has different forms (Shayan, 1997, P.128).
The study area is located in Azarbaijan Sharqi, Northern and North Eastern Tabriz. It borders Tabriz plain in South and South East, and Aji chay ...
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Fault is a kind of break which happens due to pressure on the crust and following the displacement of layers. It has different forms (Shayan, 1997, P.128).
The study area is located in Azarbaijan Sharqi, Northern and North Eastern Tabriz. It borders Tabriz plain in South and South East, and Aji chay main basin, Khaje and Shirinje Daghi in North. Due to slight activity of Northern fault system in Tabriz, geomorphologic forms are consequently affected by such activities like landslide in hillside, or landslide in different surfaces and scales. The present article aims to study geomorphology of Northern Tabriz fault which is in constant natural interaction with Tabriz city. Fault line scarps with steep slope is a dominant characteristic of the area. The main area in the study is 67 km2 and the highest point with 1900 m altitude is located in ‘Un ibn ‘Ali elevations and central part of the study area.
It should be noted that ‘Un ibn ‘Ali elevations which include the most important part of study area cover Northern and North Eastern sections of Tabriz plain, from Baghmishe in South East to Tabriz airport in North with a North West-South East direction. Furthermore, studies and investigations in different parts of this fault indicate the presence of different morphological traces caused by tectonic activities.
Hojjat Mahkouei
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 68-71
Abstract
Places have fundamental differences in terms of scale and natural characteristics; in a complex way, they are overlapping and interdependent. Therefore, no map of the places in the world can be drawn to show definite boundaries. There are many examples of difference in places: Sand Book (1984), about ...
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Places have fundamental differences in terms of scale and natural characteristics; in a complex way, they are overlapping and interdependent. Therefore, no map of the places in the world can be drawn to show definite boundaries. There are many examples of difference in places: Sand Book (1984), about changing the spatial distribution of the industry and moving it away from interconnected urban areas - which turned out as a motivation for a full research program with general title of "Localising Program "-, explains this matter through local fabric. Every place bounded by a border is a land whose characteristics can be clearly expressed; its boundaries can be defined - whether on the ground or on the map - these borders can be defended, and their qualities can be specified. Therefore, governments’ understanding of the locating process is important for understanding how contemporary society behaves; the economy associated with the place of the capitalist system is based on competition. The provision of the interests of every place’s inhabitants has to be largely based on opposition to the interests of the inhabitants of other places, which often require the spread of positive view of the fellow-citizens and negative opinions towards the strangers. For sustainable urban development, the characteristics of the place where the city is set or is intended to be set is of great and decisive importance. The development of urban location is one of the basic steps taken by the governments for the well-being of the people living in the city. Since humans are interdependent and not able to live, progress, and develop without communication, places of human life, whether rural or urban areas are interdependent and related to each other in a way that It is not possible for one to develop without the others; this mutual interaction of places will cause their development. The nature of places can be summarized as follows: 1. Places are created by society. 2. Places make their own counterparts. 3. People have control over places and can change them. 4. Locations are not separate and independent from each other. In this research, we tried to investigate the relationship between city location and sustainable urban development as well as city location’s role in urban places; the method of research is descriptive-analytic.
Hushang Ghaemi; Hassan Lashkari; Tayyebeh Namdarian
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 69-74
Abstract
Recognition of the country's precipitation regime and its spatial and temporal dispersion can be a better basis for proper planning to deal with damage and reduce the effects of abnormalities of water resources. In the present study, the monthly and annual data of 22 synoptic stations during the statistical ...
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Recognition of the country's precipitation regime and its spatial and temporal dispersion can be a better basis for proper planning to deal with damage and reduce the effects of abnormalities of water resources. In the present study, the monthly and annual data of 22 synoptic stations during the statistical period (1986-2005) have been used to determine the time and place indices of precipitation and its changes. (Table 2 shows the geographic position of the stations). The analysis shows that according to the average station precipitation of 20 years old, precipitation in the northwest of Iran is 354 mm, variation coefficient of precipitation 0.26, skewness 0.39 and bezel 0.86 respectively. Studies have shown that rainmaking systems that invade the area create different effects due to the geographic location of the stations.
