Mahdi Modiri
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 2-5
Abstract
It is now more than thirty years since the important parts of photogrammetry have been automated. One of the primary applications of photogrammetric automation is to digitize the data of the device's measurement system using the numerical stability system. In general, the coordinates of automatic drawings ...
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It is now more than thirty years since the important parts of photogrammetry have been automated. One of the primary applications of photogrammetric automation is to digitize the data of the device's measurement system using the numerical stability system. In general, the coordinates of automatic drawings are used by converting devices (the photo-mapping converting system). This device receives the order through a computer, which receives the commands and coordinates of the model’s points from the machine and transmits them to this device. The set of encoders, the servomotor system, and the computer with a stereocomparator make up the analytical photogrammetric system.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 6-13
Abstract
In military geography’s studies the emphasis is on the regional analysis method, but in most cases the studied areas are examined following political and province-based divisions of the country.
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In military geography’s studies the emphasis is on the regional analysis method, but in most cases the studied areas are examined following political and province-based divisions of the country.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 14-19
Abstract
The Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces, in line with its research in the field of surveying sciences, successfully completed the installation and running of GPS antenna on Fokker and Falcon aircrafts, the implementation of which was announced with the arrival of the twenty-first anniversary ...
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The Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces, in line with its research in the field of surveying sciences, successfully completed the installation and running of GPS antenna on Fokker and Falcon aircrafts, the implementation of which was announced with the arrival of the twenty-first anniversary of the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution. The project was conducted with the aim of making implementation of aerial photography using satellite observations of the GPS system possible. In this research project, the experts of the Organization managed to connect the RS-10A RC-10 aerial camera to a new generation of GPS receivers that can receive waves transmitted from Glonass and GPS satellites. The project was implemented while the manufacturers of these types of cameras prevented from carrying it out, considering it impossible to realize. With the implementation of this project, a test flight with the new system was carried out over the Varamin area in Tehran, the results of which were then calculated with appropriate accuracy after processing and analysis of errors of this method. In this test flight, aerial photos taken from the area were calculated with the accuracy of 2 to 3 cm on the computational datum of Iran. This level of accuracy is very satisfying for aerial photography centers that provide photogrammetry cover maps.
However, to ensure the accuracy of the measurements and calculations, the results of aerial triangulation were tested in preparation of 1: 25000 maps, and the results of this comparison were satisfactory. Therefore, it can be argued that by performing aerial photography and triangulation along with GPS, the cost and time of the implementation of common photogrammetric projects fall to a third of their figures when practiced by old methods without causing a problem for the accuracy of cover maps in geographic terms.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 20-23
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 24-27
Abstract
In aerial surveying, the process of image preparation (aerial photography) using aerial cameras and photographic film for recording and storing photos is the most important artistic and validating technical stage in different activities concerning map preparation which is still utilized in various applications ...
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In aerial surveying, the process of image preparation (aerial photography) using aerial cameras and photographic film for recording and storing photos is the most important artistic and validating technical stage in different activities concerning map preparation which is still utilized in various applications in map production and analysis. Today preparation of electronic image, through basic changes in method of photography and exploitation of electronic photography systems, brings about a transformation in aerial surveying, which is gradually embedded in the process of operation.
Mahdi Mo'meni
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 28-30
Abstract
The Persian Gulf has since distant past been utilized by human being, and its natural conditions have played a major role in this exploitation.In this paper, it has been tried to provide with a brief description of the Persian Gulf conditions and to analyze the role and effect of each factor in sustainable ...
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The Persian Gulf has since distant past been utilized by human being, and its natural conditions have played a major role in this exploitation.In this paper, it has been tried to provide with a brief description of the Persian Gulf conditions and to analyze the role and effect of each factor in sustainable utilization. Finally, proper courses of action for recognition of natural potentials for sustainable exploitation have been presented.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 31-38
Abstract
The planet of Mercury, famous in myths as gods’ messenger, is very small compared to other planets in Solar System. This planet has the shortest span of year (eighty-eight days) and the highest orbital speed. Mercury revolves like a flame of fire around the Sun with a speed of about 48 km/s and ...
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The planet of Mercury, famous in myths as gods’ messenger, is very small compared to other planets in Solar System. This planet has the shortest span of year (eighty-eight days) and the highest orbital speed. Mercury revolves like a flame of fire around the Sun with a speed of about 48 km/s and is attracted by the Sun’s gravity.In terms of outer structure, Mercury is similar to the Moon, and its internal structure resembles that of the Earth. It is probable that this planet has collided with a body like the Moon in past ages.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 39-43
Abstract
Aerial triangulation is not the only major branch of photogrammetry, but all the stages of preparation of aerial images and their conversion into maps are conducted by photogrammetry. Therefore, the triangulation method is usually required by other applications of photogrammetry as well. Modification ...
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Aerial triangulation is not the only major branch of photogrammetry, but all the stages of preparation of aerial images and their conversion into maps are conducted by photogrammetry. Therefore, the triangulation method is usually required by other applications of photogrammetry as well. Modification and control of aerial triangulation system has finally become practical by the help of aerial techniques. This paper explains a software system for automatic aerial triangulation.The Pilot projects from the customary photogrammetric block as well as digital photography from the 3-Line CCD cameras using this software have also been introduced.
Hosein Asakareh
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 44-46
Abstract
One of the events of Holocene close to our time is the occurrence of a glacial period that affected all the areas of earth. This event, famous as the Little Ice Age, happened in various places and over different periods of time. However, all theories introduce the period between early-sixteenth to mid-nineteenth ...
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One of the events of Holocene close to our time is the occurrence of a glacial period that affected all the areas of earth. This event, famous as the Little Ice Age, happened in various places and over different periods of time. However, all theories introduce the period between early-sixteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries.The first theory about the cause of this glacial period ascribed this phenomenon to the Sun’s spots through Eddies, but later Robock proved that this age occurred due to volcanic activities and spread of dusts and volcanic ashes in the atmosphere.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 47-50
Abstract
The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network ...
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The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network of observation stations. The longest climatological observations began since 1664 in Paris (Linker, 1992). Climatological observations continued to make progress along with technological advancement. Today, international meteorological networks cover all around the world; climatic elements are observed several times a day and transmitted to national and international meteorological organizations and analyzed there, and relevant statistics and maps are published every year.
Frozen precipitation, especially snow, has received less attention in our country, and comprehensive works on this phenomenon are infrequent. Difficulties of the task and study in mountainous areas which are the main extent for frozen precipitation have constrained research activities in this regard.Snow is one of the important factors in environment and, as a type of precipitation, is a suitable reserve for storing water over long periods (Suruk, 1993). Slow hydrological reaction, avalanche, special micro-climate, intense reflection of solar energy and other factors have made snow as one of the most important and interesting climatic phenomena.
Bahram Najafpour
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 51-52
Abstract
Middle East is an area in Southeastern Asia and Northeastern Africa which includes Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, countries of Arabic Peninsula as well as Egypt and Sudan. Some also consider Afghanistan and Pakistan as belonging to the Middle East. The term “Middle East” ...
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Middle East is an area in Southeastern Asia and Northeastern Africa which includes Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, countries of Arabic Peninsula as well as Egypt and Sudan. Some also consider Afghanistan and Pakistan as belonging to the Middle East. The term “Middle East” became customary by the British Army during the Second World War, and this area is of great importance in strategic and geopolitical terms.This article is a summary of the report of a travel in the Middle East countries for study of water crisis, which, considering its great attention to different aspects of the issue, can be of great value.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 53-55
Abstract
GPS, despite its all advantages over other surveying methods, shows weaknesses in certain conditions of field operations. When implementation of part of surveying operations by GPS is not possible, there will be need for another tool, such as Optical Total Station machines.In this paper, it is tried ...
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GPS, despite its all advantages over other surveying methods, shows weaknesses in certain conditions of field operations. When implementation of part of surveying operations by GPS is not possible, there will be need for another tool, such as Optical Total Station machines.In this paper, it is tried to mention the potentials of utilization created by combination of the two methods. In this paper, all emphasis was placed on field operations of surveying process. Following implementation of a research plan for preparation of planimetric maps through combination of two technologies, we have achieved results which show clear temporal improvement of surveying process. The results obtained from this plan show a temporal improvement between 27 to 73 percent compared to the same task of surveying implemented by only one of the technologies.
Mahmoud Khosravi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, Pages 56-64
Abstract
Tourism industry is considered as one of the most important activities in the contemporary world. Every year there are 1.7 billion tourist travels which cost about $600 billion. The incomes of some countries such as Tunisia and Bahama are provided by tourism industry. Unfortunately, Iran’s share ...
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Tourism industry is considered as one of the most important activities in the contemporary world. Every year there are 1.7 billion tourist travels which cost about $600 billion. The incomes of some countries such as Tunisia and Bahama are provided by tourism industry. Unfortunately, Iran’s share of this industry is less than $200 million. On the whole, there is no doubt that climate is the main cause of the seasonal characteristic of tourism. In this paper, after examining major points and analysis of some models of tourist regions’ assessment, epistemological limitations of tourism studies are discussed. One of the most difficult stages is modeling the future climate. Assessment of the effect of climate on tourism is a sensitive and multi-faceted task. Considering the need for evidential research, we face many questions that need to be answered. Our main goal in this paper is to provide such answers. Today, there are evidences that in activities regarding the effect of climate, the mutual effects of environment and human are also considered. Therefore, the present article has also discussed the possibilities and limitations of research concerning climate effects on tourism. In this paper, first the importance of tourism-climate issues are discussed, and then a comprehensive examination of epistemological matters concerning climate effect research has been presented; finally, strategies for more advanced research about climate effects on tourism have been proposed.
