Mahdi Modiri
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 2-5
Abstract
Among various complex modeling techniques that can be used in research, there is great difference between techniques considering “what is there?” or “what can be there?” and those dealing with “what should be there?”. This difference can be expressed through descriptive ...
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Among various complex modeling techniques that can be used in research, there is great difference between techniques considering “what is there?” or “what can be there?” and those dealing with “what should be there?”. This difference can be expressed through descriptive and prescriptive models.
Descriptive modeling techniques aim at clarification and description, and it is possible to make distinctions between techniques which analyze cartographic data and those which combine such data. Techniques aiming at analyzing cartographic data decompose data into conceptually clearer levels, while techniques combining data attempt to combine them for utilization in a particular texture.
Analytical techniques of cartographic data usually deal with characteristics concerning position or form, and in the hill model (example mentioned in the main text) both can be observed. In Travel Time Layer in fig.6, the positional characteristic of each point relative to a hill is determined in terms of minutes.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 6-11
Abstract
This paper presents a new view on fully-automatic aerial triangulation. The concept of automatic extraction system connects nodal points with automatic matching of the branches of nodal points. The matching part is determined by multi-image matching techniques, and each image is achieved through a hierarchical ...
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This paper presents a new view on fully-automatic aerial triangulation. The concept of automatic extraction system connects nodal points with automatic matching of the branches of nodal points. The matching part is determined by multi-image matching techniques, and each image is achieved through a hierarchical manner. Justification of images and terrestrial coordinates of nodal points are calculated simultaneously. Primary results have been reported which show practical aspects of this view.
Hosein Asakareh
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 12-15
Abstract
Although the best method of studying environment is utilization of evidences available in environment itself, exploitation of historical documents and application of different theories and their combination can provide us with useful results about past environments.Using the above method, the approximate ...
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Although the best method of studying environment is utilization of evidences available in environment itself, exploitation of historical documents and application of different theories and their combination can provide us with useful results about past environments.Using the above method, the approximate age of the Shadegan Delta was determined and it became known that sedimentation and development of the Shadegan Delta began simultaneously with glacial periods in the Pleistocene. This delta did not exist until four thousand years ago and its emergence occurred after that date.
Mohammad Amin Arefzadeh
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 16-23
Abstract
Application of specialized systems is usually based on surveying needs of the day. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have been making efforts to materialize control and direction of map designing as well as utilization of specialized systems. The first step in expansion of specialized systems in map designing ...
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Application of specialized systems is usually based on surveying needs of the day. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have been making efforts to materialize control and direction of map designing as well as utilization of specialized systems. The first step in expansion of specialized systems in map designing is to give a formal status to the method of map designing. The base of such regularization is the expressive methods of science. The aims of this paper include introduction and expression of new methods of designing maps, namely its simplification (GF). This method has been applied in design and preparation of a thematic atlas under the title “specialized system of designing thematic maps”. This new method improves the expressive abilities concerning science renowned as “framework in artificial knowledge”. It also includes the advantages of all other methods namely framework, rule of connection and manner of action in a specialized system of designing maps.
Bahman Ramezani
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 24-27
Abstract
The aim of natural geographic or environmental studies is to achieve a basic knowledge of environment or land which is the context of all human activities and natural phenomena; these phenomena do not follow the same rules (Rahnama’ei, 1992). Consequently, the current state is the result of interactions ...
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The aim of natural geographic or environmental studies is to achieve a basic knowledge of environment or land which is the context of all human activities and natural phenomena; these phenomena do not follow the same rules (Rahnama’ei, 1992). Consequently, the current state is the result of interactions over years. Identification of new state in ideal temporal conditions is of extraordinary importance, because social environment is indeed the economic environment caused by nature, and geographic environment includes natural, social and economic environment. Since studies concerning rural development plans have concentrated on three natural, social and economic or spatial, demographic and occupational (employment) sections, the part concerning natural or spatial studies seems less prominent and does not receive emphasis, and this is a bitter experience which should not be repeated. This paper tries to present the importance of a part of rural developmental plans regarding natural geographic or environmental studies (physiography).
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 28-34
Abstract
Astronomical reflections are indeed stories of astronomical optical (visible through emitting light) bodies which are extinguished, leaving behind only a nice memory. In this chapter, we deal with a type of telescope-based astronomy which is not possible to practice with naked eyes. It concerns the images ...
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Astronomical reflections are indeed stories of astronomical optical (visible through emitting light) bodies which are extinguished, leaving behind only a nice memory. In this chapter, we deal with a type of telescope-based astronomy which is not possible to practice with naked eyes. It concerns the images of nebulae, a continuous and attractive cloud which indicates the presence of dark objects in space which we are not aware of. First astronomers equipped with telescope observed unclear and expanded objects among the stars which they named nebula (Latin word for dark parts of clouds). Even before telescope, the Andromeda nebula and Magellanic Clouds had been observed by naked eyes as enigmatic permanent spots with a weak light. An example of the most famous and largest nebulae-like or expanded forms is the Milky Way. This galaxy is very ambiguous, and has been a mystery for long. However, these dark and ambiguous shapes in nocturnal sky were gradually classified into two separate parts. These are the same masses which radiate light and heat due to high temperature of atoms that constitute them. The best example of such radiations is the Sun’s ray and other stars and objects formed by stars, such as the Milky Way and other galaxies and spherical star clusters.
Hosein Hataminejad (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 35-43
Abstract
Writing an article about convergence and divergence in urban development of Europe and North America simultaneous with overturn of material importance of political systems is a task of great importance. Forty five years of development after World Wars is over; Germany’s division is abolished, and ...
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Writing an article about convergence and divergence in urban development of Europe and North America simultaneous with overturn of material importance of political systems is a task of great importance. Forty five years of development after World Wars is over; Germany’s division is abolished, and it seems that establishment of “European Common House” is facilitated. Cynical fears about the growth of European unity which was prevalent during 1980’s was developed through Spengler’s views concerning decline of the West, and has now become forgotten. On the eve of the beginning of the third millennium, all the world’s affairs takes place in Europe. Creation of “united European nations” is not merely an illusion any more. These facts are important for the future of urban developments in a number of ways: Gigantic projects such as tunnel construction are being carried out; new long tunnels under the Alps seem possible. The network system will grow through roads with eastern and southern branches. Vast investment in financial network of railways will lead to efficiency of the EC.Wide network. Dense urban areas which so far have been receiving large shares of the fourth (economic) part in research and development establishments will gain the most benefit from growth of equipment. The upper levels of national urban systems will be placed to a great degree under the title of international power of the European common market. There will be competitions among these sections according to new local benefits. In this way, a type of “European Elite” status will emerge among the large metropolitan areas. Regional policies in European communities will not only change the economic map of Europe, but create a new classification of “regional centers” which will be recognized only by the capitals of lands annexed to the Federal Republic of Germany. There is no way to determine at this moment whether expansion of institutions for social leveling and advanced spatial distributions in prosperous countries will remain undisturbed, or to what level the social expansion will be separated from economic policies, or to what extent will the expansions impose policies beyond national level. Housing policy after World Wars is a good example of the latter case. This question is connected with convergence and divergence in urban development.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 44-51
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Ghodratallah Abedi
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, Pages 52-64
Abstract
Natural disasters are considered as one of the main obstacles on the way of sustainable development. Their occurrence always blocks the way of economic, social and civil developments. Higher severity of disasters will afflict national development plans with more trouble. Many civilizations and human ...
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Natural disasters are considered as one of the main obstacles on the way of sustainable development. Their occurrence always blocks the way of economic, social and civil developments. Higher severity of disasters will afflict national development plans with more trouble. Many civilizations and human societies have been destroyed by natural disasters. Human has added to frequency and intensity of disasters by irrational exploitation and weak management of utilization of natural resources. A review of the history of natural disasters will indicate this fact.
Unbridled increase of population is one of the barriers on the way of correct utilization of natural resources, so that population growth brings about increase in need for foodstuff (development of agriculture and livestock breeding), residences (development of urban areas), educational, sanitary and other facilities which in turn lead to unreasonable and uncontrolled exploitation of natural wealth. Consequently, undesirable results such as natural disasters take place and endanger medium-term and long-term planning. Therefore, it is necessary in sustainable development that these two matters be assessed and controlled.