Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 20-28
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted.
There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement.
The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Hamid Enayati
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 20-23
Abstract
Today, with the advancement of computer technology, many of the related organizations have changed the analog photogrammetric systems to Analytical system or digital analogue system in order to achieve digital maps. With the help of computers and electronic connections, it is possible to transform an ...
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Today, with the advancement of computer technology, many of the related organizations have changed the analog photogrammetric systems to Analytical system or digital analogue system in order to achieve digital maps. With the help of computers and electronic connections, it is possible to transform an analog photogrammetric system into a semi-analytic (digital) and analytical system.
The technology of transforming an analog system into a digital analog system is not very complicated; in other words, it does not require major changes in the photogrammetric device, and merely by installing a series of encoder on the machine, it is possible to convert the mechanical motion (z, y and x) of the measurement system to electronic pulses. These pulses can be digitized by a connector (connector board between the photogrammetric system and the computer).
It is possible through a brief examination to convert linear movement to a set of digits by using a suitable computer and installing connecting board inside it, and by employing an appropriate software that is compatible with the mentioned board. However, in the case of an analytical system, it is necessary to remove certain mechanical parts of the device. In this case, the connection between the device and the computer is bilateral, so it is necessary to use a series of engines in the circuit of the device, so that the visual radii (spatial rods) be converted from mechanical state with physical function to analytical picture radii. One of the devices that has been transformed into analytical systems is B8.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 20-29
Abstract
Today, all surveyors know that it is not possible to measure a length or angle without error. To establish mathematical relations governing observations, it is necessary to perform adjustment. One of the available methods for distributing errors is the least squares method. Unfortunately, many colleagues ...
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Today, all surveyors know that it is not possible to measure a length or angle without error. To establish mathematical relations governing observations, it is necessary to perform adjustment. One of the available methods for distributing errors is the least squares method. Unfortunately, many colleagues are not aware of the finer points of the theory of least squares. In this paper, we will examine the least squares theory and its method of application step-by-step.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
Landsat satellites have been providing information on land resources since 1972. Many users, in the public and private sectors, use these satellites’ information to solve their various problems concerning natural resource management. Agricultural, forestry and geological applications are only part ...
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Landsat satellites have been providing information on land resources since 1972. Many users, in the public and private sectors, use these satellites’ information to solve their various problems concerning natural resource management. Agricultural, forestry and geological applications are only part of Landsat's fields of application.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 21-26
Abstract
The restriction of the sources and documents related to the sphere of space in the country necessitates clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental and important issues concerning the space technology and space ...
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The restriction of the sources and documents related to the sphere of space in the country necessitates clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental and important issues concerning the space technology and space activities of the country, examine the specialixed areas in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.
Reza Esma'eili (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 21-28
Abstract
The trajectories are presented that suggest the sequence of incidents involving in the formation of Loess deposits, which include both the hypothetical deposits and the deposits of central China, Hungary, Nigeria and Tunisia. These trajectories describe the potential role and interrelationship between ...
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The trajectories are presented that suggest the sequence of incidents involving in the formation of Loess deposits, which include both the hypothetical deposits and the deposits of central China, Hungary, Nigeria and Tunisia. These trajectories describe the potential role and interrelationship between different types of silt production mechanisms in the formation of Loess. In application of these trajectories the desert Loess is a point of interest, and the result depends on how the terms "glacial Loess" and "desert Loess" are used. If the desert Loess is to be interpreted as silt production mechanisms, or to determine the environment in which the “wind-blown” has occurred, then the Loess desert is fully real and widely scattered. But if the term glacial Loess is used to attribute silt production to the global climate regime under which the Loess deposits are formed, instead of the responsible geomorphic mechanisms, the desert Loess can not be a suitable term for classification of Loess deposits. It is suggested that the classification of Loess deposits be carried out according to the global climate regime under which the Loess are accumulated, as it will make it easier to understand the environmental conditions at all stages of the formation of Loess deposits.
Hassan Lashkari; Reza Davari
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 21-25
Abstract
The province of West Azerbaijan, due to its geographical location, topographic conditions and governing atmospheric systems, experiences from cold to semi-cold weather over the main part of the year. Consequently, during five to eight months of the year, cold-to-cool bioclimatic conditions prevail in ...
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The province of West Azerbaijan, due to its geographical location, topographic conditions and governing atmospheric systems, experiences from cold to semi-cold weather over the main part of the year. Consequently, during five to eight months of the year, cold-to-cool bioclimatic conditions prevail in the province.Owing to these conditions, the main priority in the overall design of buildings is that of receiving the maximum radiation energy in residential areas, especially in the cold season. Considering the prevalence of cold and cool bioclimatic conditions in the province as well as the little need for the air flow to create comfortable conditions in the environment (less than 10% in year), the best direction for using solar energy to heat residential areas is “southeastern” in the southern and central parts of the province, and “southern” in the northen part of the province.
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 21-23
Abstract
In this article, Robert Barre, while outlining the consequences of the abandonment of Mr. Robinson from the Ordnance Survey of England, states that this would create a war on geographic information in the future.
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In this article, Robert Barre, while outlining the consequences of the abandonment of Mr. Robinson from the Ordnance Survey of England, states that this would create a war on geographic information in the future.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
The application of remote sensing can be highly variable when it examines the supply and demand of agricultural products on the world market. The global problems of population, environment’s quality, energy, climate and especially the physical, biological and technological problems that modern ...
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The application of remote sensing can be highly variable when it examines the supply and demand of agricultural products on the world market. The global problems of population, environment’s quality, energy, climate and especially the physical, biological and technological problems that modern agriculture faces are very widespread and are in turn affected by human values and traditions as well as economic, political and social systems.Here we do not attempt to study a large picture produced by remote sensing for agricultural applications; instead, we consider the direct application of aerial photo interpretation in three selected areas: classification of product type, assessment of product condition and estimate of product quantities.
Masoud Moayyeri (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 21-23
Abstract
In the eighteenth century, Vitus Bering was the first to direct European scholars toward the Siberian indigenous people in the East. Last year Trans-Siberian-Lounging was arranged by the Geo Magazine, which ended with great deal of hardship and the fact that one of the colleagues of the magazine called ...
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In the eighteenth century, Vitus Bering was the first to direct European scholars toward the Siberian indigenous people in the East. Last year Trans-Siberian-Lounging was arranged by the Geo Magazine, which ended with great deal of hardship and the fact that one of the colleagues of the magazine called "Regina Gabi" lost her life along with seven fellows in a copter accident. Then Boris Sheshlou (raceologist) continued the research, part of which is presented here as follows.
Dariush Abolfathi; Iesa Saraghi; Ghasem Sarempour
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 22-27
Abstract
According to the main tourism factors mentioned in the master plan, Nahavand town is located in the second tourism district of the province. Many different natural and cultural attractions are located in Nahavand, while tourist attractions in Sarab-e Giyan forest are mainly of ecotourism kind (natural-environmental).
This ...
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According to the main tourism factors mentioned in the master plan, Nahavand town is located in the second tourism district of the province. Many different natural and cultural attractions are located in Nahavand, while tourist attractions in Sarab-e Giyan forest are mainly of ecotourism kind (natural-environmental).
This promenade is located in south Nahavand city among crowded villages and it attracts large number of tourists from the city, province and even neighboring provinces. It should be noted that Giyan historical hill is also located near the forest and Sarab-e Giyan, which according to archeologist excavation had a culture similar to Mesopotamia in 5700 year ago.
The present article seeks to determine factors influencing visitor’s willingness to pay for visiting the forest and Nahavand Sarab-e Giyan and estimate its economic-promenade valuation according to CVM analytic method.
In this article, conditional valuation method (CVM) was used for estimating economic-promenade valuation of the forest and Nahavand Sarab-e Giyan. This method tries to determine visitor’s willingness to pay (WTP) in different scenarios of the assumed market.
Gholam Reza Latifi
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 22-26
Abstract
The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase of the number of large cities in the world especially in developing countries including Iran on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and accumulation of population, and increase of environmental and economic load on them ...
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The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase of the number of large cities in the world especially in developing countries including Iran on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and accumulation of population, and increase of environmental and economic load on them on the other, have led, in addition to greater attention paid to cities, to the acceptance of numerous roles and functions by them. One of the issues that most of the big cities in the world are concerned with is natural disasters. The unpredictability inherent in most of natural disasters and the need for rapid and correct decision-making and implementation of the operation in their face have created the theoretical and fundamental foundations of a science named Crisis Management. This science refers to a set of activities that take place before, during and after the crisis to reduce the effects of these incidents and decrease vulnerability. This has a special relationship with geography and urban planning and management. By using the principles and regulations of urban planning and by clarifying the concepts of this science such as the form, texture and structure of cities, urban land use, communication networks, urban infrastructure, etc., we can greatly reduce the effects and consequences of natural disasters. The geographic extent of Iran is one of the most vulnerable parts of the Planet in terms of the probability of occurrence of these events, especially earthquakes. Every year the occurrence of these incidents causes a great deal of life and financial losses, and urban areas have always had a bitter experience of the occurrence of such disasters. It seems therefore to be necessary to carry out specific planning for the safety of urban spaces. Cities are severely damaged by such cases due to population concentration and economic investment in them. Since the beginning of their formation, they have chosen a particular form and structure for their growth and have expanded over time. The science of urbanization can reduce the effects of such disasters by explaining its principles and concepts and by relying on geographical data, and crisis management can use these data to implement the necessary management principles to reduce the vulnerability of cities to these events.
Mehrdad Hosseini; Reza Borhani; Maryam Khattar
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 22-27
Abstract
In this research, in order to investigate the frosts occurred at Ekbatan station (Hamedan), the minimum daily temperatures of this station were studied. In general, the frosts were divided into three weak (mild), moderate, and severe categories. Next, the range of changes in the time of occurrence of ...
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In this research, in order to investigate the frosts occurred at Ekbatan station (Hamedan), the minimum daily temperatures of this station were studied. In general, the frosts were divided into three weak (mild), moderate, and severe categories. Next, the range of changes in the time of occurrence of these frosts was determined and the frequency of their occurrence was calculated. It was also attempted to obtain an experimental formula for the first autumn frost in a particular year based on the date of the last frosts of the spring of that year, and to determine the probability of occurrence of temperature thresholds between 0 and -15 ° C in different months of year by calculating different statistical parameters. In addition, it has been tried by dividing the the year into 36 distinct decades (ten days) to calculate the temperatures that are possible to occur with different percentages of probability.
Shahram Ghal'eh Mola'ei; Bahman Rashidi
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 22-24
Abstract
One-third of land is covered with desert; characteristics of these areas include high temperature due to intensity of sunlight, severe winds, and low and dispersed precipitation over the year, which cause reduction of vegetation and dispersion of plants. One of the most effective causes of this little ...
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One-third of land is covered with desert; characteristics of these areas include high temperature due to intensity of sunlight, severe winds, and low and dispersed precipitation over the year, which cause reduction of vegetation and dispersion of plants. One of the most effective causes of this little vegetation is the wind, whose impact in these areas is stronger than other lands. Severe winds affect lands by causing erosion and extreme changes, and ultimately create problems in construction and maintenance of vital facilities (roads, railways, power transmission lines, etc.).
Nasrin Nikandish; Abbasali Arvin; Vajiheh Shahsavari; Farshad Soleymani
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 23-29
Abstract
Drought is a global phenomenon which can happen nearly everywhere and result in major economic, social and environmental costs and losses. In this study, annual precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations and 8 pluviometric stations in a 20 year period (1986-2005) were applied to investigate climatic droughts ...
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Drought is a global phenomenon which can happen nearly everywhere and result in major economic, social and environmental costs and losses. In this study, annual precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations and 8 pluviometric stations in a 20 year period (1986-2005) were applied to investigate climatic droughts in Hormozgan province. After preparation of data, the intensity of drought was calculated using two statistical indices (percent index of normal precipitation and annual precipitation metric). Then, the results in each station were compared with its corresponding precipitation to select the best zoning method.
Finally, percent index of normal precipitation was selected as the best index for zoning drought. Results of the zoning indicated that in 1992, 1997, 1996, 1995 wet year was dominant in the area, while in 1993, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2005 average dry year covered a large part of the area and in 2001, 2003 very dry and extremely dry year was dominant. Drought does not show a specific trend considering its continuation, intensity and extent and lacks a homogeneous temporal and spatial distribution.
Majid Montazeri
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 23-28
Abstract
In order to assess the climatic drought trend in 23 sub-basins of the Caspian Sea, monthly precipitation data were converted to the zoned data by interpolation method. Then, based on the coordinates of the basins, the monthly precipitation of each basin was separated. The Standard Precipitation Index ...
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In order to assess the climatic drought trend in 23 sub-basins of the Caspian Sea, monthly precipitation data were converted to the zoned data by interpolation method. Then, based on the coordinates of the basins, the monthly precipitation of each basin was separated. The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) method was used to assess climatic droughts and this index was calculated monthly for each basin. According to the parametric test, linear regression of 23 sub-basins of Caspian Sea in January, May and December do not show any significant trend at 95% confidence level. Five sub basins in the months of February and July have a positive trend and 11 sub basins show negative trend in March and September. By applying non-parametric Mann-Kendall test on the SPI matrix of the 23 Caspian sub basin, it was found that no baseline shows significant trend in May. The highest trend in six sub-basins have been in the months of July and August.
Jamal Mohammadi; Mohammad Zavvareh Bidgoli
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 23-29
Abstract
Cities, as living beings, are always going through a cycle of physical life in the course of their evolutionary development; they are born, grow, increase in quantity, become vaster and take new roles, become old and suffer from erosion. Meanwhile, humans, in order to preserve the identity and authenticity ...
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Cities, as living beings, are always going through a cycle of physical life in the course of their evolutionary development; they are born, grow, increase in quantity, become vaster and take new roles, become old and suffer from erosion. Meanwhile, humans, in order to preserve the identity and authenticity of the city, and to realize the sustainability and survival of the city and its fabric and especially decayed fabric, takes measures, one of which is that of urban endogenous development. The term " endogenous development" is, based on its own definition, renovation, improvement, and, in other words, making existing urban areas usable again, which is usually done in areas that have lost their integrity and are on the way to collapse. In fact, the city's endogenous development is the optimal use of the potential of the city and a new vision of life in the city, especially the decayed fabric. The purpose of this paper is to investigate ways to achieve endogenous development of decayed fabric through regeneration, renovation, reconstruction, as well as barriers on its way. In this paper, through a descriptive and analytical approach and by documentary method, we explore and identify the ways of endogenous development of decayed fabrics and their challenges ahead. The results of this research show that applying methods such as regeneration, improvement, renovation and reconstruction with respect to people's awareness and economic, social and cultural issues, etc., and the elaboration of issues can be used to develop the endogenous development of urban decayed fabrics and to prevent population elusion in decayed fabric.
Abbas Khosravi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 22 , August 1997, , Pages 23-27
Abstract
This paper is an example of combination of GIS and remote sensing methods by scientists of Scott Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge, England during their study of ice covers in Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago in the north of Norway. Vast, remote polar areas are usually studied by remote sensing ...
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This paper is an example of combination of GIS and remote sensing methods by scientists of Scott Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge, England during their study of ice covers in Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago in the north of Norway. Vast, remote polar areas are usually studied by remote sensing methods. The above-mentioned project was implemented as a part of the European Space Agency’s program for study of ice caps and glaciers. Using GIS and whole range of remote sensing techniques, glaciological issues concerning different levels (different formations such as dry and wet snow or dry ice) on ice caps in an area in the north of Norway between latitudes of northern 74 to 81 degrees were studied.
Hasan Beikmohammadi
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 23-26
Abstract
Until thirty years ago, tourism and international travel were considered to be a luxury and fantasy even for quite wealthy people, while today the tourism industry has become one of the world's largest industries.
The number of international tourists which had not exceeded 25 million in 1950 has risen ...
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Until thirty years ago, tourism and international travel were considered to be a luxury and fantasy even for quite wealthy people, while today the tourism industry has become one of the world's largest industries.
The number of international tourists which had not exceeded 25 million in 1950 has risen to more than 500 million in 1993. During this period, revenues from this industry grew from $ 2.1 billion to $ 304 billion. According to the World Tourism Organization, the share of the Middle East, Southwest Asia and North Africa in this revenue has been only 4 percent, while Spain's income alone exceeds the oil revenue of all the Persian Gulf neighboring states, the Indonesian share is worth $ 3.3 billion, and France's share of the industry is nearly $ 100 billion. Undoubtedly, due to the diversity of weather, ancient history, several ancient and pilgrimage monuments, exquisite scenery, beautiful geographic landscapes and artworks, our country has a special potential in tourism industry which, if given due attention, it can soon become one of the world's largest tourist poles. But it should be noted that one of the realities of the tourism industry in each country is that this industry is not essentially either fortunate or despised, although there is no doubt that the development of this industry is very constructive in terms of foreign exchange earnings and added value, creation of employment, revitalizing weak local economies and cultural exchanges, but it is extremely undesirable if this industry is effective in destroying natural environments and in particular damaging culturally valuable spaces. Therefore, while, culturally, developing this industry leads to solidarity between nations and ultimately to international peace and understanding, and it also has countless economic advantages, but its growth and development is viewed in some international circles with concern and skepticism because of some negative effects. This article attempts to analyze the tourism industry in Iran and the province of Sistan and Baluchestan.
Seyyed Rahim Safavi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 23-28
Abstract
Since the beginning of life on earth, humans have always been struggling with the atmospheric and natural conditions of the earth. It took long until early humans achieved basic information about climate (soil, water, land features, etc.), and, after centuries of suffering, learned how to relatively ...
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Since the beginning of life on earth, humans have always been struggling with the atmospheric and natural conditions of the earth. It took long until early humans achieved basic information about climate (soil, water, land features, etc.), and, after centuries of suffering, learned how to relatively adapt themselves with the nature, took refuge in caves and then proceeded to migrate and, by any means, enclosed themselves in a small geographical area and tried to adapt themselves with the nature.
Over time, by studying some of the laws governing nature, human beings, by living outside the caves, have fought the nature and, in various ways, protected themselves against the natural conditions. From then on, fertile land, quality ranges and water’s value have found meaning through discovering agricultural and livestock farming means, and have become a factor in the emergence of conflicts among humans on the planet.
Majid Zahedi; Ali Akbar Rasuli; Abdollah Faraji
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Water is one of the main factors of natural environment which has a great influence on other environmental factors and human activities. Climate elements have direct and indirect impact on human life. The climate type of each region represents vegetation, soil, animal life, water status, and, to a large ...
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Water is one of the main factors of natural environment which has a great influence on other environmental factors and human activities. Climate elements have direct and indirect impact on human life. The climate type of each region represents vegetation, soil, animal life, water status, and, to a large extent, human economic activities including industrial, agricultural, tourism, etc. are controlled by the elements of the climate (Hobbs 1981) Climatic elements and parameters have applications in most of regional construction plans. Without attention to climatic elements and their exact study, most regional planning will certainly face difficulties. One of the best methods for recognizing the climatic elements of a region is having a comprehensive and basic information about these elements and their zoning. The zoning of climatic elements such as radiation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure, etc. and preparation of their zoning maps can be used as a tool for planners. Today, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is instrumental in geography. Accurate and advanced software of GIS (such as Arc / info, Arc / view, Arc /... GIS) and modern hardware (fast computers, scanners, plotters, printers, etc.), have, in addition to facilitating the work of geographers in the study and analysis of various scientific issues, increased the accuracy and speed of their operation. Currently, most branches of the science of geography utilize the GIS in urban, rural, regional, land lay, hydrologic, meteorological, environmental, etc. analyses and studies. The large region of Azerbaijan (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Ardebil) in the northwest of the country is one of the regions of the country with climatic diversity. Due to different topographical conditions and passage of western air masses, special climatic conditions have dominated the region. In this study, the elements of the Azerbaijan climate were analyzed and zoned using Arc / View software. Finally, the climatic zoning maps of the area were drawn up for each of the parameters.
Kamal Omidvar
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 24-28
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to introduce the theoretical foundations of fertilizing the clouds. First, the importance of the fertility issue is presented and then the origin of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN), natural Ice Nuclei (IN), types of fertility, mechanisms of growth of cloud droplets and ...
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The purpose of this research was to introduce the theoretical foundations of fertilizing the clouds. First, the importance of the fertility issue is presented and then the origin of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN), natural Ice Nuclei (IN), types of fertility, mechanisms of growth of cloud droplets and the factor of fertility have been discussed.The results of the study show that human beings can help the nature in terms of the number and type of precipitation formation nuclei through the process of cloud fertilizing. According to the rules of cloud physics, the fertilization of clouds is possible. Using cloud artificial insemination technology, it is possible to produce ultrafine silver iodide particles or other materials that can play the same role as natural ice crystals (freezing cores) and thus accelerate the mechanism of the Bergeron process and consequently increase precipitation.
Saeed Taghavi Gudarzi
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Geomorphology examines different forms of land and evaluates the factors influencing their appearance, change and evolution, and, like other earth sciences, it needs the help of sciences such as geology, hydrology, soil science, climatology, ... Therefore, geomorphology, with a scientific and geographical ...
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Geomorphology examines different forms of land and evaluates the factors influencing their appearance, change and evolution, and, like other earth sciences, it needs the help of sciences such as geology, hydrology, soil science, climatology, ... Therefore, geomorphology, with a scientific and geographical view (natural geography) and avoiding superficial descriptions, is considered as the basis for natural resource surveys. On the other hand, it conducts systematic study and comparison of forms of terrains and their effects on human environment and vice versa (to identify and determine environmental potentials and therefore exploit environmental possibilities in order to achieve sustainable development).
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
In aerial surveying, the process of image preparation (aerial photography) using aerial cameras and photographic film for recording and storing photos is the most important artistic and validating technical stage in different activities concerning map preparation which is still utilized in various applications ...
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In aerial surveying, the process of image preparation (aerial photography) using aerial cameras and photographic film for recording and storing photos is the most important artistic and validating technical stage in different activities concerning map preparation which is still utilized in various applications in map production and analysis. Today preparation of electronic image, through basic changes in method of photography and exploitation of electronic photography systems, brings about a transformation in aerial surveying, which is gradually embedded in the process of operation.
Bahman Ramezani
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
The aim of natural geographic or environmental studies is to achieve a basic knowledge of environment or land which is the context of all human activities and natural phenomena; these phenomena do not follow the same rules (Rahnama’ei, 1992). Consequently, the current state is the result of interactions ...
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The aim of natural geographic or environmental studies is to achieve a basic knowledge of environment or land which is the context of all human activities and natural phenomena; these phenomena do not follow the same rules (Rahnama’ei, 1992). Consequently, the current state is the result of interactions over years. Identification of new state in ideal temporal conditions is of extraordinary importance, because social environment is indeed the economic environment caused by nature, and geographic environment includes natural, social and economic environment. Since studies concerning rural development plans have concentrated on three natural, social and economic or spatial, demographic and occupational (employment) sections, the part concerning natural or spatial studies seems less prominent and does not receive emphasis, and this is a bitter experience which should not be repeated. This paper tries to present the importance of a part of rural developmental plans regarding natural geographic or environmental studies (physiography).
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 24-31
Abstract
Provision of any plan for redevelopment, improvement and expansion in natural environment requires preparations in order to determine the potentials and constraints of the area. Next, after considering and evaluating development models which have been prepared in compatibility with natural factors and ...
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Provision of any plan for redevelopment, improvement and expansion in natural environment requires preparations in order to determine the potentials and constraints of the area. Next, after considering and evaluating development models which have been prepared in compatibility with natural factors and activities, the proper model is selected with all cultural, social, economic and environmental aspects taken into account. Provision of maps based on each effective factor and comparing them with cultural, social and economic considerations make the conditions for scientific deduction possible. By comparing environmental maps, identification of natural potential is carried out and environmental design takes place according to a precise and proper knowledge of the area.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Traverse, though enjoying flexibility and efficiency, has a low degree of reliability. In this paper, a strategy is developed to improve the degree of certainty, without having an adverse effect on its efficiency. This strategy involves the use of off-center station (out-of-station) traverses, which ...
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Traverse, though enjoying flexibility and efficiency, has a low degree of reliability. In this paper, a strategy is developed to improve the degree of certainty, without having an adverse effect on its efficiency. This strategy involves the use of off-center station (out-of-station) traverses, which calculate the field confidence and adjustment values by a small handheld computer. The benefits of misdiagnosis and quality control at the time of observations, such as traversing pre-designated stations, or when transportation and provisioning of observational costs and facilities are problematic, are significant. The formulas required to implement this strategy have been presented and the results of an off-center station are presented as examples.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalan
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 24-32
Abstract
Just as avoiding modern technology seems wrong, hasty and unaware attitude toward purchase of all types of advanced goods is also to be taken as unwise.
It is obvious that surveying must adapt to the latest advancements and equip itself with progressive methods and tools, but it might be better that ...
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Just as avoiding modern technology seems wrong, hasty and unaware attitude toward purchase of all types of advanced goods is also to be taken as unwise.
It is obvious that surveying must adapt to the latest advancements and equip itself with progressive methods and tools, but it might be better that this process be carried out with full awareness of these developments and their various aspects, so that our country will not have to suffer the consequences of a hasty decision, including waste of financial resources.
GPS is not an exception from the above rule, and therefore several considerations must be taken into account before its purchase, including its fitness for the goals and the required precision. It is hoped that the present paper will provide the colleagues in the field with help in analysis of different receivers’ characteristics. On the whole, it is only through acting according to a reasonable rule that one can make the right decision.
Mohsen Saghaee
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
The daily increase in air travel and the number of passengers, the rapid development of air transportation, and the increase in their extent have created issues in the locating of airports, which require the planning and application of airport and aeronautical knowledge and techniques. Establishing airports, ...
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The daily increase in air travel and the number of passengers, the rapid development of air transportation, and the increase in their extent have created issues in the locating of airports, which require the planning and application of airport and aeronautical knowledge and techniques. Establishing airports, with due regard to thier requirements demanding significant space in the vicinity of a city, requires a great deal of investment. Therefore, its construction requires a comprehensive economic, social, political and environmental study, and its location should be appropriate in terms of natural, geological and meteorological conditions. For this purpose, in this paper, while presenting the standard indexes in the location of airports, we also examine the problems of Mehrabad Airport.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Pejman Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
Limitation of resources and spatial constraints in the territories of the country in general, and in urban areas in particular, along with the increase of human population, requires that the organization of the spatial system in human settlements (urban - rural) be carried out with a preparatory approach. ...
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Limitation of resources and spatial constraints in the territories of the country in general, and in urban areas in particular, along with the increase of human population, requires that the organization of the spatial system in human settlements (urban - rural) be carried out with a preparatory approach. Understanding and attempting to establish a reasonable balance in the urban network system is one of the effective strategies in organizing space and facilitating the process of achieving sustainable development. In this paper, using rank-size model, we examined and analyzed the spatial distribution and dispersion of the population and the dominant system of urban hierarchy in each of the cities of Shahrekord county (the studied area). The results show that of the total of 12 studied cities, Shahrekord city as the first city has 51.5% of the county’s population. After that, Farrokhshar, as the second city (small city) and then 10 other cities are among the very small cities. Providing guidelines for optimal and proportional distribution of the population and reducing inequality (gap) between the first city and other cities within the studied area are among the approaches addressed in this paper.
Mohammad Reza Servati; Mohammad Mahdi Hosseinzadeh; Saeed Khezri; Aadel Mansouri
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 25-32
Abstract
Mass movements zoning is one of the methods that can help to identify critical areas in terms of slope stability and to use the zoning map obtained in sustainable development planning (Karam, 2002, p. 25). The Sanandaj-Dehgolan route is considered as one of the main routes and of highest traffic in the ...
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Mass movements zoning is one of the methods that can help to identify critical areas in terms of slope stability and to use the zoning map obtained in sustainable development planning (Karam, 2002, p. 25). The Sanandaj-Dehgolan route is considered as one of the main routes and of highest traffic in the Kurdistan province, whose transportation system in the mountainous area is threatened by mass movements. This road in the mountainous section has an unsuitable situation due to high slope of hillsides and high altitude of the area as well as the inappropriate location of the road and the consequent unsustainability of the slopes. The present study aims to determine the effective factors and elements in creating these movements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and, based on the effect of each of these factors and elements, weigh them, and ultimately map the zoning of points sensitive to movements, and this zoning map is based on a combination of hypsometric layers, slope, slope direction, vegetation, soil type, lithology, distance from fault, distance from the road, distance from the village, drainage network density, temperature, precipitation, as well as land units and land use. Accordingly, the range was divided into four risk classes. The map was divided into four classes including very high (8.7 km2), high (28.9 km2), average (41.3 km2) and low (6.5 km2) areas of risk.
Ali Zafari
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 25-26
Abstract
According to the definition of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), the cadastre is a sorted list of information of pieces of land inside the geographic boundary of a country or a region that starts with mapping of limits of pieces of land. Furthermore, other required specifications such ...
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According to the definition of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), the cadastre is a sorted list of information of pieces of land inside the geographic boundary of a country or a region that starts with mapping of limits of pieces of land. Furthermore, other required specifications such as property rights, land use, size and value are attached to the large scale map of the pieces and are officially recorded. Today, the advancement of informatics science in general and geomatics in particular, have transformed the old systems of cadastre and the role of surveyors in them. Accordingly, in this paper the modified version of old cadastre system named Cadastre 2014 and the role of surveyors in this new system are defined.
Fatemeh Ashuri
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 25-31
Abstract
What is known today in our country as handicrafts is a strong tree deeply rooted in history, and many of its branches are as old as human existence on this planet, gradually formed through centuries according to the needs, utilization of human intelligence and abilities as well as application of facilities ...
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What is known today in our country as handicrafts is a strong tree deeply rooted in history, and many of its branches are as old as human existence on this planet, gradually formed through centuries according to the needs, utilization of human intelligence and abilities as well as application of facilities around him.The production of handicrafts is not limited to the Third World, poor or crowded countries. The nature of these arts is such that each society considers them from its own point of view.In poor and densely populated countries with a great number of workforce, these products are considered as workforce-demanding and cost-effective industries that can be a solution for many economic, social and political problems, and in advanced countries, along with the ultra-modern industries, the handicrafts industries and arts, and even their consumption, are known to be the treatment of many psychological illnesses, and because of the connection these arts have with the nature of human beings, they are used as relievers of human mental pains.
Our country, due to the breadth of lands, diversity of climates, glorious history, culture and civilization and intelligent people, enjoys all the necessary factors and relative advantages, so that it is regarded as one of the three focal points of handicrafts in the world along with China and India, and considered by experts and practitioners in the field as the first country in the world in the field of handicrafts in terms of diversity and variety of products. (Tolu’e Behboud, 1996) Traditional Iranian arts are genuine “people's arts” that arise from the pure nature of people. These arts have long penetrated in all aspects of people's lives and have become inseparable.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
The tide is a completely complex phenomenon that was fully described in the middle of the nineteenth century. The majority of confirmed popular opinions concern this issue.For example, we often assume that the Earth's rotation around itself displaces a great deal of water and creates a tidal wave, or ...
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The tide is a completely complex phenomenon that was fully described in the middle of the nineteenth century. The majority of confirmed popular opinions concern this issue.For example, we often assume that the Earth's rotation around itself displaces a great deal of water and creates a tidal wave, or a decrease in the distance between the Sun and the Earth produces moderate tides. In fact, tide is the result of a system of waves that rapidly spread in the oceans, and produce regular fluctuations of water levels. The order and magnitude of the fluctuation of this phenomenon depend on both astronomical (relative position of the Moon and the Sun) and geographic (coordinates of the studied area) factors.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
Application of photogrammetry in industrial environments requires full automation capable of functioning without human supervision. The main elements in such systems are the high resolution of cameras, the strength and durability of cameras in terms of their geometric shape and structure and the frequency ...
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Application of photogrammetry in industrial environments requires full automation capable of functioning without human supervision. The main elements in such systems are the high resolution of cameras, the strength and durability of cameras in terms of their geometric shape and structure and the frequency of their response. In this regard, a series of modern cameras have been designed that provide both 2000 × 3000 and 70000 × 40000 sensors and so remove the usual obstacles that preclude the acquisition of precision and show great potential for high precision metrological 3D images.
The high efficiency and features of the 3D metrology system have made it possible for the few but highly skilled producers to find a place in the global market. Most of these systems can be characterized by the following features: Specific objectives (reflective targets, light emitting diodes (LEDs), high contrast object characteristics, points and patterns image, etc. that are used to produce signals representing the desired points in order to achieve optimal contrast.
Khosru Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 25-28
Abstract
The dominant solution of GIS in the early 1990s was a solution whose program could run on an independent workstation or personal computer. In this paper the investigation of previous solutions in which a database was kept on a large host computer and end users worked on data at ambiguous network terminals ...
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The dominant solution of GIS in the early 1990s was a solution whose program could run on an independent workstation or personal computer. In this paper the investigation of previous solutions in which a database was kept on a large host computer and end users worked on data at ambiguous network terminals has been removed. In this paper, the author attempts to present general lines of the influence and impact of the GIS technology on the level of local and global networks.Owing to the widespread advancements that have emerged over the years in hardware and software, today the network architecture of the GIS technology from a central data bank with a GIS server which is capable of maintaining, managing and efficient delivery of data, has been realized. Therefore, networking, communications and the ability to work in various environments are among central issues. For successful use of the GIS technology on the Internet, web users need to know and understand its principal characteristics.
Mohammad Purkamal
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 25-44
Abstract
Today Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of topographic coverage maps, and has finished its 1: 25000 coverage maps in five colors using classic and analogue photogrammetric methods. Currently the organization in charge of national surveying, namely the General Directorate of Land Registry ...
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Today Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of topographic coverage maps, and has finished its 1: 25000 coverage maps in five colors using classic and analogue photogrammetric methods. Currently the organization in charge of national surveying, namely the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadaster (Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Mudurlugu) has covered a vast part of the country under the 1: 5000 surveying, which is admirable; we remember that the Land Registry and Cadaster organization exploited small computers for the first time in 1968.
Abdalkarim Gharib; Ebrahim Amin Sobhani; Bahman Ramezani
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 25-30
Abstract
Buzkhaneh Cave is approximately located in the geographical position of 30’’ 52 ‘ 48o of eastern longitude, 7’’ 11’ 37o of northern latitude and at an altitude of 2,500 m in the mountain ranges of Talesh in the northwest of Masouleh town, which neighbors the ...
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Buzkhaneh Cave is approximately located in the geographical position of 30’’ 52 ‘ 48o of eastern longitude, 7’’ 11’ 37o of northern latitude and at an altitude of 2,500 m in the mountain ranges of Talesh in the northwest of Masouleh town, which neighbors the mountain Dash Blaq on the north, Jalalabad on the northeast, Rokn Abad on the south, Buzkhaneh Daghi on the east and highlands on the west. This cave is known as Yakhkun in the local language, because they use cave’s ice to prepare drinking water (Buzkhaneh = ice house)
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 25-31
Abstract
Put the images of this article at a distance of 45 cm from your eyes. Each of them shows half of the earth exactly the same size as the Earth looks from a distance of about 40,000 kilometers in space.
However, no astronaut will ever see the Earth in this way, since in this images the cover of cloud ...
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Put the images of this article at a distance of 45 cm from your eyes. Each of them shows half of the earth exactly the same size as the Earth looks from a distance of about 40,000 kilometers in space.
However, no astronaut will ever see the Earth in this way, since in this images the cover of cloud that steadily conceals a major part of the planet has been eliminated.
In these images, the planet is shown in various directions without any cloud cover; like a tangled mass of plains and mountains, or a world of water and ice-covered poles that is sometimes facing toward the sun and sometimes back to it. The earth-stuck humanity understands the scattered phenomena of geography only through the observation of its details, like a kind of jigsaw puzzle in which players must fit the separate pieces of a distinct shape or map and accomplish the whole. In these images, the shape of the earth is also complete, because by putting different pieces together the totality of the earth can be seen.
Ja'far Ma'soumpour; Faramarz Khoshakhlagh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 26-30
Abstract
It is generally accepted that climate is one of the main sources of tourism in a region. However, it is assumed that its role in determining the region's potential for tourism is obvious. In a more general statement there is relatively little knowledge about the effects of climate on tourism or the role ...
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It is generally accepted that climate is one of the main sources of tourism in a region. However, it is assumed that its role in determining the region's potential for tourism is obvious. In a more general statement there is relatively little knowledge about the effects of climate on tourism or the role it plays. In addition, there is little information about the economic impact or the importance of the climate on the outlook of tourism business. In all areas with climatic criteria, people are accustomed to deciding on tourism and recreation, but often without research and highly relevant to types of applications. So far, much of the research, especially on climate, which is presented in scientific journals, has superficially dealt with the links between climate and tourism instead of conducting scientific observation. In addition, it seriously lacks any organized conceptual framework or a frame that contains interactions, processes, patterns, and theories. These theoretical frameworks are very important because they are bases for producing data, testing hypotheses, and developing further theories. Without these, it is difficult to expand a series of related research methods, and perhaps more importantly, to strengthen the development of patterns that bridge between theoretical and practical levels and can help form a relevant basic knowledge for understanding, expression and prediction. This paper examines the work done on climate and tourism so far with a comparative look at the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and considers the courses of action that may result from combination of these methods in the future.
Mas'oud Mo'ayyeri; Ebrahim Mahmoudi
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 26-29
Abstract
The city of Azna and the plain that has today taken the appearance of farmlands, has undergone many different conditions during its evolution, and it seems that the picture that we have from its activities today is different from its past situation; in other words, its structure and function has been ...
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The city of Azna and the plain that has today taken the appearance of farmlands, has undergone many different conditions during its evolution, and it seems that the picture that we have from its activities today is different from its past situation; in other words, its structure and function has been transformed. Considering the fact that the area in question, which is a part of the Roode Dez basin and has been previously under the water, has now changed into green lands and farms that, and in addition to provision of foodstuff, presents a beautiful landscape, there is a question whether these great achievements will be as effective in future as today, or they will turn over time into destructive factors threatening the livelihood and life of this land’s people.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 26-29
Abstract
The Iranian plateau is a special geographic unit of the world's largest continent, Asia, comprising more than 30% of the land in the Eastern Hemisphere. This plateau is made up of high and mountainous lands that has been formed in Southwest Asia following the younger fold of the Third Age of Geology.
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The Iranian plateau is a special geographic unit of the world's largest continent, Asia, comprising more than 30% of the land in the Eastern Hemisphere. This plateau is made up of high and mountainous lands that has been formed in Southwest Asia following the younger fold of the Third Age of Geology.
Mohammad Mosaiebi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 26-28
Abstract
Globe-trotting is a short and transient trip outside the person’s usual spaces for rest, touring, business or other reasons.Attention to globe-trotting, especially in 1980’s, motivated most of countries to make efforts to attract tourists and globe-trotters. The total income of tourism industry ...
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Globe-trotting is a short and transient trip outside the person’s usual spaces for rest, touring, business or other reasons.Attention to globe-trotting, especially in 1980’s, motivated most of countries to make efforts to attract tourists and globe-trotters. The total income of tourism industry in recent years is about $300 billion, and although Iran is among the ten countries with most historical, ancient and cultural attractions, it earns only about $200,000 annually through tourism industry.In this paper, considering Quran’s verses, richness of Islamic culture and ancient historical identity of Iran, the cultural effects of tourism and the relationship between tourism culture and genuine Islamic and Iranian culture have been studied. It has been shown how Iran, as the nuclei of Islamic Revolution and enjoying ancient historical past and unique, thought-provoking works and relics, can earn great revenues and also act as a center of propagation of Islamic ideas and culture through tourism, because in contact between different cultures, it is the more powerful one which influences the other and remains safe from possible dangers of such contacts, and only receives positive elements of other culture.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 26-34
Abstract
The vast country of Iran offers great opportunities for conducting geomorphological studies due to its rare climatic variety and arid and semi-arid closed basins. Landforms and their beautiful landscapes call for unrelenting explorations of researchers to disclose unknown secrets. Over the past few decades, ...
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The vast country of Iran offers great opportunities for conducting geomorphological studies due to its rare climatic variety and arid and semi-arid closed basins. Landforms and their beautiful landscapes call for unrelenting explorations of researchers to disclose unknown secrets. Over the past few decades, valuable studies have been conducted by Iranian geomorphologists on characteristics of arid and semi-arid closed basins of the country. However, the quantity of these investigations and the low number of their related publications has caused many researchers in the field of geosciences to lack the due knowledge of geomorphological features of closed basins of arid areas. This paper is the result of an effort to introduce some of the geomorphological features of the Saghand Hole.
Rahim Sarvar
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 26-32
Abstract
The presented findings in this study are in their current state not based on the findings of numerous experiments and long and necessary experience, but rather based on my experience and judgment during the preparation of comprehensive plans in the cities of Mianeh, Miandoab, Masjid Soleiman and Ardebil. ...
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The presented findings in this study are in their current state not based on the findings of numerous experiments and long and necessary experience, but rather based on my experience and judgment during the preparation of comprehensive plans in the cities of Mianeh, Miandoab, Masjid Soleiman and Ardebil. Therefore, it is hoped to be gradually supplemented by more technical data by the experts in the field. Because it must be acknowledged that the information received from the Cosmos Satellites is far more extensive than the little mentioned in this article. The method of content processing is such that it first describes the features of satellite images of COSMOS in general and the KFA-1000 in particular, under the title of "Comparison of analogue images with satellite digital images", and then the applications of these images in various fields - to the extent that the author is familiar with- are discussed, which include:
• Geomorphological studies; • Preparation of land use maps; • Economic Geology; • Agricultural-rural studies; • Preservation of natural resources; • Separation of urban and rural areas; • Provision of thematic maps; • Geographic analysis; • Providing space photomaps and mapping through photogrammetry.
Teimur Ja'fari
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 27-35
Abstract
The present article aims to investigate causes of flooding in Esfarayen County and introduces different applications of geomorphology in providing structural methods of floodwater management. Considering the present situation, structural methods like canals, bridges and retarding reservoirs are used ...
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The present article aims to investigate causes of flooding in Esfarayen County and introduces different applications of geomorphology in providing structural methods of floodwater management. Considering the present situation, structural methods like canals, bridges and retarding reservoirs are used for introducing flood controlling methods. In order to design these structures, maximum annual instant discharge was calculated using Dakin equation and statistics received from Bidvaz River hydrological station. Then, sections of the buildings and their dimensions were determined for a return period of 5 to 500 years using Manning relation and finally discharge was calculated by multiplying average current velocity to section area. Results indicate that apart from natural factors like precipitation regime, impermeability of formations, drainage density, vegetation poverty and slope, human factors like settlement and development of villages across fans, redirection and integration of waterways, unnecessary arches in canals and ignoring probable maximum precipitation in construction intensify flooding in villages. According to the findings, any changes to the dimensions, types and forms of drainage network must be in accordance with geomorphological theories. Moreover, this subfield of physical geography is especially potential in proposing structural methods for floodwater management.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 27-33
Abstract
Human’s need for living in an environment whose rage sometimes endangers his existence forces him to identify natural factors, elements and forces carefully and to adapt to them. Undoubtedly, human since his first days has faced danger of natural disasters. Early human, due to ignorance of the ...
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Human’s need for living in an environment whose rage sometimes endangers his existence forces him to identify natural factors, elements and forces carefully and to adapt to them. Undoubtedly, human since his first days has faced danger of natural disasters. Early human, due to ignorance of the reasons causing such incidents, considered himself overwhelmed by them and even ascribed them to the fury of supernatural forces. However, with increase of human’s knowledge of the causes of such events, the ways of their control and even prediction wee gradually identified; human’s access to modern tools and technologies helped decrease the severity of damages due to natural disasters as well as people’s panic of such occurrences in an effective manner.
The issue of salt pans, deserts and shifting sands is not a new story, and has a long history in our country. The attitude of people toward any phenomenon has always been dependent on tools and equipment available. In recent years shifting sands’ attack to the north of Kashan has concerned the Natural Resource Organization’s officials and has aroused them to take action.
According to these facts, the present paper, while taking a general view on the region’s winds, presents a number of suggestions that can be helpful in dealing with dangers of sandstorms. It should be noted that all issues concerning control of shifting sands in relation with wind factor can not be summarized and scrutinized in one paper.
Mahdi Gharkhlu; Yusef Ashrafi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 28-36
Abstract
The process of locating new cities includes regional studies, initial choice of a number of places, preparation of selection criteria, application of criteria on different places and choosing the best alternative, meaning the more appropriate place for the development of the new city. This locating has ...
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The process of locating new cities includes regional studies, initial choice of a number of places, preparation of selection criteria, application of criteria on different places and choosing the best alternative, meaning the more appropriate place for the development of the new city. This locating has a direct effect on the success or failure of new cities and, since the place of the city has an effective role in attracting population or their absorption (assimilation) in different dimensions, the new cities that manage to accommodate for the population can achieve their aims. The locating of new cities has a direct relation to the intended aims of establishing these cities. In our country, locating of new cities has been usually carried out by the goal of absorbing the extra population of a mother-city, and the new cities whose locations have been determined around the country, are placed in connection with a mother-city. The locating of the new city of Sahand, the subject of discussion in the present paper, is in connection with a mother city (Tabriz) and with the aim of absorbing the overflow of that city’s population. The place of the new city of Sahand has been chosen without any regional view and merely by examination of a number of criteria.
Mehrdad Hosseini; Abbas Shamsollahii
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 28-29
Abstract
Flood forecasting and warning is one of the tasks that is in the first place of importance from the point of view of preserving life and the second place in terms of maintaining property. Flood is one of the natural disasters that occurs abruptly due to excessive precipitation in an area. The causes ...
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Flood forecasting and warning is one of the tasks that is in the first place of importance from the point of view of preserving life and the second place in terms of maintaining property. Flood is one of the natural disasters that occurs abruptly due to excessive precipitation in an area. The causes of flood can be attributed to physical and human factors. The mountainous nature of the country and the presence of numerous flood-prone areas, as well as the devastating floods of recent years and position of residential areas in the course of floods, indicate the magnitude and importance of the subject. Nowadays, the necessity of using modern methods and creating a center for flood forecasting and warning, and the use of radar and satellite information is seriously felt. To control flood and reduce its effects, measures such as improving buildings’ resistance, environmental control and construction of barriers are effective. This paper examines the simple definition of flood and the role of meteorology in prediction of floods and its methods.
Mahmud Mahdinejad; Reza Mokhtari Malek Abadi
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 28-33
Abstract
Today, in many countries the sustainable tourism industry is a symbol of cultural identity and one of the important sources of national and private income. This industry is so important in the socio-economic development of countries that economists call it invisible exports. In this regard, with the ...
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Today, in many countries the sustainable tourism industry is a symbol of cultural identity and one of the important sources of national and private income. This industry is so important in the socio-economic development of countries that economists call it invisible exports. In this regard, with the expansion of urban centers and the growth of the phenomenon of urbanization, the enthusiasm for travel and exploration has grown in such a way that its enthusiasts around the globe have under the title "tourist" evolved the concept of spending leisure time. In this regard, the attention to the nature of tourism and the consequences of it, has revealed the need for research and study on this subject to the scientific community of the world. But one of the major issues in the development of tourism industry in cities is the issue of urban management. In other words, it can be said that city managers and officials have a significant role in organizing and managing this industry in the cities and surrounding areas, especially for countries such as Iran which, despite containing diverse religious, cultural, artistic and natural treasures in cities has failed to overcome the problems and barriers of the tourism industry and achieve a desirable position in the world. In this article, we tried to address the relationship and interaction between urban management and development of tourism industry with a comprehensive geopolitical view and to present solutions and suggestions for the development of this industry. We hope to pave the way for further research.
