Mehrab Hadavand Mirzaei; Azita Rajabi
Abstract
There are about 90 large and small islands in the Persian Gulf, of which 34 belong to Iran. Of these, 17 islands have geopolitical and strategic importance in terms of sovereignty overthe international waterway of Strait of Hormuz and its control,as well as controlling of the foreign fleet traffic. The ...
Read More
There are about 90 large and small islands in the Persian Gulf, of which 34 belong to Iran. Of these, 17 islands have geopolitical and strategic importance in terms of sovereignty overthe international waterway of Strait of Hormuz and its control,as well as controlling of the foreign fleet traffic. The Farsi Island located at the center of the Persian Gulf,atlatitude 27° 59' 36" N and longitude 50° 10' 22" E,is the farthest Iranian island to the mainland,and Arabi Island (Arabic Island) of Saudi Arabia is the nearest island to it.In addition to its politicaland economic importance (having rich oil and gas resources) and its position of maritime tourism, the island is of military importance. The geographical location of the Farsi Island has forced the Fifth Fleet of the United States, based in Bahrain, to inevitably passbetweenFarsi and Abu Musa Islands. Furthermore, due to its location in the Persian Gulf, the Farsi Island plays an important role in controlling the traffic route of the ships to the western and southwestern regions of the Persian Gulf. Farsi Island provided Iran with a good position during the Tanker Warto strike back outside the Strait of Hormuz.The aim of this research is to become more familiar with Farsi Island and its importance. The island is one of the most unknown islands in the Persian Gulf and there are few sources in this area. The results of the research show that the island is strategically important in terms of political, economic, military, and its location at the international shipping route in the Persian Gulf. The information was collected through interviews and library resources, and the methodology has a descriptive - analytical nature. Photoshop software was also used to prepare the maps. The island is strategically important due to its location at the shipping route.
Marzieh Mokarram; Majid Hojjati; Abdol Rassoul Zareiee
Abstract
Extended Abstract Topography is a factor controlling the spatialdistribution of soil moisture, vegetation, soil salinity, soil texture andso on. It has an important role in changing thecharacteristics of the soil and hydrological processes. In recent yearsthe topographyhave been used as an important ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Topography is a factor controlling the spatialdistribution of soil moisture, vegetation, soil salinity, soil texture andso on. It has an important role in changing thecharacteristics of the soil and hydrological processes. In recent yearsthe topographyhave been used as an important factor forpredicting the properties of soil, climate, geology, etc. According tothe importance of topography to extract different information, use ofsatellite images with high spatial resolution seems very necessary. Digitalelevation models (DEM) have become a widely used tool andproduct in the last 20 years. They provide a snapshot of the landscape and landscape features while also providingelevation values. They have allowed us to better visualize andinterrogate topographic features. In addition to increasing the spatial resolution, information of the digital elevation model (DEM) that isthe most important issues in quantitative geomorphology have increased. In orderto increase the spatial resolution several modelshave been proposed. Among the models, the attraction model as the newest modelhas very high accuracy. The sub-pixel attraction models convertthe pixel towards sub-pixels based on the fraction valuesin neighboring pixels that can be attracted only by centralpixel. Based on this approach only a maximum of eightneighboring pixels can be selected for the attraction. In themodel, other pixels are supposed to be far from thecentral pixel to have any attraction. In this study byusing sub-pixel attraction model, the spatial resolution of digitalelevation models (DEM) was increased (Sub-pixel mapping technology is apromising method of increasing the spatial resolution of the classificationresults derived from remote sensing imagery). The design of thealgorithm is accomplished by using digital elevation model (DEM) withspatial resolution of 30 m (Advanced Space borne Thermal Emissionand Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)) and 90 m (Shuttle Radar TopographyMission (SRTM)). This study was carried out in the EastMount Sahand, Iran is located at the longitude of N 37° 31َto 37° 30َand latitude of E 45° 55َto 45° 58َ. It is expected that usingattraction model increasesthe spatial resolution of DEM. The attraction model does not need any calibration and training similar to the machine learningalgorithms. So, to run the algorithm in the model, the computing time was reduced. In attraction model, scale factors of (2, 3 and 4) with two neighboring methods of touching andquadrant are applied to DEMs using Matlab software and thenusing RMSE (Root mean square error), determined the best model. The algorithm is evaluated using 2118 sample points that aremeasured by surveyors. As the result of Root mean squareerror (RMSE), it showed that the spatial attraction model withscale factor of (S=2 and T=2) for digitalelevation model (DEM) 30m and digital elevation model (DEM) 90mgives better results compared to scale factors that are greaterthan 2 and also touching neighborhood method proved to bemore accurate than quadrant. In fact, subtracting each pixel tomore than two sub-pixels caused to decrease the accuracyof resulted DEM which makes the value ofroot mean square error (RMSE)to increase and showed that attraction modelscould not be used for S which is greater than 2. So, according to the results, it is suggested that themodel to be used for increasing spatial resolution of DEM in the studiescatchment. Comparing the digital elevation model (DEM) as inputsin the attraction models determined that digital elevation model (DEM) 30 m (root mean square error < 5.54) has better spatialresolution than digital elevation model (DEM) 90 m (root meansquare error = 9.13) to find the best model for increasingspatial resolution. The results showed that by using the method, thespatial resolution of digital elevation model (DEM) with lower timeand cost could be increased. Digital elevation model (DEM) mapwith high resolution as a base can be used for findingmore information from the Earth surface. For different study such asamount of vegetation, temperature, rainfall and hydrological status the results of sub-pixel attractions on digital elevation model (DEM) can be used and more details of study area could be found. Therefore, it issuggested that the same researches should be done in other areas withdifferent topographic and geographical conditions in order to confirm theresults of this study.
Gholamali Mozafari; Shahab Shafiei; Zahra Taghizade
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the increase in the temperature of the Earth has caused the disruption of climatic balance of the Earth, causing widespread climatic changes in most parts of the planet, which is referred to as climate change. The aim of this study is to predict climatic changes of Sistan-va-Baluchestan ...
Read More
Over the past few decades, the increase in the temperature of the Earth has caused the disruption of climatic balance of the Earth, causing widespread climatic changes in most parts of the planet, which is referred to as climate change. The aim of this study is to predict climatic changes of Sistan-va-Baluchestan Province using statistical downscaling in which the A2 scenario data of ECHO-G atmospheric general circulation model is implemented.To assess, the climatic changes and the drought in Sistan and Baluchestan Provincewere downscaledby the LARS-WG model during the statistical period of 2012 to 2031.In this study, the data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, radiation, and precipitation of ECHO-G model, and the actual data of 7 stations in the province, including the Chabahar, Iranshahr, Khash, Saravan, Zabol, Zahak and Zahedan have been used. The overall results of the surveys for the aforementioned period indicate an 8 percent increase in precipitation in the province and a decrease in the number of glacial days and an annual average increase of about 0.3 degrees Celsius. The highest monthly increase in wintertemperatureis at 0.9 degrees Celsius. Moreover, the number of dry days increases in Saravan city and decreases in other cities, and in general, the droughts in this province decrease in the period of 2012- 2031.
Reza Aghataher; Mahdi Samadi; Ilia Laliniat; Iman Najafi
Abstract
Abstract
Digital Elevation Models (DEM) enable researchers to perform geographical researches on a global and regional scale such as global changes, natural disasters, environmental hazards, environmental monitoring, etc. Therefore, DEM data plays a key role in scientific researches. SRTM and ASTER ...
Read More
Abstract
Digital Elevation Models (DEM) enable researchers to perform geographical researches on a global and regional scale such as global changes, natural disasters, environmental hazards, environmental monitoring, etc. Therefore, DEM data plays a key role in scientific researches. SRTM and ASTER GDEM are two elevation datasets that cover nearly the entire land surface of the earth and are globally available (for almost 80% of the earth). Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the vertical accuracy of such data prior to their use and to select the appropriate data considering the research target. ASTER-based digital elevation model has spatial resolution of 30 meters, which seems to provide more precise elevation data than SRTM with 90 meters spatial resolution. Several studies have been performed for evaluating the accuracy of each of these two datasets in various countries of the world. The results of such studies indicate their advantages and limitations over each other. In this study, the vertical accuracy of these two DEMs are evaluated by ground control point in three zones of Iran with different topographic characteristics which are East Azerbaijan, Sistan and Baluchestan and Bushehr. Results show that the RMSE of SRTM as the index of error for the study area in East Azerbaijan, Sistan and Baluchestan and Bushehr are 6.1, 7.4 and 2.9 meters and in ASTER GDEM are 8.7, 8.3 and 7.2 meters respectively. Therefore, the vertical accuracy of STRM is higher than that of ASTER GDEM in all three zones. In this research, the relation between vertical error and land characteristics including slope and direction of slope has been studied and the results have been presented. The final findings of the research indicate higher vertical accuracy for SRTM compared to ASTER GDEM in Iran and it is concluded that SRTM is a more appropriate choice for various applications.
sajad ferdowsi; Hamid Reza Shahmohammadi; Mahboobeh Jalali
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In recent years, the economic benefits of tourism has attracted attention of many countries that have maritime border. In this regard, Caspian Sea which located in the northern part of Iran, has special potential in the field of tourism and it can be seen a bright future ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In recent years, the economic benefits of tourism has attracted attention of many countries that have maritime border. In this regard, Caspian Sea which located in the northern part of Iran, has special potential in the field of tourism and it can be seen a bright future in the field of tourism just with a holistic approach in this field. Meanwhile, climate is the most important factor in tourism development. General Specifications of Destination Weather and daily, monthly and seasonal changes, temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, wind and other elements of the climate are important information for tourism destinations so that the applicant can plan in terms of travel time, type of clothing and equipment required. Tourism climatology includes a variety of topics about two applied issues of climate and tourism which is linked to the principles of atmospheric science, and in particular the study of climate on the one hand, and tourism, recreation and leisure on the other. In general, the present study seeks to answer the following question: What are the most appropriate timeframe for the development of tourism on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea?
Materials & Methods
In this research, the southern margin of the Caspian Sea, including three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan, as areas adjacent to the sea, have been studied and analyzed. Accordingly, 15 cities of Mazandaran province, 4 cities of Golestan province and 9 cities of Gilan province are located on the southern margin of the Caspian Sea that they are analyzed in terms of tourism climate index. The present study has been done on the method of descriptive- analytical and with aims of identifying the most desirable periods of climatic conditions for the development of tourism. The required data is obtained by method of library through documents, journals and books. In this regard, the required climatic parameters were collected from 2010 to 2014 in a 5-year period. In order to determination the appropriate timeframe for tourism development has been used from the method of TCI (Tourism Climate Indicator).
Results & Discussion
Based on the collected data, the TCI was calculated for each of cities along the Caspian Sea with a description of its descriptive class in different months of the year. The analysis of TCI indicate that respectively June and July are the most desirable time in terms of climate for the presence of tourists on the coast and the Caspian Sea. So that of the 28 neighboring cities of the Caspian Sea in June, there are 6 cities with very good climatic conditions, 6 cities with good climatic conditions, 12 cities with acceptable climatic conditions and 4 cities with low favorable climate conditions. Also In July, there are 6 points with very good conditions, 4 points with good conditions, 15 points with acceptable conditions and 3 points with low favorable climate conditions. In the meantime, in terms of the desirability of the climatic conditions, after June and July, the months of September, August, April, March, October, January, May, February, November and December are located.
Conclusion
In this research, the climatic conditions of the southern margin of the Caspian Sea, as one of the most important criteria for the development of tourism, were investigated. The results indicate that the southern margins of the Caspian Sea, each within a given time period, can provide favorable climatic conditions in order to attract tourists to these beaches. Somehow that in most of the months of the year you can see the favorable climate conditions for tourism in the area adjacent to the sea. The results of TCI indicate that over the years it can be seen areas with desirable climatic conditions in the Caspian Sea which it can be provided growth and development of tourism in this area with planning in appropriate time and place. Desirability of climatic conditions in the four months and coincided with the beginning of summer vacation, is a special opportunity to promote tourism and benefit from its significant economic advantages. In this regard the months of June, July, August and September is the most desirable periods for planning to presence of tourists and delivery of services to them. Also the months of April, March, October, January, May, February, November and December due to desirability climatic conditions are the next priority. Of course this does not mean that in these months, tourism remains silent, but the ratings is only Desirability of climate in different months. In fact, in almost all months of the year can be seen a favorable climate for the tourism in the area neighboring the sea.
Bakhtiar Feizizadeh; Mojtaba Pirnazar; Arash Zand karimi; Hassan Abedi Gheshlaghi
Abstract
In line with the goal of rapid extraction of land use maps, remote sensing technology has been recognized as an efficient technology which provides the possibility for extraction of land use maps by presenting satellite imagery.By providing different satellite images with various temporal power, remote ...
Read More
In line with the goal of rapid extraction of land use maps, remote sensing technology has been recognized as an efficient technology which provides the possibility for extraction of land use maps by presenting satellite imagery.By providing different satellite images with various temporal power, remote sensing has made the modeling and monitoring of the environmental changes possible, which is an important step in the management of natural resources.The object-oriented classification method based on knowledge-based algorithms is one of the effective methods for classification of satellite imagery which, in addition to the use of satellite imageryspectral information, provides the necessary facilities for using environmental information and physical and geometric properties of the land surface phenomena.The present researchwas conducted with the aim of evaluating the increase rate in the accuracy resulted from the application of knowledge-basedfuzzyalgorithms in the classification of land use / land cover maps.In this research, the AVNIR2 sensor images of the ALOS satellite have been used to compare the object-oriented methods of satellite imagery classification without using fuzzy algorithms and object-oriented methods based on fuzzy algorithms and the land use map for the city of Maragheh has been extracted by both of the aforementioned methods. The results of the accuracy assessment show that the land use map produced by knowledge-based fuzzy methods with a general accuracy of 93.38 is more reliable compared with the land use map produced by the object-oriented method without using fuzzy algorithms with an accuracy of 88.66%. Given the comparative nature of this research, its results have been of great importance in identifying the optimal methods for production and preparation of land use maps, and the produced maps have also a high applied value for the executive organizations (such as agricultural Jihad, natural resources, etc.).
Shirin Mohammahkhan; Hamid Ganjaeian; Somaieh Shahri; Amirali Abbaszade
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Cities have always been under the influence of various factors and developed under such conditions. Countries around the world are increasingly moving toward urbanization. Physical development of cities occurs in the form of human activities or changes in urban (or rural) ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Cities have always been under the influence of various factors and developed under such conditions. Countries around the world are increasingly moving toward urbanization. Physical development of cities occurs in the form of human activities or changes in urban (or rural) land use, and lead to widespread use of lands and adverse environmental effects. In some cases, urban growth leads to environmental hazards and threats human societies. Although the effects of natural factors such as geomorphological phenomena have not been scientifically considered in the development of the study area, there factors had a leading role in this development. Due to geomorphological situation, elevations and steep areas, scattered fault lines and rivers full of water, development of human settlements in the study area faces many constraints. Therefore, it is necessary to plan urban development in the study area based on the geomorphological situation of the region. Accordingly, the present study seeks to evaluate the trend of changes occurred from 1992 to 2017 in the residential districts of Marivan. It also aims to determine the extent of urban growth towards areas facing geomorphological hazards, and finally to predict this trend for 2035. Materials and Methods The present study takes advantage of an analytical and statistical research method, along with the necessary software. Moreover, it seeks to study the trend of urban development from 1992 to 2017, and also predict the future trend of development for 2035. Thus, satellite images received in June 1992, 2001, 2011, and 2017 are collected. After preprocessing the images, a land use map is extracted based on the situation of the study area in 1992, 2001. 2011 and 2017. Then, based on these maps and using effective variables, a map is produced based on the predictions made for the residential areas in 2035 by LCM model. Modeling and prediction are performed using LCM model in four steps: 1. Examination of Land Use Changes; 2. Mapping Potential Transfer using Markov Chain. 3. Extracting a predictive map. 4. Evaluating the accuracy of prediction. After predicting and extracting a map of residential areas for each time period, distribution of geomorphologic hazards in these areas is evaluated. In fact, development trend of high risk residential areas has been evaluated. Discussion and Results A large part of the study area is mountainous, and these elevations have somehow limited the development of human settlements. Since the present study seeks to determine the trend of human settlements development in areas facing geomorphological hazards, a map has been extracted for these prohibited areas before evaluating the trend of development. These prohibited areas have been mapped in order to identify hazardous areas, and to evaluate development of residential settlements toward these areas. To prepare this map, multiple criteria have been selected based on the situation in the region and experts’ opinion. Then in accordance with the purpose of this research, an information layer was produced using these criteria. Regarding geomorphology, regions with an altitude of more than 1700 m, slopes of more than 30%, north-south direction of the slope, area within 1000 m radii around fault lines and within 200 m radii around rivers are referred to as prohibited areas. After determining prohibited areas, human settlements in the study area were mapped based on 1992, 2001, 2011, and 2017 information. Then, trend of settlement development in prohibited areas was estimated and projected for 2035. Conclusion Based on the evaluation of results, there is an increasing demographic trend from 1992 to 2017, so that residential area has increased from 7.8 km in 1992 to 10.9 km in 2017. Maximum development occurred from 2001 to 2011. During this period, settlements developed 3.6 km2 and reached around 14.5 km2 in 2011. From 2011 to 2017, settlements area reached 16.6 km2. Apart from the increasing trend of development in residential areas during these years, this development has mostly occurred toward hazardous areas. So that in 1992, around 1.7 km2 of total residential area was located in prohibited areas, most of which included steeped areas and rivers’ border lines. In 2001 and 2011, this trend has increased from 2.3 to 2.9 km2, and reached 3.3 km2 in 2017. Considering the increasing trend of population toward Marivan, increased constructions in peri-urban and rural areas of Marivan and also along the main road of this city, development of settlements toward prohibited areas has mostly occurred in these areas. According to the main purpose of the present research, development of residential areas is projected for 2035 based on land use in pre-specified years. Results indicate that total area of settlements will increase to about 24.3 km2 in 2035, about 5.7 km2 of which will be in prohibited areas.
Nahid Sajadian
Abstract
To date, a number of plans have been implemented to reduce air pollution in the city of Tehran.But the problem is that, along with other shortcomings,these planshave often been a passive and temporaryreaction to the increase of air pollution with adherence to crisis management rather than risk management, ...
Read More
To date, a number of plans have been implemented to reduce air pollution in the city of Tehran.But the problem is that, along with other shortcomings,these planshave often been a passive and temporaryreaction to the increase of air pollution with adherence to crisis management rather than risk management, and no decision-making support system has been used in management decisions based on these plans.Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, this research was carried out by an analytical-applied method using hourly data, carbon monoxide density of 12 stations from a collection of air pollution measurement stations belonging to the air quality company, as well as meteorological dataof wind speed, wind direction and the temperature at the Mehrabad station, all related to the year 1389, and the number of the cars on the highways and streets of city of Tehran with the aim of predicting the temporal-spatial air pollution caused by the urban transport of Tehran Metropolis in line with the application of the spatial decision- making of the air quality management and with the ultimate goal of optimal management of urban transport of Tehran Metropolis. In this regard, since the ultimate goal of the present study is to use its results in controlling the optimal urban transportation as an important source of air pollutants, the LUR method was used to measure carbon monoxide index in the transportationof Tehran metropolis along with other pollutants. An artificial neural network was then used to predict the time of the possible occurrence of air pollution with emphasis on using risk management, and then, based on time predictions resulted from the artificial neural network, the regions with high possibility of air pollution occurrence were identified using the Kriging index.According to the findings of this research,the results were appropriate, so that this model could be used in the air quality management support system to reach the ultimate goal of optimal urban transport management in Tehran Metropolis.
mohammad amin ghannadi; Hamid Enayati; Elaheh Khesali
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction A Digital Elevation Model or DEM is a physical representation of terrain and topography that is modeled by a digital 3D model. DEMs have various applications in many fields. Today, with respect to improvements in technology and importance of generating DEM from every region ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction A Digital Elevation Model or DEM is a physical representation of terrain and topography that is modeled by a digital 3D model. DEMs have various applications in many fields. Today, with respect to improvements in technology and importance of generating DEM from every region in our country, the importance of satellite remote sensing is more sensible. One of the main topics in satellite remote sensing is radar remote sensing. In recent years, a number of satellites have been launched to capture SAR information from the surface of the Earth. The last project is Sentinel, and Sentinel-1generates SAR data. It generates images with medium spatial resolution from the Earth every 12 days. DEMs are generated through multiple methods, one of which is SAR interferometry. Material and Methods The area under study in this research for conducting experiments and generating the DEM is Iran and the city of Tehran. Tehran is located in the north of the country and south of the Alborz Mountains, 112 kilometers south of the Caspian Sea. Its elevation ranges from 2000 meters in the highest points of the north to1200 meters in the center and 1050 meters in the south. In this paper, the Sentinel-1 stereo images are used to generate DEM. Tehran is located on part of these images. These images are shown in Figure (1). In order to evaluate the digital model generated by these images, a reference digital model which has been prepared from the city of Tehran with an accuracy of 1 meter is used. This elevation data was collected using terrestrial surveying and aerial photogrammetry. In this paper, radar interferometry was used to generate digital elevation model from the Sentinel-1 images. In SAR interferometry, the phase of images taken from various imaging positions or various imaging times is compared pixel by pixel. The new image is produced by differentiating between these values which is called interferogram. Interferogram is a Fringe interference pattern. Fringes are lines with the equal phase differences similar to contours in topographic maps. The phase difference obtained from SAR interferometry is affected by several components. Some of the most important components are orbital paths, topographic, displacement and atmospheric components. By eliminating the major part of the orbital component (and calculating the effect of other components or assuming their insignificance effects comparing with orbital and topographic components), since the topographic radar observes the Earth from two different points, the stereoscopic effect is revealed. This topographic component leads to fringes which encompasses the topography like contours. These patterns are called topographic fringes. Results and Discussion In order to conduct the experiments considered in this paper, two mountainous and flat areas in Tehran are picked out and separated from the main image. The mountainous area is selected from the north and the flat one from the south of Tehran. The aforementioned technique is implemented and executed on these images. The generated DEM in these two areas is shown in Figure (2). After generating the Earth DEM using the Sentinel-1 images, and comparing it with the reference DEM having an elevation accuracy of 1 meter, the accuracy of the generated DEM was determined. As expected, the results in the flat area were more desirable compared to the mountainous area. The accuracy of the generated DEM was evaluated by creating a network with the dimensions of 138761 points from the flat area and a network with the dimensions of 78196 points from the mountainous area, from both generated and reference DEMs and comparing the corresponding elevations of the network points. Digital numbers of images represent the magnitude of error occurring in the generation of DEM. After testing the 3 error (blunder detection) and eliminating large errors occurred in DEM, a standard deviation error of 1.26 meters for the flat area (South of Tehran), and 10.32 meters for the mountainous area (North of Tehran) were obtained. Conclusion Considering the development of technology and the launch of new satellite imagery projects from the Earth and the importance of the existence of a digital elevation model from the country, it is possible to recognize the importance of studying these images more and more. One of the latest satellite remote sensing projects is the Sentinel project. The Sentinel-1 radar images with medium spatial resolution capabilities provide the possibility of generating a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the country. This research is the first study on the accuracy of Digital Elevation Model resulted from the Sentinel-1 radar images in Iran. An elevation accuracy of 10.32 meters in the mountainous area, and 1.26 meters in the flat area were obtained. The results show that these satellite images have the capability of generating a relatively optimal DEM, particularly in non-mountainous area.
Amir Mahmoudzadeh; Iran Ghaazi; Maryam Askari
Abstract
Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn ...
Read More
Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn out texture of Ilam city is 374 hectares, which covers 19% of the total area, including the old parts and the central texture of the city. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and field research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management of earthquake crisis in Ilam's worn-out texture in which, indices such as type of materials, age of buildings, number of floors, type of uses, occupation level, quality of buildings, population density, width of passageways, and area have been studied. The results show that the building materials account for the highest weight and the other factors are a function of the condition of the materials used in the structure. The output vulnerability map showed that out of the total area except the passageways, 8.9% had very high vulnerability, 59% had high vulnerability, 23% had moderate vulnerability, 3.6% had low vulnerability, 5.5% had very low vulnerability and overall, 67.9% of the worn-out texture area is vulnerable based on existing indicators.The research proposals have been presented in three areas: high vulnerability, moderate vulnerability and low vulnerability.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Hamed Eskandari Damaneh; Gholam Reza Zehtabian; Hassan Khosravi; Al Azareh
Abstract
Drought is a recurring and temporary natural event which leads to many damages to human life and natural ecosystems. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Stream flow Drought Index (SDI) were used to assess droughts. For this purpose, monthly statistics of 72 rain-gauge stations ...
Read More
Drought is a recurring and temporary natural event which leads to many damages to human life and natural ecosystems. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Stream flow Drought Index (SDI) were used to assess droughts. For this purpose, monthly statistics of 72 rain-gauge stations and 42 hydrometric stations were used in Tehran province and drought indices of SPI and SDI were calculated in the matlab software. In the next stage, their zoning maps of these indices were prepared using ArcGIS software in different periods and the relationship between the two drought indices was obtained using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this study showed that the drought trend has been increased over time in different parts of the province. Also, there was a significant relationship (at confidence level of 99%) between meteorological drought and hydrological drought in the area. The results show that the extent of drought has been increased over time and from north to south of the province. Based on rainfall and discharge data, the occurrence of meteorological drought, either as instantly or with a time delay of one month, has the highest impact on the hydrological drought. Also, the study of the spatial order showed that the highest correlation between meteorological drought and hydrological drought was found in Roudak station because of the small size of its upstream basin compared to position of its rain-gauge and hydrometric stations.
Mohammad Zanganeh
Abstract
Abstract
Urban and regional planning is done for development, and natural and man-made hazards are obstacles to development. War is one of those dangers which has always been with mankind and has become more widespread in recent decades by contributing to conflicts in the interests of countries. Therefore, ...
Read More
Abstract
Urban and regional planning is done for development, and natural and man-made hazards are obstacles to development. War is one of those dangers which has always been with mankind and has become more widespread in recent decades by contributing to conflicts in the interests of countries. Therefore, the passive defense as a measure in the pre-crisis phase, with the goal of reducing the vulnerability of infrastructure, should be considered in planning. Due to its proximity to Tehran, Alborz road network, is the link between the capital and the northern and northwestern provinces as well as transit route to the neighboring countries of the Northwest. In addition, the high concentration of population and industry on the sides of the roads will create a threat to the province. Therefore, planning to reduce the vulnerability of this vital infrastructure in times of crisis and maintain its efficiency is of great importance. In the present study, in order to identify areas and roads vulnerable to the threat of war, the vulnerability indicators were first determined and ranked using IHWP method, and the vulnerability maps were prepared in the GIS environment. Then, using the SWOT tool, strategies to reduce the vulnerability of passages were defined and prioritized.
The results of the study indicated that the eastern and central parts of the main east-west axis of the province’s road network will have high vulnerability to war threats, while the most important capabilities and opportunities ahead, are the same axis. Therefore, by completing ongoing and planned projects to create parallel axes as well as bridge reinforcement and displacement of some land uses, it is possible to reduce the vulnerability of the Alborz province’s road network.
Ali Kazemzadeh; Najmeh Neisany Samany; Ali Darvishi Boloorani; Ara Toomanian; Ahmad Pourahmad
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Life in the modern cities takes shape through interaction with various environmental, socio-economic, infrastructural, health, security, political and cultural conditions. The result of this interaction shapes the quality of urban life (QOUL). Quality of lifeis a complex ...
Read More
Extended abstract
Introduction
Life in the modern cities takes shape through interaction with various environmental, socio-economic, infrastructural, health, security, political and cultural conditions. The result of this interaction shapes the quality of urban life (QOUL). Quality of lifeis a complex concept involving social, economic, environmental, physical, psychological and political aspects (El Din et al, 2013). In general, Quality of life (QOL) has been evaluatedbytwo objective and subjective points of view. Researches in this field, have mainly been conducted in the form of social studies and in the macro geographical scales of countries or cities,and less attention has been paid to the spatial differences of the life quality in the complex urban environments. In these studies, the principal components analysis (PCA) method has been the most common method used for combining and overlaying of the life quality indicators (Lo, 1998; Jun, 2006; Li and Weng, 2007; Motakan et al, 2010; HatamiNejad et al, 2014; Messer et al, 2014). But,Oneof the disadvantages of PCA is the possibility of deleting some of the useful information.Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and Fuzzy Logic methods can also be useful in spatial modeling of life quality. Moreover, QOL as one of the features of geographical environment is a dynamic concept. This means that this feature changesover time and location. The spatiotemporal modeling of this concept can help monitoringthe quality of urban life and planning for its improvement.
Data and Methods
This study offers a framework and process for spatiotemporal modeling of QOUL. For spatial modeling of QOUL, effective indiceswere taken into consideration at first. In this study,the indicators related to the urban quality of life were extracted in 3 three environmental, infrastructural/physical, and socio-economic dimensions.The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used for weighing the parameters(Uyan, 2013). Then, the indicators were combined with each other using the GammaFuzzyModel(Vafai, 2013) and Vikor-Fuzzy overlay technique(Huang et al, 2009). Furthermore, QOUL was modeled temporally due to the variability of environmental indicators and some of infrastructural / physical indicators during the seasons of the year. For this purpose,the cyclic model (developed based on the snapshot approach (Worboys and Duckham, 2004)) was used. In order to assess the developed framework, the quality of lifewasmodeled at urban blocks level in regions 3,6,11 of the city of Tehran.
Conclusion
The obtained results showed that applying multi-criteria decision-making and Fuzzy logicmodels in modeling of life quality is capable of showing the spatial difference oflife quality in urban environments. Based on the results of spatial modeling, the quality of life is more desirable in northern parts of the area (region 3) while the desirability decreases towards the southern areas (region 11). The study of Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index (greater than 0.35 for the results of both models and all seasons) emphasize on the non-randomness of the distribution method of the QOL feature in urban blocks and shows the existence of cluster pattern in the study area.The results of temporal modeling indicated that most of the blocks are more favorable in the spring and autumn seasons than in the winter and summer in terms of environmental conditions.
Zahra Bahari Sojahrood; Reza Aghataher; Mohsen Jafari
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Earth roughness represents a fluctuation of the earth’s surface, and it can be called the complexity of the earth (Wilson, 2012). Roughness calculation is of great importance and is the basis for lots of decision-making. There are various solutions for the roughness ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Earth roughness represents a fluctuation of the earth’s surface, and it can be called the complexity of the earth (Wilson, 2012). Roughness calculation is of great importance and is the basis for lots of decision-making. There are various solutions for the roughness calculation. The first description of roughness was presented by Kupers, in which the roughness surface is assumed to be a set of points (Kupers, 1957). According to this definition, the deviation from the height criterion of the points is considered as the roughness index. The calculation of roughness in vast areas is possible only through satellite interpretation. The images used for this purpose should be of considerable power (Ghafouri, 1394). The main purpose of this paper is to automatically determine the parts of the area using the digital elevation model (DEM), which are desirable for the user in terms of roughness. To achieve this goal, a local decision-making support system is needed. In most of the mentioned methods, roughness is calculated as a variable in a region. But, the purpose of the paper is to calculate the roughness in different parts and to select the optimal area of the user. In previous methods, in order to achieve the goal, the roughness variable had to be calculated in each range and these ranges had to be compared one by one. This process is time-consuming and sometimes the desirable accuracy is not obtained. Therefore, there is a need for a method that reduces the time and increases the accuracy. For other purposes of this paper, we can refer to the calculation of roughness on a surface. In this research, a new method was developed for determining the areas with the user’s desirable quality of roughness using a DEM and based on the fractal method and spatial decision-making support system and a system with robust tools was designed and implemented for estimating the roughness and it was tested by the digital elevation model of Iran. The results indicate that this method is very accurate. Materials & Methods Ground roughness is an important variable used in the sciences of the earth and astronomy. There is no unique definition for it. It can be defined as a variable to express the variability of the Earth’s surface on a certain scale. In this research, to determine the favorable areas of the user in terms of roughness, a number of methods including sigma T, sigma Z, fractal geometry and a developed method of fractal geometry were used to calculate the roughness. Various spatial analyses were also used in the system. Finally, the spatial decision-making support system was developed for ranking and selecting the patches. Results & Discussion The system was implemented in the ‘Visual Studio’ environment using the ‘C #’ language and the ‘arcengine’ library. This system consists of several parts. First part, is the determination of the area whose roughness is to be determined. The second part, is the extraction of the patches of that area, the third part, which is done after the extraction of spatial complications and descriptive information of each patch, is similar to a filter which is based on roughness calculation methods. The four parts is, the ranking of these patches, and the fifth part, is their classification. The system is designed in such a way that the digital elevation model of any areas with any accuracy can be used. In this research, a 90 meter digital elevation model of Iran and the raster layer of its slope (produced in ArcGIS environment) were used. To display, Google maps were used. This method has a high precision due to its pixel-to-pixel scanning capability of the area and it seems to be more accurate than the existing ones. In most roughness determination methods, there is a method that calculates the roughness in the determined area. But, in this paper, using a spatial decision-making system and using the division of the region into smaller regions, the desired qualitative areas of the user are determined in terms of roughness, therefore, this method is able to decide automatically with regard to the user’s needs. Quality is different for various applications in terms of roughness. Sometimes high roughness and sometimes low roughness is favorable. However, other methods only calculate an amount of roughness of a region and we have to extract the values for each part of the earth and apply the analysis to it, and then compare them to determine their desirability. Several methods of calculating the roughness can also be used in the system simultaneously. Conclusion Earth roughness is a term used to describe the irregularities of an area. In most cases, determining the roughness of the earth is very complicated. There are many methods for calculating the roughness. The proposed method in this project is an innovative idea which is based on spatial analysis, spatial decision-making support system and roughness calculation methods and is calculated using the Digital Elevation Model. The results show that this method is a powerful tool for calculating roughness. In order to improve and continue this work, the correlation of variables is suggested in the calculation and evaluation of the obtained results. In this paper, the values are also calculated at the surface of each patch and in rows regardless of the direction. Various models can be used to consider the order of cells in each patch and compare the results.
Marzieh Jafari; Seyed Mojtaba Dorchei
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Estimation of the Moho depth and thickness of the crust using the gravity anomaly datais one of the basic researches in the geophysics and geology sciences. Materials & Methods Based on many geophysical studies, the three-dimensional thickness determination of ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Estimation of the Moho depth and thickness of the crust using the gravity anomaly datais one of the basic researches in the geophysics and geology sciences. Materials & Methods Based on many geophysical studies, the three-dimensional thickness determination of the density variationinterface using the gravity anomaly is a common method. One practical instanceis the modeling of the crustal discontinuity like Mohorovicic discontinuity using the gravity anomalies. To analyze the anomalies associated with these crustal discontinuities, many techniques are used. Among the common methods generallyused for estimating the Moho depth and studying thecrustal structure arethe analysis of surface and body wavesof the earthquakesrecorded at theseismological stations, the analysis of post-seismic waves, the gravity data inversion method and thermal analysis. In these cases, the inversion of the filtered gravity anomalies for determining the interface geometry of the density variations is one of the main goals. Different researches have proposed different methods for calculating the interface geometry of the density variationsbased on thegravity anomaly. Many of them approximate an irregular body with several cubic prismelements withconstant density. The overall gravity field of the bodyis calculated based on the sum of the gravity field effects of the prisms. Some methods such as Oldenburg (1974) have been developed based on the rewrite of Parker's forward method (Parker, 1973). Based on the Parker’s method,the Fourier transform of the gravity anomaly is consideredas an outcomeof thesum of theFourier transforms of the createddepth powersrelated tothe gravity anomaly. Oldenburg shows that theParker's formula can be rewritten to determine the geometry of the density interface from thegravity anomaly data. In this method, the Parker’s formula inversion is used to calculate the gravity anomaly created by an uneven layer of materials based on the Fourier series. Oldenburg rewrote this formula to calculate the interface depth of the density with undulating geometry using thegravity anomaly based on an iterative method (Parker-Oldenburg method). Therefore, the topography ofthe densityinterface is estimatedbased onan iterative inversion method, which is repeated until an acceptable solution is obtained. According to the method (Oldenburg, 1974), the process is convergedin casethe depth of the interface is greater than zero and is not removed from the topography. Moreover, the range of theinterface variations should be less than the average depth of the interface. When a specific number of iterations is performed or the difference between two successful approximations is less than a specific value, the iterative procedure ends. In general, this gravity anomaly modeled by the inversion method should be very similar to the input gravity anomaly in the first stage. This paper investigates the Moho depth behavior using gravity anomaly data based on the Parker-Oldenburg method. The formula rewritten by Oldenburg through integration with the Parker’smethod called the Parker-Oldenburg method is used here to obtain the results by the iterative inversion method oftheFourier transform of the gravity anomaly. Since this method is based on the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT), it has a very high speed which can be used to compute models with a very high number of points without spending too much time on computation. Good results can also be achieved by using a high-quality gravity field. Results & Discussion In this study, the gravity anomalies derived from EGM08, EGM96 geopotential models and one of the GOCE-based global geopotential models (obtained only from the global satellite gravimetry data of GOCE), as well as those derived from terrestrial gravity data provided by the National Cartography Center (NCC) have been usedin Khorasan region. A cell grid has been createdto generate the gravity field and estimate the Moho depth. Investigation of the results obtained from theMoho depth calculation in this region shows that the Moho depth model obtained from NCC data is very different from other models due to the limited number of observation points to reach the gravity field interpolation model. The difference of theMoho depth derived from the EGM08 model and the onederived from theEGM96 and GOCE models, gave 1.66 and 1.07 km for the RMS values, respectively. This accuracy improvement can be attributed to the quality and resolution of the geopotential models. Furthermore, comparing the results of the GOCE model with the EGM96 model, the RMS value is 0.85 km which is due to the close proximity of the two models’ qualities. Conclusion In this paper, the Moho depth model has beenobtained based on the Parker-Oldenburg method using the gravity anomaly data forKhorasan region. In this method,the Fourier transform ofthe gravity anomalies accelerates themodeling for a large number of points. On the other hand, the high-quality of the models for the production of anomaly, results in the production of thehighly precise geometry of the density interface to a certain extent.
Geographic Data
Hadiseh Sabzi Sorkhani; Abdollah Faraji; Hossein Asakereh
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionClimatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One ...
Read More
Extended AbstractIntroductionClimatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One of the most important measures in identifying a comfortable climate is to assess the conditions of the human living environment. Which determines the level of human comfort in the environment. Meteorological variables and bioclimatic indicators are needed to assess the conditions of human comfort in the environment.. Therefore, urban planners and regional planners need useful and at the same time practical indicators in order to optimize the environment and determine the best time for human comfort. Human comfort conditions provide very good information for planners by evaluating bioclimatic indicators. The information obtained from this research provides appropriate suggestions and strategies for improving the situation in each region. To know the range of comfort climate (optimal and optimal climate) can not be enough to describe the climatic elements of the region, including temperature, humidity, wind and radiation. Rather, the type of climate in terms of comfort or lack of thermal and climatic comfort should be determined quantitatively in the form of a general indicator and a combination of all these climatic elements. Many factors affect the tourism industry, one of the most important of which is the climate. Climate plays a role as one of the most important local resources in the tourism industry. Awareness of climatic comfort plays an important role in human life and activities, and physiological comfort is closely related to climatic factors. Therefore, the study of climatic parameters affecting the climatic comfort of work seems necessary.Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country and ranks first in the country in terms of population density. In addition to various economic activities, this province hosts millions of people from all over the country every year due to the existence of various attractions (especially the Caspian Sea). And it is one of the touristic provinces of the country And studying the climate comfort of this province can be an important step in planning for tourist reception and its requirements. In this study, the climatic comfort of Gilan province has been studied.Materals and methodsFor this purpose, climatic data from 11 synoptic stations (Rasht, Astara, Anzali, Deilman, Kiashahr, Lahijan, Manjil, Masouleh, Jirandeh, Talesh and Rudsar) including monthly average temperature, average maximum and minimum temperature in degrees Celsius, The monthly average of relative humidity as a percentage, the average of sunny hours and the number of rainy days during the statistical period of 1995 to 2020 have been received from the Meteorological Organization of the country. Then in SPSS software, Excel database was created And processed the data and calculated the average of all the mentioned parameters on a monthly basis And deficiencies were corrected And through the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), the calculations are performed And after sorting and analyzing the climatic conditions, the study area has been studied Thus, based on the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), zoning maps of the province were drawn in GIS software . Finally, the results are analyzed and interpreted as maps.Results and discussionApril, south of the province (Manjil), May, center, Caspian Sea coast, part of the northeast and south of the province (Rasht, Anzali, Lahijan, Deilman, Jirandeh), August, east of the province (Rudsar), September, center , East and part of the south of the province (Rasht, Rudsar, Deilman) and October, south of the province (Jirandeh) has pleasant and favorable conditions. All tourism activities are recommended to tourists.ConclusionThe results of the conducted investigations show the existence of various types of comfortable weather conditions for tourism in Gilan province. The months of May and June in most parts of the province have very favorable and pleasant conditions and the climatic conditions are suitable for all kinds of tourism activities. In the cold season of the year (January, February and December) in all parts of the province (especially the high areas such as Dilman and Masuleh, etc.), very unfavorable (cold) conditions prevail, and in the hot season of the year (July and August) the conditions are It is very unfavorable (heat) in most of the studied areas (especially coastal areas due to high humidity). All in all, in this research, all kinds of tourism activities have been targeted according to each season and each region
Seyed Ramin Ghafari; Pezhman Mohamadi Dehcheshme
Volume 21, Issue 84 , February 2013, , Pages 121-132
Abstract
Pavements and pedestrians as dynamic and static factors in urban space are considered inseparable parts of urban life in developed towns of the world.A great amount of time of citizens in various cities is devoted to walking as a refreshing activity. Overwhelming attention to the needs of drivers and ...
Read More
Pavements and pedestrians as dynamic and static factors in urban space are considered inseparable parts of urban life in developed towns of the world.A great amount of time of citizens in various cities is devoted to walking as a refreshing activity. Overwhelming attention to the needs of drivers and negligence of preservation and management of pavements is regarded as dominant defect and weakness of towns.
In the two or three previous decades attention to movement of pedestrians and their requirements as a forgotten issue made a new view and intention in the field of town planning as a walking revolution.
According to the results of this research (case study of Shahr-e-Kord – melat street) that was achieved by distribution of questionnaires among 262 persons (statical selective society by the method of kookeran) we can see that:
Using of pavements for supplying of goods (loading and evacuation of goods) increasing the blocking phenomenon. Also, there is significant relationship between blocking of pavements and public dissatisfaction.
Sepehr Honarparvar; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Introduction
In recent decades, rapid climate changes in the Middle East have led to the rapid growth of drought phenomenon. Given the recent observations and surveys in the countries of the region, the rate of evaporation of surface water has increased. In addition, water consumption has increased ...
Read More
Introduction
In recent decades, rapid climate changes in the Middle East have led to the rapid growth of drought phenomenon. Given the recent observations and surveys in the countries of the region, the rate of evaporation of surface water has increased. In addition, water consumption has increased dramatically in recent decades due to various causes, including industrial and agricultural development and population growth. Apart from the natural causes, the lack of proper management and planning of water resources is one of the main reasons for drought occurrence in the country. It’s obvious that every program needs reliable and updated information to help planners make decisions. Therefore, information onthe volume changes and the amount of water is of great importance in the management of the limited water resources. This information is usually obtained using conventional methods of remote sensing, surveying and photogrammetry which require significant amount of time and money. On the other hand, obtaining information from people is very beneficial due to the high speed, low cost of preparation and high volume of shared information. Volunteered Geographic Information provides an environment for the acquisition of spatial information from ordinary and expert people.Recently, many researcheshave been carried outon geography, natural resources and geosciencesin relation to the voluntary applications of spatial information in crisis management, and it has been proved that these data are suitable for managing long-term and short-term crises. Regarding the water management in particular, researches have been carried out on collecting water pollution information through sharing the location and the type of water pollution. The issue of drought in water resources has not been taken into consideration in this category of investigations.Another category of the researches is about the type of architecture used to obtain popular information from the volunteered spatial information, while the quality of this information has been ignored. In another category of the researches, users identify and report the rate of changes in water resources using remote sensing and aerial images but, this method is indirect and does not share information instantaneously and directly.
Materials and methods
The aim of this paper is to design and develop a Volunteered Geographic Information system for receiving and updating drought information on natural water resources. To do so, users send the information on water volume and its changes as well as the location, to the drought information spatial database. The case study of this paper is the water resources of the rivers and lakes of the TashkBakhteganMaharloubasin. TashkBakhteganMaharlou is a basin region in the province of Fars in Iran,and the reason for choosing this basin as a case study isthe abundance and diversity of water resources in the area. A Web-based mobile application has been developed to receive the popular information of water resources. Users can share information based on the level of access. This level of access is determined based on the level of users’ expertise and occupation relative to water sciences. In order to implement this system, a client - server architecture was employed, in which SQL Server was used as the updating and managing system of the spatial database, ArcGIS Server as a spatial server, WCF Service to receive thematic information, JSON as the format of exchanging data and Android as the client’s development language.
Discussion and results
In order to evaluate this system,the spatial accuracy, descriptive accuracy and the integrity of the Volunteered Geographic Information were measured. After the evaluation, a spatial accuracy of 12.5 meters, a descriptive accuracy of 67%, and the integrity of 75% were obtained. Moreover, 80% of the Volunteered Geographic Information hadan area of more than 1 Hectares,representing the interest of the users in sharing lakes with wider areas. Meanwhile, 65% of the Volunteered Geographic Information has a density of 27 lines per Hectare, indicating that people are willing to share rivers with denser branches.
Conclusion
Since the datawas collected by smartphones’ GPS,this amount of spatial accuracy was predictable. Descriptive accuracy obtained is relatively low due tothe ambiguity in the naming of received data. The high integrityindicatesthe capability of the system in updating drought spatial database over a short period of time. Therefore, it seems that the Volunteered Geographic Informationon drought is generally acceptable for completing the water resources database and for the management and making decisions on the planning of conserving water resources in a short time with low cost.
Mohammad Fallah Zazuli; Alireza Vafaei Nezhad; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Mahdi Modiri; Hossein Aghamohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most important types of natural disasters,which endangers lives and financial security of many people and destroys environment and natural resources.With the present population growth and expansion of urban areas towardsteep areas and hillsides, ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most important types of natural disasters,which endangers lives and financial security of many people and destroys environment and natural resources.With the present population growth and expansion of urban areas towardsteep areas and hillsides, landslide-related losses can be catastrophic. For an instance, landslides in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan killed around 2,700 people in 2014, and a landslide in China (Shan’xiprovince)resulted in the disappearance of 64 people in 2015.Therefore, assessingthe possibility of landslides occurrence seems to becrucial. Providing zoning maps is one of the measures which makes identification of areas prone to future landslides possible. Inferences drawn from these maps can be used for land use planning, prevention of unauthorized construction activities, infrastructure development, refurbishment and restoration. Materials & Methods The present research selectsEast Rudbar-e Alamut (a district of Qazvin province), which is affected by landslides and instability of hillsides, as the study area. It takes advantage of Shannon entropy and information value models to develop landslide susceptibility map of the study areain GIS environment.Shannon entropy theory has been used in extensive researcheswith the aim of prioritizinginfluential factors in the probable occurrence of natural disasters such as landslide. Information value (IV) model is one of the statistical models drawn from information theory with a widespread application in the modeling of geological hazards and disaster risk assessment. Information value model aims to find a combination of significant factors anddeterminetheir impacton theoccurrence oflandslide in an area.To implement this model, relevant data and its related criteria maps were prepared. In this regard, the location of previous landslide events in the study area was determined based on the information received from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization. 49 landslides were identified in this way. Then, data was randomly divided into 2 categories: training data and validation data. Thus, 70% of data (35 landslides) were used to produce the models and the remaining 30% (14 landslides) were used for validation purposes. In addition to previous landslides, a collection of topographic, environmental and climatic characteristics of the study area including seven criteria of lithology, slope, distance from faults, land use, precipitation, slope-direction and elevation were selected as the most effective independent variablesto produce criteria maps with 30-meter spatial resolution. Basic information used to map these seven influential factors was obtained from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, as well as the SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and used after some modifications. Considering the capability of ArcGIS in spatial data analysis, thissoftwarewas used to produce information layers and implement the models. Results & Discussion Prioritizing influential factors using Shannon entropy model introducesthree factors (i.e. land use, elevation and precipitation)as the most significant factorsin the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Factors of slope angle, distance from faults (almost equal to slope angle), lithology and slope-direction were in the next influential factors.Also, results of information value model indicate that looking from lithology perspective, the category of marl, calcareous sandstone, sandy limestone and minor conglomerate has an information value of 1 and thus, the highest probability of landslide occurrence. Category of basaltic volcanic rocks, along with category of well bedded green tuff and tuffaceous shale have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence with information values of -2.03 and -1.70, respectively.Only two categories of theslope angle criterionhave a positive-index. The highest information value (0. 93) in this category occurs in the class of 5-12 degrees, followed by the class of 12-20 degrees. The lowest information value occurs in slopes of more than 30 degrees. Based on this observation, it can be clearly concluded that the slope angles of 5 to 20 degrees are most prone to landslides. Distance to faults criterion indicate that the category of500 to 1000-meter distance to faultshave the highest information value (1.67). Regarding land use criterion, three land uses of garden, agriculture and garden-agriculture have the highest information values of 2.16 and 1.59 and 1.11, respectively. Regarding precipitation, average annual rainfall of less than 400 millimeters have the highest information value (1.50). Regardingslope-direction criterion, most landslides occur in southwest, south and eastdirections.Northeast, west, and northwest directions have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence, respectively. In terms of elevation, the information value is reduced as the height increases, and the maximum information value is related to the elevations of less than 1200 meters.After assigning a weight to each criterion and related classes, the landslide risk zone map was generated based on Shannon entropy and information valuemodels. The resulting zoning map produced based on natural breaks methods dividesthe area into five classeswith very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk. Resultsof Shannon entropy modelindicate that out of 14 landslides considered as the validation data, 3, 7, 2, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively. Resultsof the information value modelindicatethat 8, 4, 0, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively. Conclusion Evaluation of results using experimental probability index indicates that with 86% experimental probability,both models of Shannon entropy and information value are effective inidentification of landslide hazard in the East Rudbar-e Alamut region. Also, considering the number of landslides in very high and high risk zones, Shannon entropy and information value modelshave an experimental probability index of 72% and 86%, respectively, which prove higher efficiency of information value model. In Shannon entropy model, total area of very high, high and moderate risk zones covers 34% and 56% of the study area,respectively. In information value model,total area of very high and high risk zones covers 20% and 29% of the study area, respectively. Based on the landslide risk zone map, high and very high risk zones are mainly located in the west of the study area.
Hosseyn Mohammadi; Taghi Karimian; Madjid Rahmani
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 127-145
Abstract
Today tourism, as a phenomena affecting the process of development, has attracted much attention. It has profound effects on human life from different aspects: economic, cultural social , environmental and physical. Climate, as an important aspect of natural environment affects humanlife considerably ...
Read More
Today tourism, as a phenomena affecting the process of development, has attracted much attention. It has profound effects on human life from different aspects: economic, cultural social , environmental and physical. Climate, as an important aspect of natural environment affects humanlife considerably and the effect of climate not only leads to the development of tourism, but also it produces demand for tourist services. This study uses a descriptive analytical method and by referring to the related documents inspects contribution of travel and tourism in socio-economic development of countries. Also, analysis carbon emission sources, predict all categories of travel and tourism and specify the most prominent measures against emission in each sector and the entire unit. In addition, this research presents the critical role of contribution in innovations in each part within the unit and in other industrial sectors (e.g.energy). the speed and reduce the allocation criteria pollutants offers. The purpose of this paper is identifying specific pollutant of travel and tourism and measures of preventing the pollutants. The results show that pollutants of the transport sectore of travel and tourism will grow at 2% per year until 2035.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Mahdi Ebrahimi Boozani; Asghar Norouzi; Hengameh Khaksar
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionPassive defense refers to a set of non-armed actions and activities which reduces the vulnerability of buildings, manpower, facilities, equipment, funds and vital arteries of the country against destructive and hostile operations of the enemy as well as natural disasters ...
Read More
Extended AbstractIntroductionPassive defense refers to a set of non-armed actions and activities which reduces the vulnerability of buildings, manpower, facilities, equipment, funds and vital arteries of the country against destructive and hostile operations of the enemy as well as natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. The Including passive defense policies in most countries of world and especially Iran is Building public shelters to protect and maintain of Citizens' lives, also minimizing possible damages in the human domain. But what is important in Proportion with the proposed policy, location and choice of place is suitable for the construction of urban shelters. That People can take refuge to these shelters during enemy attacks or during natural crises. For this end, the aim of doing this study is locating potential areas of urban shelters based on passive defense principles in Ilam city. Materials & MethodsPresent research In terms of the purpose, is of the type applied research and in terms of the nature and method of investigation, is of the type descriptive-analytical. Also, in terms of the data collection method, is included in the category of documentary and field research. The statistical population studied is including experts, professors and experts working in academic centers and higher education institutions. Sample size for research based on pairwise comparisons it's limited According to Saati (2002) and are selected Minimum 5 and maximum 15 people for this type of studies. Therefore, in this research, 15 university professors and experts were selected by available sampling method. To weight to information layers used from Saati's 9-option spectrum (superiority of one criterion over another) in the form of a questionnaire and a plan of language expressions. In this Research selected 10 location index of urban shelters (Distance from densely populated places, Distance from the centers of population, Distance from the canal, river and surface water, slope of the land, Distance from vulnerable areas and worn tissue, Distance from main roads for access and movement, Distance from historical and cultural monuments, Distance from industrial centers and hazardous products, The distance from the target centers of enemy and Distance from centers with support functions in times of crisis) in the form of four general criteria (Demographic, functional, physical and natural-environmental). In the next step was determined Coefficients of importance of indicators and criteria using the network analysis process technique (ANP), Eventually has been identified the most preferred places In proportion to the purpose through overlapping layers of information and applying the obtained coefficients. Data analysis has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and Using Analytical Network Process (ANP) and also by using Excel, Super Decisions and GIS software.Results & DiscussionThe research results show that: Among the general criteria studied, two demographic and functional criteria in order with weights 0.427 and 0.305 and among the studied indicators, two indicators Proximity to densely populated places and Establishing at a suitable distance from the enemy's targets in order with weights 0.303 and 0.236 have been highest coefficients of importance. In the following Results of combined analysis GIS- ANP showed that: All four urban areas of Ilam (including Haniwan, Ostandari, Markazi, Banborz, Sabzi Abad, Nowruz Abad, Janbazan and Razmandegan districts) is prone to shelter construction, But is in priority Respectively Region 2 (Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts), Region 1 (Haniwan and Ostandari) and Region 3 (Nowruz Abad).ConclusionExamining the first question based on Current status of urban shelters in Ilam city show that, most urban shelters located in the average status from the aspect of spatial distribution. The result of second question based on identification most important indicators affecting on location of urban shelters show that, two demographic and natural-environmental criteria identified as the most important and least important effective criterion in Location of urban shelter respectively with weights of 0.427 and 0.056. Eventually the results of third question based on identification best places to build urban shelters in Ilam city show that, most suitable place to build urban shelter situated in Haniwan, Ostandari and central districts of region 1, Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts of region 2, Nowruz Abad district of region 3 and Janbazan and Razmandegan districts of region 4.
Geographic Data
Mohsen Saghaei; Behruz Gharani Arani; MohammadReza Parsa
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionManagement in general is the art and knowledge of efficient and optimal use of resources to achieve the goal, and waste management or waste management is in fact all the planning and activities in the field of waste and in order to reduce, move, convert, Decontamination or ...
Read More
Extended AbstractIntroductionManagement in general is the art and knowledge of efficient and optimal use of resources to achieve the goal, and waste management or waste management is in fact all the planning and activities in the field of waste and in order to reduce, move, convert, Decontamination or disposal of waste takes place. Waste management system consists of different parts. This system can be compared to a chain that in the absence of a loop, the chain will be broken, so the performance of each waste management will affect other parts. Although the waste problem has been solved in many cities of the country and may have become a source of prosperity for the city,In the metropolis of Ahvaz, due to the lack of a clear strategy and proper investment in recent years, it has not been able to bring prosperity to the city and always a lot of garbage in the people, has caused a huge amount of dissatisfaction of citizens. In Ghizaniyeh section of this city, since 1991, with the closure of the old landfill in the "Broumi" area, it has been set up Non-disposal of garbage in a principled manner and according to the rules in this garbage site, provides the conditions for garbage to burn in this site and the smoke from this fire will burn the residents of Sofireh village and most of the villages of Ghizaniyeh section of Ahvaz city and east of this city. Has encountered a problem. One thousand tons of city waste is transferred to the Ahvaz waste site daily. The per capita waste production in the country is 700 grams per person, this per capita in Ahvaz is more than the national average per person. According to the latest statistics, the amount of garbage collected in 24 hours is close to 800 tons, which has decreased despite the fact that garbage collectors and dry garbage collect by them.Material & MethodsAccording to the research topic, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, first, using GIS software, the situation of waste landfill in Ahvaz city has been studied, then the geographical distribution of suitable places for waste landfill in this city has been studied. For analytical work, maps that have been in the form of polygons have been turned into rasters, and maps that have been in the form of point and linear features have been determined using the Euclidean distance to determine their importance in relation to the landfill. In order to determine all the maps, the importance of classification has been applied to them. Finally, using the FAHP method, the weights obtained from this method are multiplied in the obtained layers, and the final map, which includes the current location of the Ahvaz landfill and the proposed locations, is obtained. In the next stage, using the opinions of experts living in Ahvaz, managerial, economic, environmental and social indicators have been studied. In order to analyze the data, statistical and graphical analyzes in GIS and SPSS were used.Results & DiscussionThe results of the study showed that in terms of location and environment, the ambassador landfill site is in a good condition and the problems of Ahvaz city in relation to waste disposal are due to its proper management . The studies of this study show that in the spatial survey of Safireh landfill, environmental criteria have been relatively observed. Among the landfills around the city of Ahvaz, from 5 very unsuitable to very suitable conditions, Safireh site is in a good condition, which can be said that the location of this site is suitable in terms of environmental characteristics.Conclusion According to the studies and using the opinions of experts, it can be stated that the waste problems of Ahvaz city originate from the same source, ie its production and lack of management. Also, the studies of this study showed that the economic criterion has been the most important factor in the view of experts in locating landfills. The results for the study of proper waste management at the source indicate that the component of proper waste management at the source is significant and will have a direct impact by reducing environmental effects, and the component of proper waste management at the source as one of the main factors And is decisive in reducing the environmental impact of Ahvaz. Finally, based on the research findings, suggestions were made to control the pollution of the waste site in the metropolis of Ahvaz and in the study areas.
Geographic Data
Sajedeh Baghban; Masoud Minaei
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionMore than 55% of the world's population now lives in cities, while around one billion people worldwide living in informal settlements. The city of Mashhad, as the second metropolis of Iran, has not been deprived of the phenomenon of marginalization and despite 3894 hectares ...
Read More
Extended AbstractIntroductionMore than 55% of the world's population now lives in cities, while around one billion people worldwide living in informal settlements. The city of Mashhad, as the second metropolis of Iran, has not been deprived of the phenomenon of marginalization and despite 3894 hectares of informal settlements is the second city in Iran in terms of the size of such settlements. Informal settlements in the city are less resilient than other parts of the city, mainly due to their distinct social and physical characteristics. Some argue are focusing only on physical factors of resilient, but this is not possible without considering the social factors and social and demographic characteristics of communities. if society is prepared to deal with that crisis, a large volume of disturbances and irregularities after the crisis will be reduced. Since the approach of sustainable urban regeneration in Mashhad has started since 2019 with the establishment of facilitation offices and considering that these offices emphasize the social dimension of regeneration and the participation of local community in this process, therefore, the results of the present study can be effective in this way. Therefore, this study aims to find the answers to the following questions with the aim of spatial analysis of social resilience in the suburbs of the city:How is the social resilience of the suburbs in Mashhad?How is the spatial pattern of social resilience in Mashhad?Research MethodsSince the present study tries to analyze social resilience in the suburbs of Mashhad by using MCDM methods in the framework of urban resilience criteria, it has used descriptive-analytical method in the form of an applied research. For this purpose, based on library studies (articles, books, reports, and various documents), the required information in the field of social equity was collected. Then, by examining the dimensions and frameworks of social resilience, its criteria were determined and operationally defined. In this research, IDRISI software has been used to analyze the research data and evaluate them. Spatial statistics tools in ArcGIS software have been used to analyze the relationship between inefficiency distribution. Inefficiency pattern analysis is also performed by spatial autocorrelation technique. For this purpose, there are different models for measuring spatial autocorrelation statistics, among which the global Moran model and Gi statistic have been used. Spatial modeling of factors affecting inefficiency has been done by geographical weight regression.Discussion and resultsSince there are 3894 hectares of informal settlements in Mashhad and due to the fact that these settlements have been formed over time and without regard to urban planning standards, so they are very sensitive to natural and unnatural hazards and in case of any crisis, returning to pre-accident conditions is important. There are several factors involved in this field, including physical, economic, and social factors. The outcome of all these dimensions will affect the return of these settlements to pre-crisis conditions. Meanwhile, a review of studies on resilience showed that the physical dimension of resilience has been emphasized more than its social dimension. In the current situation of a metropolis such as Mashhad, an important part of the population and area of Mashhad is its suburbs, which includes 66 neighborhoods with a population of nearly one million people and an area of 3894 hectares. If we consider the city as an integrated system, it should be said that other dimensions of resilience, including social resilience, will also affect other sectors, including the physical one.ConclusionAnalysis of WLC, AHP and FUZZY methods, which were used in this study to evaluate the resilience of marginalized neighborhoods, showed that neighborhoods located in the northeast of Mashhad have more resilience than other areas, while the eastern and southeastern areas are less resilient. The social resilience pattern of these neighborhoods was evaluated by using the global Moran method and G general statistics. The results of this study showed that this zoning in the northeast and southeast is not random and has a spatial autocorrelation, so that in the northeast of the cluster of resilient neighborhoods, has led to increased resilience of other neighborhoods and in the southeast, low resilience has affected its reduction in adjacent areas. Warm and relatively warm clusters make up 1631 hectares of suburban areas, which is estimated to be equivalent to 42% of these neighborhoods. In fact, 31 neighborhoods in the suburbs of Mashhad are in hot and relatively hot clusters. The pattern of resilience is not significant elsewhere. Also, modeling the criteria studied in the study showed that the percentage of employed population, percentage of active population and average age have a significant effect on social resilience. According to the results of the leading research, in the process of re-creation that is taking place in the city of Mashhad, there should be a special look at the social dimensions of neighborhoods because the promotion of these dimensions can affect other aspects of resilience. Also, considering the impact of employment on the rate of resilience, it is suggested that in the process of recreating marginalized neighborhoods, special attention must be paid to job creation in these neighborhoods.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Maryam Robati; Sargol Karimi Saremi; Masoud Monavari
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important issues that has always threatened human societies throughout history has been the occurrence of natural hazards. Hence, urban thinkers and planners seek to develop approaches to reduce urban vulnerability and increase resilience. District 1 of Tehran ...
Read More
Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important issues that has always threatened human societies throughout history has been the occurrence of natural hazards. Hence, urban thinkers and planners seek to develop approaches to reduce urban vulnerability and increase resilience. District 1 of Tehran Municipality is considered as one of the most dangerous and vulnerable areas of Tehran metropolis with its North Tehran fault, Niavaran fault, Mahmoudieh fault. Zone one is also constantly exposed to floods due to the high slope in the northern parts and the presence of runoff. High density of impermeable surfaces and high volume of runoff in zone one, as well as being at the foot of the mountain, are the main reasons for flood-potential in the study sample (Salmani Foumani et al., 1398: 51). The question is what is the vulnerability of district one of Tehran municipality against natural hazards (floods and earthquakes)? To identify the current situation, prioritize the necessary management and planning actions and planning in the face of a possible crisis of future risks.Materials and methodsThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. First, using library and documentary studies, such as the study of texts related to the subject and previous research, and the use of expert opinions in this field, effective indicators on vulnerability in cities were identified. The raw data of the research are extracted from the statistical blocks of Tehran Region 1 and the GIS map of the study sample and for data analysis, reverse hierarchical analysis or IHWP is used.Results and discussionIn this part of the research, documentary studies were used to extract the indicators for assessing the vulnerability of urban areas to hazards. These indicators include: population density; Maximum ground acceleration; Distance from the channel; Fault; Access to medical centers; Width; Access to fire stations; Access to open and green spaces; Distance from gas station and CNG; Distance from worn tissue; Sewage cover; Distance from bridges. In the last step, the final map is obtained by classifying the data into 5 distinct categories in terms of vulnerability and by overlaying the layers. According to the results, of the total area of District 1 of Tehran Municipality, 14.95% of the area with very low vulnerability, 23.28% of the area with low vulnerability, 27.03% of the area with moderate vulnerability, 23.59 with high vulnerability And 11.14% have a very high vulnerability. As can be seen in Map 4, the center and west of the region are more damaged and the damage is reduced from west to east. ConclusionDue to the climatic and physical conditions of the region, the plan to widen the passages for narrow passages of the city, especially in the center of the region, should be considered. The rivers Jamshidia, Darabad, Darband, Darkeh, Lark, Maghsoud Beyk, Velenjak and Golabdareh may be flooded, so the river area in this section should be controlled; At the same time, in this field, with proper planning and management, steps can be taken to eliminate the shortcomings and problems.
Issues of the border regions of the country
Mehdi Safari Namivandi; Seyed Ali Ebadinejad; Mehdi Kazemi; Yahya Ghobadi; Sadegh Yasami
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders to stabilize their country. In the past years, many ethnic, racial and religious groups have lived side by side in unstable political and social frameworks and have lived on the borders. Throughout history, the country's border strips have seen the most significant conflicts and confrontations between governments and nations; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments, so borders have a special place in every country. One of the most difficult tasks of any government is the control and security of political borders, and if this issue is not paid attention to and there are no appropriate plans and solutions, the country's political sovereignty will be threatened. In order to turn threats into opportunities and benefit from conditions and situations in order to maintain security and secure national interests, we must have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the level of border areas and its surrounding spaces. In the meantime, one of the most important measures is planning according to the geomorphological capabilities of the border areas. One of the measures that increase security in the border strip is to identify areas prone to establishing military bases and surveillance centers. Considering that the border strip of Kurdistan province, including Marivan city, has a sensitive location, therefore, in this research, the areas prone to the construction of military bases and observation centers in this city have been identified.
Materials and methods
In this research, according to the subject and objectives, library information, SRTM 30 meters high digital model and digital layers of information have been used as research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS (for the purpose of preparing necessary maps) and Expert Choice (for the implementation of the AHP model). In this research, in order to identify the vulnerable areas of Marivan city against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers, the integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, the parameters used are identified. In the second step, the used parameters are fuzzification. In the third step, using the Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP) and based on the opinions of experts, weight has been given to the information layers and then the obtained weight has been applied to the information layers. In the fourth stage, the layers of information are combined and finally, a map of areas prone to enemy infiltration and areas prone to establishing military bases and observation centers is prepared.
Discussion and results
In this research, in order to identify vulnerable areas against enemy infiltration, 6 parameters of height, slope, field of view, distance from the river, distance from urban areas and distance from military bases have been used. Also, considering that the study area corresponds to the border strip, therefore monitoring and controlling these areas is very important. One of the ways to control and monitor the border areas is to create military bases and observation centers, which has been addressed in this research using 6 parameters. Investigations have shown that Marivan city has a lot of diversity in terms of geomorphology, and this problem has caused its different parts to have different potentials for creating military objectives. Considering the importance of creating security in the border strip, it is necessary to pay attention to the geomorphological capabilities of this city in order to create security in the region. In this research, based on the geomorphological capabilities of Marivan city, vulnerable areas were identified against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers.
Conclusion
According to the results, due to the geomorphological situation of Marivan city, parts of this city lack sufficient visibility and are far from the monitoring and control of military bases, and this problem has caused these areas, which mainly include the southwestern and southern regions. Is a city, have a high vulnerability potential. Also, the results of this research have shown that parts of Marivan city, which mostly correspond to the central areas of the city, have a high potential for building military bases and observation centers. Due to high altitude, low slope, western directions, wide field of view, proximity to main roads and being far from military bases, these areas have high potential for the desired goals. The total results of this research have shown that in locating military bases in Marivan city, geomorphological factors have not been given much attention and it is necessary to establish security in this region, military bases and observation centers. He built a new building in accordance with the geomorphological strength of the region.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 30-34
Abstract
The magnificent Saturn, the sixth planet in terms of distance from the Sun, is the furthest known area of the ancient times, moving at a low speed around the Zodiac. Ancient Greeks have introduced this planet as Kronos, the father of Zeus, because in these stories Saturn is named after the god of planting ...
Read More
The magnificent Saturn, the sixth planet in terms of distance from the Sun, is the furthest known area of the ancient times, moving at a low speed around the Zodiac. Ancient Greeks have introduced this planet as Kronos, the father of Zeus, because in these stories Saturn is named after the god of planting and seeding. The ancient Greeks associated the Saturn with the ancient god of time, later the father of time. The Saturn revolves around the Sun at a distance of 9.5 AU, with an orbital period of 29.5 years.The name of the planet has been adapted from the word Saturnine, meaning heavy and made of lead, to describe its great cold and large atmosphere, which is probably due to its smooth motion throughout the orbit.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalan; Kamyar Shoja'ei
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 32-35
Abstract
The use of marine data and information and depth measurement are among the technical requirements of major and minor decision making by the government and private sectors of the country. To use this information, which is increasing day by day in great quantities, and to use different information layers, ...
Read More
The use of marine data and information and depth measurement are among the technical requirements of major and minor decision making by the government and private sectors of the country. To use this information, which is increasing day by day in great quantities, and to use different information layers, we need a coherent database, knowledge of data and proper and powerful functions. In this paper, it has been tried to identify and categorize hydrographic data according to the stages of construction of a GIS. Next, the required models for representation of dynamic data have been examined and a general view of the manner of using HIS has been presented.
Roghiyyeh Golvari (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 33-35
Abstract
GPS precise and accurate positioning for navigation, mapping and geodesy requires a dual-integral carrier phase solution. The solution to this problem is the LAMBDA method of modulating separation of least squares’ correlation, so that LAMBDA is considered to quickly solve GPS ambiguities. In this ...
Read More
GPS precise and accurate positioning for navigation, mapping and geodesy requires a dual-integral carrier phase solution. The solution to this problem is the LAMBDA method of modulating separation of least squares’ correlation, so that LAMBDA is considered to quickly solve GPS ambiguities. In this paper, practical results are presented of positioning and resolution of ambiguity for several times. In 1993, Peter Tenissen, Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Delft, introduced LAMBDA as a dual-differential solution. LAMBDA method was implemented and its description and code is accessible at the following URL: Internet - site of MGP: http: // www.geo.tudelft.nl/mgp/ The LAMBDA method was used in 60 universities, institutes and companies.
Hasan Shamsi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , May 1992, , Pages 33-39
Abstract
Positioning based on space started in early 1960 and followed up by the United States and NASA. One of these early and very successful systems of positioning was the TRANSIT Satellite. Since its launch in 1967 for commercial purposes, this satellite has gained many applications in surveying and geodesy, ...
Read More
Positioning based on space started in early 1960 and followed up by the United States and NASA. One of these early and very successful systems of positioning was the TRANSIT Satellite. Since its launch in 1967 for commercial purposes, this satellite has gained many applications in surveying and geodesy, especially in cases where the goal was to establish a vast network of stations in large areas and even on the entire Planet. TRANSIT Satellite system has been very useful for establishing new geocentric assumptions and for linking different data (assumptions) to a geocentric reference framework (i.e., It’s origin at the center of the Earth).
Seyyedeh Ameneh Sajjadi
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 38-43
Abstract
Considering the importance of the Caspian Sea in terms of its unique characteristics and the role it plays in the economic life of the Commonwealth Countries, it is important to act conscientiously and with foresight in relation to control and prevention of any crises (pollution, fisheries, sea water ...
Read More
Considering the importance of the Caspian Sea in terms of its unique characteristics and the role it plays in the economic life of the Commonwealth Countries, it is important to act conscientiously and with foresight in relation to control and prevention of any crises (pollution, fisheries, sea water fluctuations, legal system of the sea, etc.). The southern shores of the Caspian Sea are in more desirable conditions in terms of developmental requirements due to the geographical location and topographical condition of the region, and it is hoped that the above-mentioned goals will be achieved through proper management and planning. In this collection, after introducing the Caspian Sea, its unique characteristics have been described and the issues surrounding it have been studied, and finally solutions have been suggested in relation to these issues.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 38-43
Abstract
The magnificent Saturn, the sixth planet in terms of distance from the Sun, is the furthest known area of the ancient times, moving at a low speed around the Zodiac. Ancient Greeks have introduced this planet as Kronos, the father of Zeus, because in these stories Saturn is named after the god of planting ...
Read More
The magnificent Saturn, the sixth planet in terms of distance from the Sun, is the furthest known area of the ancient times, moving at a low speed around the Zodiac. Ancient Greeks have introduced this planet as Kronos, the father of Zeus, because in these stories Saturn is named after the god of planting and seeding. The ancient Greeks associated the Saturn with the ancient god of time, later the father of time. The Saturn revolves around the Sun at a distance of 9.5 AU, with an orbital period of 29.5 years.The name of the planet has been adapted from the word Saturnine, meaning heavy and made of lead, to describe its great cold and large atmosphere, which is probably due to its smooth motion throughout the orbit.
Gholam Reza Barati; Fatemeh Soleimani
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 39-43
Abstract
Since the frequency of rainy days is one of the decisive factors in determining the climatic conditions of a land, the issue of determining the seasonal share of the annual frequency of precipitation days was considered in a 31-year interval (1973-2003) in the western zone of Iran enjoying high rates ...
Read More
Since the frequency of rainy days is one of the decisive factors in determining the climatic conditions of a land, the issue of determining the seasonal share of the annual frequency of precipitation days was considered in a 31-year interval (1973-2003) in the western zone of Iran enjoying high rates of precipitation (in this research including Zanjan, Qazvin, Markazi, Lorestan, Kordestan, Ilam, Kermanshah and Hamedan), in order to help better utilization of valuable soil and water resources. This important task was accomplished by collecting the frequency figures of monthly rainy days from 16 meteorological stations in the above mentioned provinces. Comparison of mean values between seasons and year of land zoning based on the coefficients determined by regressive equations showed that winter season, in comparison with other seasons in most regions, has the highest coordination and also the highest spatial equilibrium in terms of precipitation amounts and number of precipitation days. . This finding may indicate an increase in the frequency of precipitation days in other seasons in the years when winter has less rainy days. Only 5 in cities, including Khorramabad, spring has replaced winter as the reliable season in terms of precipitation.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 39-42
Abstract
This paper is about extraction of information by the method of digital photogrammetry for preservation of cultural works. The precise digital model of elevation can be created through such study using a PC (Personal Computer). This model can be combined by visual data to be utilized for protection of ...
Read More
This paper is about extraction of information by the method of digital photogrammetry for preservation of cultural works. The precise digital model of elevation can be created through such study using a PC (Personal Computer). This model can be combined by visual data to be utilized for protection of cultural works.
Ali Torabi Haghighi; Hosseyn Saremi; Roohollah Ghalambar
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 40-42
Abstract
The new and modern scientific field of river engineering integrates hydraulics with hydrology-geomorphology and investigates and discuss water movement in rivers. In order to prevent damages caused by river flood, probable floods must be predicted using appropriate methods. Moreover, identifying river ...
Read More
The new and modern scientific field of river engineering integrates hydraulics with hydrology-geomorphology and investigates and discuss water movement in rivers. In order to prevent damages caused by river flood, probable floods must be predicted using appropriate methods. Moreover, identifying river morphology (river erosional landforms) can help us noticeably in recognizing and preventing damages.
The present article identifies erosional landforms in Chenar-e Rahdar River and produce a map for different forms of river erosion using geographic information system, remote sensing and dispersion of different erosional landforms in this river along with sedimentation areas.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 40-47
Abstract
Recently, in Mexico, using digital maps of the 1970s, 1993 and 2000, a profitable data bank was established to measure the extent and characteristics of Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) across the country. In order to advance this plan, an existing map of land use and cover available on a scale of 1:250,000 ...
Read More
Recently, in Mexico, using digital maps of the 1970s, 1993 and 2000, a profitable data bank was established to measure the extent and characteristics of Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) across the country. In order to advance this plan, an existing map of land use and cover available on a scale of 1:250,000 was revised in order to determine the input data in terms of scale, classification scheme and mapping method. The digital maps prepared in three different dates (i.e., late 1970s, 1993 and 2000) were merged into a GIS database after being reviewed, evaluated and corrected. In order to improve the credibility of the data bank, efforts were made to evaluate the accuracy of the method and the digitization procedure and to detect and correct the unpredictable changes resulting from thematic errors in the map. The digital maps were put onto each other to create LUCC maps and calculate transition matrices and conversion rates. Based on this data bank, the deforestation rate between the years 1976 and 2000 was estimated as 0.25% and 0.76% per year for the moderate and tropical forests respectively.
Fatemeh Kuchaki Nejad
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 40-42
Abstract
In this paper, the author's aim is to discuss the concept of rural spatial organization by determining the prevailing themes in geographic research, and especially emphasizing rural aspects. This research has been conducted based on this aim, and based on the belief that conscious management of the organization ...
Read More
In this paper, the author's aim is to discuss the concept of rural spatial organization by determining the prevailing themes in geographic research, and especially emphasizing rural aspects. This research has been conducted based on this aim, and based on the belief that conscious management of the organization of services and resources in settlement system will not only facilitate proper distribution and allocation of resources to the surrounding areas, but will also improve the physical coherence and optimal spatial organization of the settlement system.
Maghsud Khayyam
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 40-45
Abstract
One of the most important documents whose place in scientific research, especially its use in construction projects is not clear in our country today is the geomorphological map, especially in large scale. As far as the writer is aware, in universities geography departments are in charge of geomorphological ...
Read More
One of the most important documents whose place in scientific research, especially its use in construction projects is not clear in our country today is the geomorphological map, especially in large scale. As far as the writer is aware, in universities geography departments are in charge of geomorphological cartography section as well, and conduct various works in different areas of this branch of the Earth sciences. But so far, they have not used a single standard to establish this scientific document and have not even reached a consensus on geomorphological terms. A geomorphological analysis of a certain region, which presents geomorphological maps of these analyses as spatial display, is an important key to earth science research especially in terms of the concepts of a scientific document in executive work, because geomorphologic maps give a complete, immediate and direct view of various forms of features of the Earth's crust and the processes that lead to the emergence of shapes in relation to geological formations and climatic data.
Marziyyeh Motarjemi
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 41-45
Abstract
The intersection of Bafgh-Mashhad railway with Niganan basin is part of Iran's salt pan within the range of eastern longitudes of 57 to 58 degrees and 30 minutes, and northern latitudes of 33 degrees and 15 minutes to 34 degrees and 45 minutes. Since examination of safety methods of railway’s intersection ...
Read More
The intersection of Bafgh-Mashhad railway with Niganan basin is part of Iran's salt pan within the range of eastern longitudes of 57 to 58 degrees and 30 minutes, and northern latitudes of 33 degrees and 15 minutes to 34 degrees and 45 minutes. Since examination of safety methods of railway’s intersection with the mentioned basin is dependent on availability of basic information and maps with regard to natural phenomena, this paper attempts to explain the methods of preparing and evaluating different maps in relation to the subject, in such a way as to provide a proper and (as much as possible) accurate picture of the basin. Geographic information system software has been used to prepare, utilize, combine and process maps, which will be referred to in the text. In order to express the necessity of studies of this type, a summary and a list of natural disasters and problems that have taken place throughout the Iranian railway network in recent years has been reviewed and, in particular, this basin has been examined and the results are presented.
Hasan Hashemi Farahani
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 41-51
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to model the tidal phenomenon globally for all free waters of the world. In order to model this phenomenon, harmonic analysis method has been used. For the formation of the model for elevation of instantaneous level of water, nine main tidal components (Ssa, Mm, Mf, MO1, ...
Read More
The purpose of this research is to model the tidal phenomenon globally for all free waters of the world. In order to model this phenomenon, harmonic analysis method has been used. For the formation of the model for elevation of instantaneous level of water, nine main tidal components (Ssa, Mm, Mf, MO1, P1, K1, N2, M2, S2) have been taken into account in calculations. In order to form the cosine and sine coefficients of the mathematical model, a series of orthogonal and unit functions have been used in the study area. We used all the raw and main data of the TOPE × / POSEIDON altimeter satellite to estimate the unknowns. The information gathered by this satellite has been sent to us by the US Space Agency in a period of 10 years in the format of 117 CDs. The accuracy of the data collected by the TOPE × and POSEIDON altimeter is reported to be 2 cm and 3 cm respectively. In order to estimate the accuracy of the models derived from modeling calculations, the following tests are performed.1 - Comparison of the results of the instantaneous water level elevation model with satellite observations in a period that has not been considered in modeling calculations.
2. Comparison of the model of mean water elevation with the models calculated by R.H.Rapp, 1994, and M.C.Kim, 1998.3 - Comparison of the model of domains of tide major components of O1, K1, M2, S2 with the calculated values for the domain of these components in the position of 215 tidal stations selected throughout the world.The average accuracy of the instantaneous water level elevation is estimated to be 1.677 mm. The mean differences from comparison of the instantaneous water level elevation model with satellite observations in a period that did not participate in modeling is calculated to be 13.25 cm. The average difference between the model of mean water level and the model by R.H.Rapp, 1994, is 13.01 cm. Furthermore, the mean differences obtained from comparison of the model of domains of components O1, K1, M2, S2 with the values provided for the domains of these components in tidal stations were 05.26cm, 05.76cm, 07.08cm, 11.48cm, respectively.
Tahmineh Daniali (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 41-45
Abstract
The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) has broadly established its prominence among other sciences and is now used as a tool accepted by all existing systems and structures for work at the Earth’s level, and in particular the human population residing on it.GIS will also have vast applications ...
Read More
The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) has broadly established its prominence among other sciences and is now used as a tool accepted by all existing systems and structures for work at the Earth’s level, and in particular the human population residing on it.GIS will also have vast applications as a coherent technology, a combined system (structure) reducing the disagreements among them; in fact, as essential prerequisites for creating necessary research infrastructures in each case. The author of this text introduces the GIS as a potential force for using broader chains of social sciences, as well as for social science research and related issues.In this paper, he examines and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of technology, and in this regard, he puts forward six key concepts on how to use this system (GIS) in social sciences. He concludes his discussion with concepts related to the ground’s digital tools and connections and their potential values as a driving force.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 42-45
Abstract
Wind deposits are caused by erosion, displacement and discharge of non-solid materials by wind. Sedimentary deposits are caused by major wind, sandy hills and clay deposits.Sandstones include hills or sandy ridges that are caused by wind blowing. They are usually found where a sand source is available ...
Read More
Wind deposits are caused by erosion, displacement and discharge of non-solid materials by wind. Sedimentary deposits are caused by major wind, sandy hills and clay deposits.Sandstones include hills or sandy ridges that are caused by wind blowing. They are usually found where a sand source is available and the wind is strong enough to erode and carry sand particles of the same size, and where sand deposits on the surface of the earth. These conditions are usually found on inlands, through sandy beaches with coastal winds, close to creeks with exposed sandy floors during dry seasons, and in desert areas where sandstone and rocks’ breakdown create sand. In addition, the moraine-like washed sediments and areas of moraine sandy lake beds often provide a sandy source. Since wind speeds are rarely strong enough to lift sand grains more than 1 to 2 m above ground level, sand grains are displaced by the "gradual advance" process (3), so that the grains move in approximate range of 0.5 to 1 meter above the ground through collisions and jumps.
Sandy hills are slowly formed with an asymmetric cross-section with a slope of 5 to 10 degrees in the direction of wind and 30 to 40 degrees in the opposite direction of the wind. As long as sand hills are not stabilized by growth of plants, sand hills move along the wind direction because the sand grains of the hills fall from the direction that the wind blows towards the opposite direction (the side on which the sandy hill can not be threatened). The movement of sandy hills is usually less than 30 meters per year.
Taghi Tavusi
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 42-46
Abstract
The position of Iranian plateau in the southern half of the northern temperate region requires absence of cold weather in this area. However, the average elevation of 1200 meters causes a very cold winter weather as an important feature of this vast plateau. Seasonal variations in temperature which result ...
Read More
The position of Iranian plateau in the southern half of the northern temperate region requires absence of cold weather in this area. However, the average elevation of 1200 meters causes a very cold winter weather as an important feature of this vast plateau. Seasonal variations in temperature which result from a regular change in the angle and duration of the sun's radiation in combination with other climatic factors, give rise to a general need for the sun’s radiation on the surface of passages and depths of houses in many parts of our country during the winter.Determining the relationship between the angle of the sun's radiation and the directions of public passage network, the height of dwellings and the horizontal distance between the buildings facing each other in terms of the "length" and "direction" of shadow in different occasions of the day play important roles in architectural and urban planning. Attention to this climatic factor in design of new cities and renovation of old neighborhoods of historic cities helps us to take a step towards a comprehensive view of different natural, economic, social and physical dimensions in solving problems of human societies as the " organization of residential spatial system".
Gholamhosein Sheikh-al-Eslami
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 42-46
Abstract
The present report is essentially a summary of a three-dimensional-display computer system design project.
This set of computer programs take information extracted from the contour curve as input, and their output is three dimensional pictures of the region from different angles. This project has been ...
Read More
The present report is essentially a summary of a three-dimensional-display computer system design project.
This set of computer programs take information extracted from the contour curve as input, and their output is three dimensional pictures of the region from different angles. This project has been carried out by the Research and Self-Sufficiency Center of the Air Forces of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps.
In the first phase of the project, only the information on a mountain, and in the second phase, information about all the terrain and mountains of a region of 100 square kilometers has been processed.
The most important features of the system are: - Three-dimensional display of the area from desired angles; - Radiation of light from different directions to the mountains and displaying the consequent shadows and light spots; - Display of various natural and artificial features; - Simulation of artillery shooting and displaying its fire zone. The above facilities can be used to design and analyze military operations and determine the time of operation (from the point of view of being exposed to the enemy). Using a quick method to remove hidden surfaces and lines and complexity and compression of stored information are amongst the most important advantages of this system (in terms of computer graphics).
Ali Akbar Rasuli; Mas'ud Mina'ii; Mahmud Davoodi
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 43-46
Abstract
The application of remote sensing data is illustrated by the example of the Mount Damavand (5671 m) in the Alborz mountain range in Iran. Several types of satellite data were needed to carry out the complex monographic work on the mountain range: SSEOP images from NASA, Russian KFA-1000 images, CORONA ...
Read More
The application of remote sensing data is illustrated by the example of the Mount Damavand (5671 m) in the Alborz mountain range in Iran. Several types of satellite data were needed to carry out the complex monographic work on the mountain range: SSEOP images from NASA, Russian KFA-1000 images, CORONA panoramic images from NASA and Russian KVR-1000 orthoimages. There are examples of studies of climate, transportation routes, water resources, protected areas, and relics of human land-use that demonstrate the potential of remote sensing data. Correct selection of image data in using remote sensing is a necessity for documenting and monitoring human activities.
Hossein Sarami; Leila Salaki
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 43-49
Abstract
In this paper, the concept of Thermal Island has been discussed in general. First of all, the definition of the city’s thermal island and its history have been presented using illustrations and diagrams. Next, the climate variables affecting thermal islands have been considered. The purpose of ...
Read More
In this paper, the concept of Thermal Island has been discussed in general. First of all, the definition of the city’s thermal island and its history have been presented using illustrations and diagrams. Next, the climate variables affecting thermal islands have been considered. The purpose of the research is to introduce the city’s thermal island or the point of maximum of heat in the city, which mostly includes the city center. The term “thermal island” refers to the fact that city is warmer than its suburbs and surrounding area, which in some cases can show in a difference in temperature of 5-8 ° C. The research method in the paper is documentary, secondary and with the help of utilization of electronic sources and various websites. In addition, the hypothetical factors that create the cap layer covering the city’s thermal island are mentioned, and the radiation level in the urban area, its comparison with the suburbs and the effects it has on human health and the environment have been studied. Finally, strategies for dealing with Thermal Island through improving public behavior in relation to protecting the environment, developing green space, etc. have been examined and proposed.
Ashraf Azimzadeh (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 43-43
Abstract
In order to access material benefits through geographic information, experts in GIS need to have opportunities for experiments toward increase of the value of information as well as provision of software and various services.
Read More
In order to access material benefits through geographic information, experts in GIS need to have opportunities for experiments toward increase of the value of information as well as provision of software and various services.
Mas'ud Taghva'ei; Parvin Shafi'ei
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 44-50
Abstract
Planning is a deliberate process that anticipates a series of actions and related activities in the future in order to achieve specific goals. Planning methods can be considered in two horizontal (decentralization) and vertical (centralization) aspects. A study on decentralization and its role in rural ...
Read More
Planning is a deliberate process that anticipates a series of actions and related activities in the future in order to achieve specific goals. Planning methods can be considered in two horizontal (decentralization) and vertical (centralization) aspects. A study on decentralization and its role in rural development is an important issue that should be considered. In fact, the city and the countryside should be considered as one organism in which the relations between the city and the village should be considered with a view to decentralization, because the excessive attention to cities and centralization have stopped the growth of villages and led to evil growth of cities. In the long term, this is beneficial neither to cities not villages; therefore, and because of the importance of this discussion in all economic, social and political spheres, we are going to present the concept of decentralization.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 44-48
Abstract
Space and spatial organization are among the topics that have entered the world's geographic literature since the 1950s.- Imbalance in urban and rural development and in distribution of their benefits;- A comprehensive view of various natural, economic, social and physical aspects in dealing with the ...
Read More
Space and spatial organization are among the topics that have entered the world's geographic literature since the 1950s.- Imbalance in urban and rural development and in distribution of their benefits;- A comprehensive view of various natural, economic, social and physical aspects in dealing with the problems of human societies;- Lack of ability of spatial structure and organization of geographic areas, especially in rural areas of the Third World and backward countries, to respond satisfactorily to contemporary issues and needs;- Acquiring reasonable scales in investment and economic-social planning;- Balanced distribution of population, services and activities with regard to actual and dormant potentials at homogeneous spatial levels;And ... can be considered as among the most important reasons for planners and geographers to show significant inclination toward studies with spatial dimensions. Without any doubt, with the passage of time and emergence of the daily increasing disappointments of polarization and central planning in achieving balanced development, the necessity of spatial integration, especially for rural areas of developing countries such as Iran, is ever more felt.
In this regard, the organization of spatial system of rural settlements was considered as one of the projects which, considering its especially comprehensive view of rural environment and zone-based attitude, if seriously addressed, would be able to pave the way for solving many issues in our country's rural areas.In this article, while exploring the concepts of space, rural space, spatial organization and structure, the background and objectives of spatial organization of rural settlements in Iran and its results have been discussed.
Hosein Asakareh
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 44-46
Abstract
One of the events of Holocene close to our time is the occurrence of a glacial period that affected all the areas of earth. This event, famous as the Little Ice Age, happened in various places and over different periods of time. However, all theories introduce the period between early-sixteenth to mid-nineteenth ...
Read More
One of the events of Holocene close to our time is the occurrence of a glacial period that affected all the areas of earth. This event, famous as the Little Ice Age, happened in various places and over different periods of time. However, all theories introduce the period between early-sixteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries.The first theory about the cause of this glacial period ascribed this phenomenon to the Sun’s spots through Eddies, but later Robock proved that this age occurred due to volcanic activities and spread of dusts and volcanic ashes in the atmosphere.
Alireza Owsati (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 44-59
Abstract
In this regard, NASA's projects are currently conducted using Itek cameras with a large 26 × 23 cm frame and enjoying a lens with a 30-cm focal length (F=30) (1979 Doyle). These cameras are directly installed on the outer part of the pallet, which is set at the place of shuttle’s load. In ...
Read More
In this regard, NASA's projects are currently conducted using Itek cameras with a large 26 × 23 cm frame and enjoying a lens with a 30-cm focal length (F=30) (1979 Doyle). These cameras are directly installed on the outer part of the pallet, which is set at the place of shuttle’s load. In this regard, refer to Figures 16-19. See the specifications of these two cameras in Table 3. The ground scale and resolution of photography by these two cameras are very easy to capture; the main features of these cameras can be seen in their perspective dimensions. The Itek LFC cameras are, in fact, an idea within the programs of developing American military surveying and identifying cameras with a 46x23cm frame. These cameras are capable of acting in both cross-tracking and along-tracking manners, and the case enjoying lens with higher geometric quality is utilized. In the case of a lens with a focal length of F = 30 centimeter in these cameras, an open angular cover of 74o with a ratio of height to wide image of 0.6 (60% coverage) in the direction of the path is obtained.
