نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای اقلیم شناسی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

2 استاد اقلیم شناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

3 استادیار اقلیم شناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

چکیده

هدفی که این مطالعه در پی دست یافتن به آن است واکنش دو شاخص پوشش گیاهی NDVI و EVI به خشکسالی‌ها و ترسالی‌ها در یکی از دشت‌های خشک ایران یعنی دشت سیستان در شمال استان سیستان و بلوچستان است. برای بررسی حساسیت این دو شاخص به خشکسالی‌ها و ترسالی‌ها به دو پایگاه داده‌ای مختلف نیاز بود. اول پایگاه تصاویر  NDVI وEVI سنجنده مادیس ماهواره ترا برای ماه‌های آوریل، می و ژوئن برای دوره زمانی 2014-2000 و دوم پایگاه داده‌های روزانه بارش ایستگاه هواشناسی همدید زابل برای یک دوره آماری 30 ساله (2014- 1985) که از اداره کل هواشناسی استان سیستان و بلوچستان اخذ شد. بعد از اخذ داده‌ها، نقشه‌های پویایی پوشش گیاهی حاصل از پردازش تصاویر سنجنده MODIS ماهواره ترا به تفکیک برای ماه‌های آوریل، می و ژوئن با استفاده از دو شاخص NDVI و EVI برای منطقه مورد مطالعه تهیه شدند. برای شناسایی فراوانی درجات مختلف خشکسالی‌ها و ترسالی‌های دشت سیستان نیز از شاخص خشکسالی مؤثر (EDI) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که در سال نمونه خشک (2011-2010) تفاوت قابل‌توجه بین این دو شاخص در طبقه پوشش گیاهی نرمال مشاهده شد. شاخص EVI، مساحت این طبقه را در این سال خشک حدود 12 درصد نشان داد در حالی که شاخص NDVI برای این طبقه هیچ مساحتی را قائل نبوده است. درحالی‌که در زمان ترسالی‌ (2006-2005) شاخص  EVI مقداری نتایج بهتری را در اختیار گذاشته است. شاخص EVI برای طبقه نرمال مساحت 20 درصدی را نشان داد و برای طبقه پراکنده 10 درصد از کل مساحت منطقه را دارای پوشش گیاهی تنک و پراکنده نشان داد. در مجموع می‌توان نتیجه گرفت  که شاخص NDVI شاخص بسیار مناسب‌تری برای پویایی پوشش گیاهی در دشت‌هایی مانند دشت سیستان می‌باشد که  حیات آن‌ها نه به بارش بلکه به آب جاری در رودخانه متکی است. شاخص EVI نیز با توجه به ماهیت محاسباتی آن برای مناطقی که پوشش گیاهی آن‌ها متراکم‌تر است بهتر جواب می‌دهد. علاوه بر این بازدیدهای میدانی هم که از دشت صورت گرفت و با نوع طبقه پوشش گیاهی که از تصاویر سنجنده MODIS به دست آمد حکایت از بهتر بودن شاخص NDVI در مقایسه با شاخص EVI برای این نوع از دشت‌ها دارد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the sensitivity of NDVI and EVI vegetation indices to dry and wet years in arid and semi-arid regions (Case study: Sistan plain, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Firouzi 1
  • Taghi Tavosi 2
  • Peyman Mahmoudi 3

1 PhD Student of climatology, Geography and Regional Planning Faculty, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Geography and Regional Planning Faculty, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Geography and Regional Planning Faculty, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Introduction
With recent advances in satellite remote sensing productions in past few decades, several indices have been provided for the study of vegetation dynamics, and especially for the assessment of drought impacts. Among these, two vegetation indices -Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) - have gained the attention of various researchers. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the reaction of these two vegetation indices (i.e. NDVI and EVI) to dry and wet years in a dry plain in Iran (i.e. Sistan plain in eastern Iran).
Materials & Methods
To assess the sensitivity of these indices to dry and wet years, two different databases were required. First, NDVI and EVI image base received from Terra satellite (MODIS sensor) for April, May and June 2000-2014, and downloaded from EOS website. Second, daily data base of Zabol synoptic meteorological station (for a statistical period of 30-years 1985-2014) received from Iran Meteorological Organization. After data acquisition, separate vegetation dynamics maps (for April, May and June) were produced for the study area based on the information derived through processing of MODIS sensor images (Terra satellite) using NDVI and EVI. Effective drought index (EDI) was used to determine the frequency of dry and wet years in Sistan plain.
Results & Discussion
Mapping of vegetation dynamics based on images received from MODIS sensor (Terra satellite) for a 15-year statistical period (2000 to 2014: April, May, and June) indicated that NDVI and EVI had significant differences in exhibiting the dynamics of vegetation in the study area. These differences were obvious in areas with average amount of vegetation (0.4-0.5 in both NDVI and EVI) and also in areas with sparse dispersed vegetation (0.3-0.4 in both NDVI and EVI). In average levels of vegetation, total area of vegetation calculated by EVI is​​ much higher than what is calculated by NDVI, while in sparse and dispersed vegetation, total area of vegetation calculated by NDVI is almost higher than EVI. Subsequently by selection of a dry (2010-2011) and a wet year (2005-2006), we compared changes in total area of vegetation (average and sparse) calculated by NDVI and EVI. Regarding the response of these two indices to dry and wet years, it was concluded that NDVI shows a better and more logical response during droughts, while EVI provides better results in wet years. However, it should be noted that the mean annual precipitation of Sistan plain is so low (59 mm per year) and its evapotranspiration is so high (4800 mm per year) that precipitation does not play a significant role in vegetation dynamics of this plain. Therefore, water flow in Helmand River, which is the lifeblood of this desert, is much more important than this limited precipitation in Sistan plain; hence, we can conclude that meteorological drought monitoring indices cannot reflect the relationship between drought and vegetation dynamics in Sistan plain, and this makes it difficult to compare NDVI and EVI in the region.
Conclusion
In general, it can be concluded that NDVI is a more suitable index for dynamics of vegetation in plains such as Sistan, whose life depends not on precipitation but on water running in the river. Because of the computational nature of EVI, it responds better in areas with dense vegetation. According to the vegetation type obtained from MODIS sensor images and field visits, NDVI is a better index for these types of plains.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought Effective Index
  • Sistan Plain
  • MODIS Sensor
  • NDVI
  • EVI
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