نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، گرایش سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران
2 استادیار دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، ایران
3 استاد گروه سیستم اطلاعات مکانی، دانشگاه خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران، ایران
4 دانشیار برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، ایران
5 استادیار گروه سنجش از دور و سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم تحقیقات تهران- ایران
چکیده
زمین لغزش از انواع مهم مخاطرات طبیعی است که امنیت جانی و مالی را مورد تهدید قرار می دهد و موجب تخریب محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی میشود. تهیه نقشههای پهنهبندی از جمله اقداماتی است که از طریق آن میتوان مناطق حساس به لغزشهای آینده را شناسایی و از نتایج آن برای برنامهریزی کاربری زمین، جلوگیری از فعالیتهای عمرانی غیرمجاز، طرحریزی زیرساختها و بهسازی و ترمیم آنها استفاده کرد. این مطالعه با بهرهگیری از سیستم اطلاعات مکانی و مدلهای آنتروپی شانون و ارزش اطلاعاتی چارچوبی را برای تهیه نقشه مناطق حساس به زمین لغزش در منطقه رودبار الموت شرقی در استان قزوین که درگیر معضل زمین لغزش و ناپایداریهای دامنه است، ارائه میدهد. در این راستا بعد از شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر وقوع زمین لغزش و تهیه داده های مربوطه، نقشههای معیار شامل لیتولوژی، شیب، فاصله از گسل، کاربری اراضی، بارش، جهت شیب و ارتفاع برای محدوده مورد مطالعه با تفکیکپذیری مکانی سی متر تولید شد. برای تهیه لایههای اطلاعاتی و اجرای مدل از نرم افزار ArcGIS با توجه به قابلیت آن در تحلیل دادههای مکانی، بهره گرفته شده است. ارزیابی نتایج با استفاده از شاخص احتمال تجربی نشان داد که هر دو مدل آنتروپی شانون و ارزش اطلاعات در برآورد پهنههای خطر متوسط، زیاد و خیلی زیاد میتوانند به خوبی با مقدار شاخص احتمال تجربی 86% در شناسایی مناطق مستعد زمین لغزش در منطقه مورد مطالعه عملکرد مناسبی داشته باشند. در برآورد پهنههای خطر زیاد و خیلی زیاد، مدل ارزش اطلاعات با مقدار شاخص احتمال تجربی 86% در مقایسه با مدل آنتروپی شانون با مقدار شاخص احتمال تجربی 72% از قابلیت بهتری برخوردار است. با توجه به نقشههای پهنهبندی لغزش، پهنههای با خطر زیاد و خیلی زیاد اغلب در باغها و مراتع فقیر و امتداد گسلهای منطقه قرار دارند، لذا لازم است فعالیتهای انسانی با هدف ساخت و ساز و توسعه را در این مناطق محدود کرد.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Landslide hazard zoning using Shannon Entropy and Information Value models in GIS environment - Case study: East Rudbar-e Alamut District-Qazvin Province
نویسندگان [English]
- Mohammad Fallah Zazuli 1
- Alireza Vafaei Nezhad 2
- Ali Asghar Alesheikh 3
- Mahdi Modiri 4
- Hossein Aghamohammadi 5
1 Department of GIS and RS, Faculty of natural resources and environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant professor, Faculty of civil, Water and environmental engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3 Full Professor, Department of geospatial information systems, Faculty of geodesy and geomatics engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate professor of urban planning, Malek-e-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
5 Assistant professor, Department of remote sensing and GIS, Faculty of natural resources and environment, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Landslide is one of the most important types of natural disasters,which endangers lives and financial security of many people and destroys environment and natural resources.With the present population growth and expansion of urban areas towardsteep areas and hillsides, landslide-related losses can be catastrophic. For an instance, landslides in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan killed around 2,700 people in 2014, and a landslide in China (Shan’xiprovince)resulted in the disappearance of 64 people in 2015.Therefore, assessingthe possibility of landslides occurrence seems to becrucial. Providing zoning maps is one of the measures which makes identification of areas prone to future landslides possible. Inferences drawn from these maps can be used for land use planning, prevention of unauthorized construction activities, infrastructure development, refurbishment and restoration.
Materials & Methods
The present research selectsEast Rudbar-e Alamut (a district of Qazvin province), which is affected by landslides and instability of hillsides, as the study area. It takes advantage of Shannon entropy and information value models to develop landslide susceptibility map of the study areain GIS environment.Shannon entropy theory has been used in extensive researcheswith the aim of prioritizinginfluential factors in the probable occurrence of natural disasters such as landslide. Information value (IV) model is one of the statistical models drawn from information theory with a widespread application in the modeling of geological hazards and disaster risk assessment. Information value model aims to find a combination of significant factors anddeterminetheir impacton theoccurrence oflandslide in an area.To implement this model, relevant data and its related criteria maps were prepared. In this regard, the location of previous landslide events in the study area was determined based on the information received from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization. 49 landslides were identified in this way. Then, data was randomly divided into 2 categories: training data and validation data. Thus, 70% of data (35 landslides) were used to produce the models and the remaining 30% (14 landslides) were used for validation purposes. In addition to previous landslides, a collection of topographic, environmental and climatic characteristics of the study area including seven criteria of lithology, slope, distance from faults, land use, precipitation, slope-direction and elevation were selected as the most effective independent variablesto produce criteria maps with 30-meter spatial resolution. Basic information used to map these seven influential factors was obtained from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, as well as the SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and used after some modifications. Considering the capability of ArcGIS in spatial data analysis, thissoftwarewas used to produce information layers and implement the models.
Results & Discussion
Prioritizing influential factors using Shannon entropy model introducesthree factors (i.e. land use, elevation and precipitation)as the most significant factorsin the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Factors of slope angle, distance from faults (almost equal to slope angle), lithology and slope-direction were in the next influential factors.Also, results of information value model indicate that looking from lithology perspective, the category of marl, calcareous sandstone, sandy limestone and minor conglomerate has an information value of 1 and thus, the highest probability of landslide occurrence. Category of basaltic volcanic rocks, along with category of well bedded green tuff and tuffaceous shale have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence with information values of -2.03 and -1.70, respectively.Only two categories of theslope angle criterionhave a positive-index. The highest information value (0. 93) in this category occurs in the class of 5-12 degrees, followed by the class of 12-20 degrees. The lowest information value occurs in slopes of more than 30 degrees. Based on this observation, it can be clearly concluded that the slope angles of 5 to 20 degrees are most prone to landslides. Distance to faults criterion indicate that the category of500 to 1000-meter distance to faultshave the highest information value (1.67). Regarding land use criterion, three land uses of garden, agriculture and garden-agriculture have the highest information values of 2.16 and 1.59 and 1.11, respectively. Regarding precipitation, average annual rainfall of less than 400 millimeters have the highest information value (1.50). Regardingslope-direction criterion, most landslides occur in southwest, south and eastdirections.Northeast, west, and northwest directions have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence, respectively. In terms of elevation, the information value is reduced as the height increases, and the maximum information value is related to the elevations of less than 1200 meters.After assigning a weight to each criterion and related classes, the landslide risk zone map was generated based on Shannon entropy and information valuemodels. The resulting zoning map produced based on natural breaks methods dividesthe area into five classeswith very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk. Resultsof Shannon entropy modelindicate that out of 14 landslides considered as the validation data, 3, 7, 2, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively. Resultsof the information value modelindicatethat 8, 4, 0, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively.
Conclusion
Evaluation of results using experimental probability index indicates that with 86% experimental probability,both models of Shannon entropy and information value are effective inidentification of landslide hazard in the East Rudbar-e Alamut region. Also, considering the number of landslides in very high and high risk zones, Shannon entropy and information value modelshave an experimental probability index of 72% and 86%, respectively, which prove higher efficiency of information value model. In Shannon entropy model, total area of very high, high and moderate risk zones covers 34% and 56% of the study area,respectively. In information value model,total area of very high and high risk zones covers 20% and 29% of the study area, respectively. Based on the landslide risk zone map, high and very high risk zones are mainly located in the west of the study area.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Landslide
- GIS
- Shannon entropy
- Information value
- East Roudbar-eAlamout