نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• محمدحسن کورکی نژاد ¹
• علی اکبر شمسی پور ²
• کیومرث حبیبی ³

¹ دانش آموخته فوق لیسانس آب وهواشناسی محیطی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران

² دانشیار آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران

³ دانشیار شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان

چکیده

رشد و توسعۀ فضاهای شهری با تمرکز بر جنبه ­های کالبدی و غفلت از توجه به وضعیت محیطی آنها در سال ­ها و دهه­ های گذشته سبب بروز برخی معضلاتی شده که کیفیت محیطی شهرها را تنزل داده است. نقشه آب­ و هوای شهری (UCMap)، ابزاری اطلاعاتی و ارزیابی است که با ادغام عوامل آب­ و هوای شهری و عوامل شهرسازی و برخی شرایط محیطی، به ارائه تصویری از مسائل آب­ و هوای شهری در فضایی دو بعدی منتج می­ شود. نقشه آب­ و هوای شهری از دو نقشه تحلیل آب­ و هوای شهری (UCAnMap) و نقشه دستورالعمل آب­ و هوای شهری (UCReMap) تشکیل می­ شود. این پژوهش با هدف تهیه نقشه تحلیل آب­ و هوای شهری به بررسی و تحلیل اطلاعات مکانی و اقلیم شهری تهران می­ پردازد. برای تهیه نقشه تحلیل آب­ و هوای شهری، به ترتیب 1) نقشه بار گرمایی شامل لایه­ های اطلاعات مکانی حجم ساختمان، توپوگرافی شهر و فضای سبز و 2) نقشه ظرفیت پویایی شامل لایه­ های اطلاعات مکانی پوشش زمینی، چشم انداز طبیعی و مجاورت با فضاهای باز، با یکدیگر تلفیق شدند. نقشه خروجی در هشت دسته طبقه ­بندی شد و نقشه تحلیل آب­ و هوای شهری تهران بدست آمد. نتایج تلفیق لایه­ ها و نقشه­ های بدست آمده نشان داد 59 درصد از مساحت مناطق شهر تهران که بیشتر مناطق شمالی شهر را شامل می شوند، از وضعیت سرمایشی و تهویه مناسبی برخوردار هستند. 19 درصد آن با تنش گرمایی و عدم تهویه هوا مواجه است که عمدتاً مناطق مرکزی، جنوب و جنوبی غربی هستند و 22 درصد نیز در وضعیت بینابینی قرار دارند که در تمامی سطوح شهر پراکنده شده ­اند، هرچند بیشتر در مناطق شمالی، غربی و شرقی متمرکز هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• پهنه بندی اقلیمی
• اقلیم شهری
• نقشه های تحلیلی آب و هوای شهری
• بار گرمایی
• ظرفیت پویایی

موضوعات

• استخراج، پردازش، تولید و نمایش داده های جغرافیایی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Modern approach in urban climatic analysis mapping; Case study : Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

• Mohammadhasan KorkiNezhad ¹
• Aliakbar Shamsipour ²
• Kyoumars Habibi ³

¹ Master in Climatology, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran

² Associate professor, Department of physical geography, Faculty of geography, University of Tehran

³ Associate professor, Department of urban planning and design, Faculty of art and architecture, University of Kurdistan

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Introduction
The city is a living, dynamic and evolving being in the cycle of time and on the bed place; It consists of physical and human components and complex relationships between them and is the crystallization of the high role and thought of man and is influenced by social, economic, political, cultural and geographical factors and conditions. Increasing population and building density have far-reaching consequences, such as increasing the occupation of natural resources, changing land-use change, climate change, and disrupting the exchange of material and energy. As a result, cities face many issues and problems, the most important of which are issues related to urban design. These issues include problems related to urban spaces, such as poor ventilation, high heat load, air pollution caused by the physical characteristics of cities, and insufficient attention to the capabilities and natural characteristics and climate of the region and the city.
Data and Methods
This study aims to prepare an urban climate analysis map to study and analyze Tehran's spatial and urban climate information. Urban Climate Map (UCMap) is an information and evaluation tool that combines urban climate factors with urban planning factors and some environmental conditions to provide a picture of urban climate issues in a two-dimensional space. The urban climate map consists of two urban climate analysis maps (UCAnMap) and an urban climate instruction map (UCReMap). To prepare an urban climate analysis map, heat load map including spatial information layers of building volume, city topography and green space and dynamic capacity map including spatial information layers of land cover, natural landscape, and proximity to open spaces, respectively. The method of this model is generally based on the evaluation and analysis of variables affecting climatic conditions. Based on six information layers, including building volume maps, land cover, topography, proximity to open spaces, green space, and natural landscape of Tehran were prepared and entered into Arc/GIS10.4.1 software. To eliminate the unit, comparability, and overlap, the layers were standardized and used to prepare two maps of ambient heat load and dynamic capacity.
Results and Discussion
So that the three layers of building volume, topography, and green space were weighted and combined, and their output was a heating load map. The other three layers, ground cover, natural landscape, and proximity to open spaces, were also combined to create a dynamic capacity map. Then the two-heat load and dynamic capacity maps were combined and the UC-AnMap map was obtained. The results of this map are very close to the ground realities. For example, the volume of the building harms the performance of the heat load and increases the amount of heat load in the city. Or green space reduces heat load and has a positive performance. The central areas and the southwestern strip of the city have a high heat load. As centralized heat cores in these areas have been calculated and obtained. The output map was classified into 8 categories and Tehran’s urban climate analysis map was obtained.
Conclusion
The results of combining the obtained layers and maps showed that 59% of the area of Tehran, which is mostly the northern part of the city, has good cooling and ventilation condition. 19% of it is facing heat stress and lack of air conditioning, which are mainly in the central, southern, and southwestern regions, and 22% are in the intermediate state, which is scattered in all levels of the city, but most of its concentration is in the northern, western and it is eastern. According to the calculated heat load map, the central, southern, and western regions (in region 21) have high and unfavourable ambient heat load statuses. And many parts of areas four, one, two, five, and 22 municipalities are characterized by low ambient heat load and favourable climatic conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Climate zoning
• Urban climate
• UC-AnMaps
• Thermal loads
• Dynamic potential