نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه جغرافیای دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 کارشناس ارشد زمین شناسی مهندسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 استادیار گروه جغرافیای دانشگاه تربیت معلم سبزوار

چکیده

سنگدانه ‏ها(1) بعنوان بخشى از مصالح ساختمانى، شامل مواد سختى مانند ماسه، گراول و سنگ لاشه هستند که بعد از ترکیب با مواد چسبنده دیگر، مى ‏توانند در ساخت بتون، ملاط و گچ ساختمانى و در زیرسازى راه ها و راه آهن‏ ها، پل‏ ها، تونل‏ها، سدها، فرودگاه ها و دیگر اهداف ساختمانى بکار روند. تحقیق حاضر، تشکیل، پراکندگى و توزیع سنگدانه‏ ها را در ارتباط با لندفرمها و فرایندهاى ژئومورفولوژى مورد بررسى قرار مى ‏دهد. نتیجه این تحقیق نشان مى ‏دهد که بخش زیادى از منابع سنگدانه، در لندفرمهاى رودخانه‏ اى یا محیط هاى آبرفتى مانند بسترهاى رودخانه ‏اى فعلى و قدیمى، محل تقاطع رودخانه‏ ها، پادگانه‏ هاى آبرفتى جدید، و بخش هایى از مخروط افکنه ‏ها تشکیل مى‏ شوند.
در محیط‏هاى یخچالى، اشکالى مانند دشت هاى یخ آبرفتى، کام ‏ها، اسکرها از مناطق مستعد تشکیل و اکتشاف سنگدانه‏ ها محسوب مى‏ شوند. در مناطق ساحلى، رسوبات فلات قاره و رانه ‏هاى ساحلى و برخى اشکال ژئومورفولوژیکى قدیمى، و تلماسه‏ ها در مناطق بیابانى داراى قابلیت اکتشاف منابع سنگدانه‏ اى هستند.
در کمب‏ ها یا طاقدیس هاى فرسایش که جنس سخت در بالا و جنس سست در پایین قرار داشته باشد، پهنه‏ هاى بزرگى از واریزه‏ ها تشکیل مى‏ شود که در صورت تازه بودن و یا هوازدگى ضعیف، می تواند منبع بسیار خوبى براى استخراج سنگدانه باشد.
همچنین فرایندهاى ژئومورفولوژى مانند هوازدگى، میزان فرسایش و انتقال مواد آوارى، تخریب فیزیکى و شیمیایى، و همچنین عوامل زمین ساختى و تحولات ژئومورفولوژیکى نیز نقش بسیار مهمى در تشکیل، پراکندگى و کیفیت سنگدانه ها و مصالح ساختمانى ایفا مى‏ کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Study of the Role of Forms and Geomorphologic Processes in the Formation of Building Materials Emphasizing Aggregates

نویسندگان [English]

  • Siavush Shayan 1
  • Kazem Bahrami 2
  • Shahram Bahrami 3

1 Assistant Professor of Geography at Tarbiat Modares University

2 Master of Engineering Geology at Tarbiat Modares University

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Tarbiat-e-Mo'allem University of Sabzevar

چکیده [English]

Aggregates are part of building materials including hard materials such as sand, gravel and rubble, which, after being combined with other adhesive materials, can be used in the production of concrete, mortar and plaster, and in the construction of roads and railways, Bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, and other construction purposes. The present study investigates the formation, dispersion and distribution of aggregates in relation to landforms and geomorphologic processes. The result of this study is that a large part of aggregate resources are formed in river landforms or alluvial environments such as the current and old river basins, the intersection of the rivers, the new alluvial terraces, and parts of the alluvial fans.
In glacial environments, forms such as alluvial ice plains, kames and eskers are considered as among prone areas for the formation and exploration of aggregates. In coastal areas, continental shelf sediments and littoral drift and some ancient geomorphological forms, and dunes in the desert areas are capable of exploring aggregate resources.
In erosional anticlines or anticline ridges that are hard at the top and loose at the bottom, there are large zones of debris that, if fresh or poorly weathered, can be a very good source for extraction of aggregates.
Also, geomorphologic processes such as weathering, erosion and transportation of materials, physical and chemical degradation, as well as tectonic factors and geomorphologic changes play very important role in the formation, dispersion and quality of aggregates and building materials.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aggregate
  • building materials
  • Geomorphology
  • process
- Ahnert,F.(1998)Introduction to Geomorphology. London:Arnold. 352p.
- Bell, F.G.2007. Engineering Geology (Second Edition).Elsevier.581p
- Briggs,D.J.& Smithson,P.(1986) Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Row  man&Littlefield,Totowa,New Jersey,USA.558p.
- Cronan,D.S.,(1980).Underwater Minerals.Academic Press, London. p.13-16.
- Fisher,T.G.and Smith,D.G.,1993.Exploration for Pleistocene aggregate reso urces using process-depositional models in the Fort McMurray region, NE Alberta, Canada. Quaternary International,vol.20,p.71-80.
- Fookes,P.G.,Lee.E.M.,Griffiths,J.S.2007.Engineering geomorphology, theory and practice.CRC Press.Taylor and Francis Group.281.p
- Gutierrez,M.,2005.Climatic geomorphology (developments in earth surface processes, 8).elsevier.p.141.
- Hamblin,W.K., and Christiansen,E.H.,2004.Earth's Dynamic Systems, 10thed., Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall,760p
- Kecojevic,V.,Nelson,T.,Schissler,A.2004.An analysis of aggregates production in the United States:historical data and issues facing the industry.Minerals & Energy-Raw Materials Report,4.25-33
- Kennedy,K.,and Froese,D.2007.Aggregate resource exploration using a process - depositional model of meltwater channel development in the Eagle Plains area, northern Yukon.In:Emond,D.S.,Blackburn,L.R.,Hill,R.P.,and L.H. Weston (editors),Yukon Exploration and Geology 2007.Yukon Geological Survey, p.169-178.
- Kim,J.Y.,2001. Quaternary geology and assessment of aggregate resources of Korea for the national industrial resources exploration and development .Quaternary International,82,87-100.
- Langer,W.H.,Drew,L.J.,and Sachs,J.S.,2004,Aggregate and the environment: American Geological Institute Environmental Awareness Series No.8,64p.
- Menzies.J.2002.Modern and Past Glacial Environments. Butterworth - Heinemann.543p
- Panizza,M.,1996.environmental geomorphology (Developments in Earth Surface Processes4).Elsevier Science.268p
- Patyk-Kara,N.G.,Bykhovsky,L.Z.,Spasskaya,I.I.,2001.Economic deposits: geological history,demand today and environmental aspects Quaternary International 82,117-127.
- Poulin,R.,Pakalnis,R.C.,Sinding,K.1994. Aggregate resources: Production and environmental Constraints.Environmental Geology,23,221-227.
- Schellmann.W.1994.Geochemical differentiation in laterite and bauxite formation. Catena 21,131-143.
- Smith,M.R.1999.Stone: Building stone,rock fill and armour Stone in construction. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology, Special Publications,161-478.
- Smith,M.R.,Collis,L.2001.Aggregates:Sand,gravel and Crushed rock aggregates for Construction Purposes (third edition).The Geological Socity London. 339p.
- Stubbs,B.J.,Smith,J.V.1997.Weathered bedrock as a source of sand and gravel aggregate in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Environmental Geology 32(1),64-70.
- Sutherland,D.G.1984.Geomorphology and mineral exploration: Some examples from exploration for diamondiferous Placer deposits.Zietschrift fur Geomorphologie. N.F.Suppl.-Bd.51,95-108.
- Sutherland,D.G.,1985.Geomorphological controls on the distribution of placer deposits. Journal of The geological Society,London 142.727-737.
- Thomas,M.F.,Thorp,M.B.,1993.The geomorphology of some Quaternary placer deposits. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie.N.F.,Supplementband 87,183-194.
- Tshwenyego,A.M.,Poulin,R.,1997.Mineral aggregate production in Bostswana. International Journal of Surface Mining,Reclamation and Environment 11,129-134.